Professional Documents
Culture Documents
During this week (Week‐8)
• Thermal Treatment Details
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A SMART CITY
FOCUSSED ON MSW, C&D AND E-WASTE MANAGEMENT • Landfill Basics, Liner Requirement
Welcome to Week-8
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•
Excess Air
the objective of combustion is the complete destruction of the organic waste to Excess Air
form harmless gases • theoretical oxygen requirements can be determined by balancing chemical
– the combustion process needs excess air as a result of the non‐homogeneous mixture reactions, or
of waste • using an easy‐to‐use formula for O2 needed to combust a fuel or waste
– but, too much oxygen reduces the combustion temperature
• the 3 Ts of combustion are: O 2 (m 3 /kg fuel) 24.6 C/12 H/4 S/32 O/32
– temperature – high enough to ignite the constituents
• less than 790C and odorous compounds are released
• greater than 980C , and we get a reduction in dioxins, furans, and VOCs • C, H, S and O are the decimal fractions of each of the element in a kg of
– time – enough for complete combustion of the waste fuel on a dry weight basis
• in the combustion chamber • for example, for CaHb: a(12)
• in the flue gas (secondary chamber) % C
– turbulence – mixing of the waste material with oxygen a(12) b(1)
• provides for good mixing to promote more complete combustion • this formula takes into account the water formed
• both in the primary chamber (MSW) and the secondary chamber (gases)
7 8
Mechanisms of Combustion Types of Incinerators
• the combustion process is accomplished in 4 phases
• there are generally 2 types of MSW incinerators:
• Phase 1 – the drying phase
– moisture is driven off at up to 150C • fixed‐hearth incinerators – have a stationary kiln
• Phase 2 – volatilization of vapours and gases
– combustible volatile organics diffuse out when their flash points occurs (150C – 700C) – first type of waste combustion system designed/used
• Phase 3 – burn‐down of solids
– when heated further, the remaining fixed carbon volatile material (partially oxidize cellulose, – normally used for smaller quantities of waste (medical,
lignin, …) are oxidized (700C – 1100C)
pharmaceutical, research and development, …)
• Phase 4 – final burn‐down of char
– remaining char is burned down to bottom ash – waste is charged into the incinerator and combusted as it
– this material is the end product of the reaction
– after a short period of cooling on the grate this ash is dumped into a dry hopper (the ash‐receiving passes through the combustion chamber
system)
– ash residue comes out the last hearth
9 10
Types of Incinerators The Combustion Process
• rotary kiln incinerators • combustion starts with the unloading of the MSW collection trucks into a
storage pit
– consists of 2 chambers – storage capacity is usually equal to the volume of waste for 2 days
• an overhead crane is used to batch load waste into the feed (charging)
– waste is charged into the primary combustion chamber, which chute
is a refractory‐lined rotary kiln that is sloped slightly downhill • the chute directs wastes to the furnace
– the kiln is slowly turned (at approximately 1 RPM) • the crane can be used to select wastes of different types to blend the C/N
ratio
– material is burned while it tumbles down the kiln • solid waste lands on the grates where they enter the mass‐fired furnace
• air may be introduced from the bottom (below the grates) or from above
– the secondary chamber is used for gas phase combustion the grates by a forced draft fan
– this controls the burning rate and temperature
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The Combustion Process Typical Combustor Design
• gases and particulate matter are driven off the combusted organic
material, and rise into the combustion chamber where they are burned in
excess of 800C
• heat recovery occurs using water filled tubes in the walls of the
combustion chamber
• air pollution control equipment may include:
– injected ammonia for NOx control
– dry scrubber for SO2 and acid gas control
– bag house (fabric filter) for particulate matter
• ashes and unburned material from the grates fall into a residue hamper
– residue ash + fly ash (bag house) are mixed together for ash treatment
Figure 9.31
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Grates
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Ash Landfill
Terminology The role of thermal treatment
• Thermal treatment (or incineration): a range of • Waste volume reduction, preservation of landfill
processes where temperature is used to reduce the
volume of waste and to render it harmless. space
• Waste to Energy (WTE): as above, with the recovery of – Does NOT replace the need for a landfill
heat energy to produce steam and/or generate • Energy recovery from the solid waste stream
electricity.
• Conventional WTE: mass burn, fluidized bed, modular, • Destruction of contaminants
rotary kiln, (refuse derived fuel) • Reducing waste transportation requirements
• Advanced WTE: gasification, pyrolysis, plasma • Dealing with waste here and now
The role of thermal treatment (2) The role of thermal treatment (3)
• Recycling and organics treatment only: • With recycling and organics treatment:
Recycling
Recycling
Organic Organic
Treatment Treatment
Thermal
Treatment
Landfill
Landfill Landfill Landfill
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The role of thermal treatment (4) The role of thermal treatment (5)
• Last treatment of waste before land disposal • One tonne of waste can deliver 400 to 700 kWh
• Applied after recycling, organics management of electricity to the grid
• If recycling goal is 60%, then WTE can treat balance of • One tonne of waste has the same energy as one
waste barrel of oil, or a quarter tonne of coal
• Recovers remaining energy • 24 tonnes of waste can provide all the electricity
• Converts energy into heat for a Canadian home for a year
• Electricity can be sold to the grid • One home of 4 persons: (1.5 kg/person‐day) * 4 *
• Offsets fossil fuel use for power generation 365 = 2.2 tonnes
How thermal treatment works Conventional combustion technologies
• Mass burn – most common (Burnaby, and upcoming
• Technologies offer different ways of releasing the York‐Durham and Peel Region plan)
energy in the waste • Fluidized bed – mid sized and specialty applications
– Conventional combustion/WTE (wood, coal)
– Advanced thermal treatment
(Gasification/pyrolysis, plasma systems) • Modular – smaller systems
• WTE systems are essentially power plants using • Rotary kiln – hazardous and medical waste ‐ rarely used
waste as fuel instead of coal, natural gas or for MSW
uranium • Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)– Dongara plant in GTA area
Conventional waste to energy (WTE) Mass burn: Facility overview
Electricity
Steam Heating
Exhaust
Feedstock
Combustion Energy Recovery Flu Gas Cleaning
Preparation
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Mass burn: Furnace section Fluidized bed furnace
Source: Ebara
Fluidized bed with ash melting Modular controlled air combustion
Source: Ebara
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) Ideal Incinerator
• rocking kiln incinerator
• Solid waste made into homogenous fuel – new variation of the rotary kiln
– rotates only ¾ of a revolution, then reverses
– Can be sold and used off site, replacing other fuels – thus, waste is subjected to less turbulence, but as a result releases less particulate matter into the
secondary combustion chamber
such as coal or gas – no need to shred waste – less tumbling of larger items through the unit
• can handle a variety of waste (including hazardous waste)
– Used by: – solids, liquids, containers, …
• slowly rotating refractory‐lined cylinder that is slightly inclined and rocking:
• Cement kilns – insulation provided by fireclay, dense aluminum, silica, silicon carbide
• length to diameter ratio of 2:1 to 10:1
• Industry power boilers • rotation at 0.3 to 3 m/min
– continually mixes waste, and entrains combustion air
• Dedicated WTE plants
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Ideal Incinerator Ideal Incinerator
• combustion temperatures ranging from 800C to 1100C
• requires large amounts of excess air due to leakage
– remember: excess air = 120 to 200%
• retention time varies in combustion chambers
– 0.1 to 2 s for gases and liquids
– minutes to hours for solids
• minimizing products of incomplete combustion (PICs) requires further oxidation of gases
– afterburner (secondary combustion chamber)
– residence time of up to 3 seconds
– temperatures of 1100C to 1300C
• continuous ash generation
– non‐putrescible – does not decay
– sterile – free of living organisms
– inert – does not react in any way
43 44 www.pollutionissues.com/Ho‐Li/Incineration.html
Disadvantages Ash
• high capital cost • ash is the residue left over from the combustion of MSW
• skilled operators required • bottom ash
• some materials are non‐combustible – recovered from combustion chamber
• some materials require supplemental fuel • heat recovery ash
• air contaminant potential – collected in the heat recovery system (boiler, economizer, superheater)
– dioxin, mercury (90% reduction since 1995), particulate matter, … • fly ash
• volume of gas from incineration is 10 times as great as other thermochemical – particulate matter removed
conversion processes prior to sorbents
– greater cost for gas clean‐up/pollution control • air pollution control residue
• public disapproval – combined with fly ash
– risk imposed rather than voluntary • combined ash
– incineration will decrease property value (perceived) – most US facilities combine
– distrust of government/industry – ability to regulate all ashes together
45 46
Ash Treatment / Re‐use Flue Gas
• there are a variety of methods of treating incinerator ash
• generally it is processed to standardize the material and remove • flue gas is the gas that exits the incinerator stack (i.e. the flue) to the
contaminants atmosphere, and may include:
– ferrous metal removal (magnetic separation) – particulate matter
– non‐ferrous metal (aluminum, copper) removal – acid gases – principally H2S and CO2 (which produces H2CO3)
– screening and crushing – NOx – NO + NO2 – react to form smog, acid rain
• so that it can be used as an aggregate – CO – a weak greenhouse gas
– construction fill – organic hazardous air pollutants – e.g. PCDD, PCDF, …
– road construction (asphalt, pavement concrete)
– metal hazardous air pollutants – e.g. mercury, …
– landfill daily cover
– cement block production • each of these components must be considered in the design of air
– treatment of acid mine drainage pollution control facilities
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Particulates Acid Gases
• solid particles – usually defined as PM2.5 < 2.5m • come from Cl, S, N, Fl in the refuse
• condensable PM – vapours that condense to form particulates – plastics
• causes – textiles
– too low of a combustion temperature (incomplete combustion) – rubber
– insufficient oxygen or overabundant EA (too high temperature) – yard waste
– insufficient mixing or residence time – paper
– too much turbulence, entrainment of particulates in the air stream • uncontrolled incineration generates 18 – 20% HCl with pH = 2.0
• control • acid gas scrubbers (SO2, HCl, HFl) usually ahead of electrostatic
– cyclones – can remove large particles, but not effective for removal of small precipitator or bag house
particulates – wet scrubber – like a venturi scrubber
– electrostatic precipitator – efficient removal using an electrostatic charge – spray dryer
– fabric filters (bag houses) – dry scrubber injectors – injects a dry sorbent like lime
49 50
Air Pollution Control Process Comparison of Air Pollution Control Systems
• electrostatic precipitator
– removes particles from a flowing gas using an induced electrostatic charge
• bag houses
– uses engineered fabric filter long bags/tubes to remove particulate matter
• acid gas scrubbers
– wet scrubber
– dry scrubber
– chemicals added in slurry to neutralize acids
• activated carbon
• selective non‐catalytic reduction
• catalytic converters
– recently started using them in Germany for converting NOx and PCDD/F
– using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a base
51 52
Major Components at WTE Plants (2) Semi‐dry, dry, and wet scrubbers
• Air pollution control
– Mature technology.
• Systems available to meet most stringent air emission
standards
• Custom matched to combustion technology
– WTE most highly regulated form of waste
management
– Emission standards more stringent than for most coal
fired power plants or industrial boilers
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•
Major Components at WTE Plants (3)
Solid Residues:
Air Emissions
• WTE most highly regulated form of waste management
– Conventional combustion
• Metals recovered and recycled • Most countries have very strict standards
• Bottom ash and fly ash, • EU and Ontario A7 guidelines considered to be the
– 25% by weight and 10% by volume of treated waste most stringent in the world
– Bottom ash suitable for road base, landfill cover or disposal • Technologies have been developed and are applied to
– Fly ash usually needs to be stabilized before disposal meet these standards
– Advanced Combustion
• In Europe, emissions from WTE are so low, that they
• Slag with varying amounts of fixed carbon, up to 30% by weight
are often considered irrelevant compared to industrial
• Slag may be reduced by reprocessing
and transportation sources
• Plasma systems have almost no residue
Comparison of Relevant Air Emissions from Selected
Combustion Technologies
Comparison of Dust/Particulate Emissions
• Paper presented by Helmut Rechberger and Gerald 10
9
9 .3
Schoeller, Technical University of Vienna, 2006 CEWEP 8
Congress 7
6 .2
• Extensive emissions comparisons based on energy 6
5 .1
g/GJ
production (mg/GJ) 5
4
3 .8
• WTE figures from 50 existing WTE facilities in Europe 3 2 .7
• Cement kiln data from Association of German Cement 2
0 .6 9
Kilns 1
0
0 .4
• Other data from literature W a s te to
E n e rg y
Coal L ig n ite O il G as B io m a s s C e m e n t K iln
350 80
80
300
g/GJ
g/GJ
250 60
200 42
40
150 31 32
100
63 62 20
51
50 38 28 38 8 .8
3 .1
0 0
W a s te to C oal L ig n ite O il G as B io m a s s C e m e n t K iln W a s te to C oal L ig n ite O il G as B io m a s s C e m e n t K iln
E n e rg y E n e rg y
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Comparison of Mercury Emissions Comparison of Cadmium Emissions
20 20 19
18
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
mg/GJ
mg/GJ
10 10
8 8
6 .3 6 .3 6 .6
6 6
4 4
2 .7 2 .6
2 .1
2 2
0 .1 5 0 .0 9 0 .5 1 0 .3 9 0 .1 6
0 0 N o d a ta
Comparison of PCDD/F Emissions Notes to emissions slides
25
22
• Values shown in previous slides are for existing
20
facilities, some of which are older
• Newer facilities are made to meet more stringent
15
emission targets
mg/GJ
10
9 .8
• Metro Vancouver’s Burnaby WTE facility often
5 4 .3
has no detectable dioxins
0 .6 7 0 .9 0 .6 3
0 .0 3
• New technologies exist to remove mercury from
0
W a s te to
E n e rg y
C oal L ig n ite O il G as B io m a s s C e m e n t K iln flue gas
Dioxin Emissions in the USA Reduction of Mercury from WTE
in the USA
Source:
Source: Waste-to-
(P. Deriziotis, Energy
MS Thesis, Research
Columbia and
University, 2003; Technology
data by U.S. Council
EPA) (WTERT)
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Tonnes
80,000
• Generally, WTE results in less CO2 equivalents than landfilling
60,000
• One European study calculated that in the EU:
Ffact Management Consultants. 40,000
– WTE emits 0.348kg CO2 eq. / kg of waste
Waste to Energy and the revision 20,000
– Landfills emit 0.69 kg CO2 eq. / kg of waste of the Waste Framework Directive. 4,000
-
Opportunities to reduce climate Transportation Landfill WTE
change by using energy from
waste. FF/KW/2006.023-final.
Delft, January 2007
Costs of WTE Revenues from WTE
• High initial capital costs
• Tipping fees
• Operating costs generally offset by energy sales
(for larger facilities) • Electricity sales
• Tipping fees must generally cover capital • Steam sales (cogeneration, if available)
repayment • District heat (if feasible)
• Once paid for, WTE can be revenue generator • Recycled metals from ash or upfront processing
• Facility life 20 to 50 years • CO2 credits (future)
Economies of Scale for WTE Political/social acceptance of WTE as
Cost of Thermal Processing Versus Capacity
• Europe
diversion
$500
– In practice used as diversion
$450
$400
– Looking for official recognition to capitalize on tax credits
$350 • USA
Cost ($/tonne)
$300 – In some states considered renewable fuel
$250 – In other states not recognized as diversion
$200
$150
• Japan
$100 – Over 90% of solid waste combusted, mostly for energy
$50
y = -77.257Ln(x) + 1046.5
• Canada
$0 – Alberta recognizes WTE as diversion, Ontario does not, BC is
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 undecided
Capacity (TPY)
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Issues: Opposition and hurdles Issues: Opposition and hurdles (2)
• Negative public perception • Full cost accounting and long term benefits
• Lack of public awareness of technological rarely considered
progress and high regulated standards • Waste has not yet been defined as renewable
• Large initial investment needed energy in Canada
• Higher operating costs than most local landfills • GHG credits are difficult to define and do not
• Need for long term waste supply contracts flow into the economics calculations
Comparison of WTE with selected
WTE in the USA
Renewable Energy Sources in USA
• 65 mass burn plants
• 20 million tonnes per year capacity total • Energy Source • % of Renewable energy
– Geothermal – 28%
• 9 modular and 10 RDF plants – WTE – 28%
• About 5 million tonnes per year capacity – Landfill gas – 14%
• 15 RDF plants – Wood/biomass – 17%
• 6 million tonnes per year – Solar thermal – 2%
– Wind – 11%
• 13% of USA waste managed by WTE
WTE, Recycling and Landfilling in Europe
WTE in Europe
– More than 370 WTE plants with total annual capacity over 53
million tonnes
– Average EU recycling rate 36% ‐ long term goal 60%
– EU WTE rate 17%
– Landfilling in EU 48%
– Landfill Directive progressively prohibits landfilling of organic
materials
– High cost of energy = good revenue from heat and electricity
Source: Fact
– Carbon credits enhance economics of WTE and help meet national Management
reduction goals Consultants,
Netherlands
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Isle of Man, UK Lille, France
• 200 tonnes per day
Karlsruhe, Germany Paris, France
• Gasification Plant (shut down, but similar • 350 tonnes per day
operating facilities in Japan)
Vienna Austria The Japan Experience
• Designed by famous artist Hundertwasser
• Very strict land disposal guidelines
– No raw waste
– No ash without stabilization
• Over 90 % of solid waste combusted, mostly with energy recovery
• 2300 combustion facilities in Japan
• 23 WTE facilities in Tokyo
• High standards for social integration and environmental
performance
• Double typical north American/European costs
http://truththeory.com/2014/09/17/sweden‐is‐now‐recycling‐99‐percent‐of‐its‐
trash‐heres‐how‐they‐do‐it/
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Japanese WTE and Sludge burning
Miscellaneous Issues
plants side by side
• diversity of waste
– requires that better incineration controls are used to ensure that complete combustion occurs
• delivering constant waste to the combustion chamber
• maintaining sufficient temperature
– can not start and stop operation
• replacement of refractory material is expensive
• competing against 3Rs for input material
– common sense would suggest it’s a problem
• the same material that is useful from recycling is also combustible
– practical experience suggests it’s not
• we do not capture all the recyclable material
• combination of recycling and incineration is a more complete and integrated waste management
approach
86
Energy from Waste
Effectiveness of Incinerators • energy from waste (EFW) facilities use high temperature to extract energy
from the trash
• destruction efficiency (DE) – generate electricity or heat/steam from the waste combustion
– takes place in the combustion chamber
• removal efficiency (RE) – and employ sophisticated emissions control systems
– takes place in the APCE • incinerators only reduce the volume of the trash
• DRE is a combination of both
• required efficiencies: • typical mass‐burn 1,500 tonne per day (TPD) EFW facility produces enough
– most organic compounds at 99.99% clean, renewable electricity for 45,000 homes
– PCBs at 99.9999%
• required to minimize formation of dioxins – which saves more than 450,000 barrels of oil each year
–
–
in addition, HCl
particulate matter
• offers net benefits in terms of greenhouse gases
• example of PCB DRE – emits 2/3 less carbon dioxide (CO2) than coal fired power plants
– inlet = 637 kg/h – emits 2/3 less carbon dioxide (CO2) than oil and natural gas power plants
– outlet = 0.012 kg/h
637 - 0.012 • life‐cycle analysis of a 1,500 TPD EFW facility
DRE 100 99.9981 FAILS
637 – annually reduces about 270,000 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions
87 • Europe –
88 400 plants and 60,000,00 tonnes per year (500 TPD)
Co‐generation Co‐incineration
• takes advantage of lost heat for another process • waste can also be burned at facilities that are not dedicated to
– thermal power plants reject 50 – 65% heat to the environment
• local generation station near a facility that needs heat waste incineration
– transport the heat via low temperature hot water • the main candidates are:
– use steam if distance less than 4 – 5 kilometers
• various fuels can be used to generate electricity – steam and electricity producers
– natural gas, coal, wood residue, MSW, biofuels – blast furnaces
• captured heat used for secondary processes
– greenhouse operation, paper producing facilities, petrochemical industry, bio energy, fuel cells, WWTP,
– lime and cement kilns
Universities • few technical barriers exist as long as the waste is pre‐treated to
• an example – Stuttgart WWTP
– dries it’s sludge and incinerates it with MSW – produces heat suit the primary (existing) process
– also heat from anaerobic digestion • the main limitation is the composition of the waste and its possible
– used to produce electricity
– methane gas from anaerobic digestion piped into the natural gas system contamination that might impact the industrial process
89 90
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Pyrolysis Pyrolysis, Combustion, Gasification
• involves thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen
• Pyrolysis, gasification and combustion have been
•
•
lower temperature than thermal – 400C – 800C
products are pyrolytic oils and gases, and solid char considered as separate thermochemical
– distribution of these products depends on temperature
• pyrolysis oil used after appropriate post‐treatment for: conversion processes for general classification.
– chemicals – which can be extracted from the oil
–
–
adhesives and other products
liquid fuels – the remaining oil can be combusted to generate electricity
However, in a gasification process, both pyrolysis
• gas stream contains a variety of gases:
– hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
and combustion processes take place.
• hydrogen and methane can be an important source of energy
–
–
hydrogen, after cleaning, can be used for fuel cells
further thermal treatment converts hydrogen to methane
• Pyrolysis is the destructive distillation of carbon‐
based materials with heat in the absence of
91
oxygen into gaseous products, char, condensable
liquids tars and oils
Advanced thermal technologies:
Advanced thermal technologies gasification/pyrolysis Electricity
• Gasification and pyrolysis
– Converts solids into synthetic gas
– Gas is cleaned before combustion or other uses Steam
Gas Turbine
or Recip.
Engine
– Complex technology Exhaust
• Plasma
– Ultra high temperature process, total organics destruction Feedstock
Preparation
Gasification or
Pyrolysis
Syngas Cleaning Energy Recovery
– Makes synthetic gas
– Creates vitrified slag Residue /
Char / Ash
– Lowest residuals Ash
Pros and cons of advanced Thermochemical Conversion Processes
thermal technologies Conversion
Technology
Primary
Products
Secondary
Products
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Plasma Arc Plasma Arc
• plasma is a state of matter created by heating a gas in which a certain portion of
the particles are ionized
• the process generates PCG – plasma converted gas
• plasma can be created using almost any kind of gas – hydrogen fuel as energy
– nitrogen, oxygen, air
• heated to extreme temperature
• lower volume of gas requiring treatment
– 2000 – 6000C • power consumption 200 – 400 kWh/ton
• ionized gas conducts electricity
• this energy is transferred to the waste material • double the cost of landfilling
– excites molecular bonds such that the materials break into elemental atoms
– all waste constituents are completely melted into a solid mass called dross
• but, a smaller
• minerals can be recovered from the dross environmental
• all known contaminants effectively treated
– municipal, hazardous, hospital
footprint
97 98 www.plasmawastedisposal.com
99 100
Example Problem #1 Example Problem #1
3555.6 kg O 2 /tonne
air 15,359 kg air/tonne
• determine the stoichiometric amount of air required for the combustion of an • therefore, 0.2315 kg O 2 /kg air
organic solid waste
– the waste is defined as C5H12
– excess air requirements set at 150% per tonne
15,358.8 kg Air/tonne
• first, write the stoichiometric
C 5 H 12equation:
8O 2 5CO 6H 2 O air 3 11,880 m 3
air/tonne
2 1.2928 kg Air/m 3 :
• the density of air is 1.2928 kg Air/m
72 256
101 102
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Example Problem #1 5(12) 60
Example Problem #2
% C 0.833
• element percentages: 5(12) 12(1) 72
• determine the amount of air required for the combustion of an organic
12 12 solid waste
% H 72 0.167
5(12) 12(1) – an organic waste is defined as C760H1980O875N13S
– excess flowrate/hour if 500 tonnes/day waste (dry basis)
• oxygen requirements: O 2 (m 3 /kg fuel) 24.6 0.833/12 0.167/4 – excess air requirements set at 175% per tonne
2.733 m 3 /kg fuel – for efficiency, incinerator operation is 24/7
tonne 1 day 1000 kg
• rate 500
waste processing:
production 20,833 kg/hr
2.733 day 24 hour tonne
• air requirements: air 11.808 m 3 /kg 11,808 m 3 /tonne
0.2315
air 11,808 1.50 17,710 m 3 /tonne molar mass 760 x 1 2.0 1980 x 1.0 875 x 16.0 13x14.0 32x1
• excess air @ 150%: • mass of waste:
25314.1 g/mol
103 104
105 106
Example Problem #2 Example Problem #2
16,568 m 3 /kg
air 71,570 3
• amount of air per hour:
0.2315
m air/hr • using a centrifugal fan, with an efficiency of 70%:
P
4.13 kW
5.7 kW
0.70
5.7 kW
air 1.75 71,570 125,248
m 3
air/hr m 3
air/hr
P 7.6 Hp
745.69
P Q H
• based on excess air = 175% Q = flowrate
= specific weight
H = head drop
125,248 m 3 air/hr
Q 34.8 m /s P 34.8 11.8 10
3
3600 sec/hr
4,130 N m/s • we need to blow 125,000 m3/hour of air into the
•air@20 C 11.8 N/m 3
power requirements: combustion chamber, using a 7.6 Hp blower
4.13 k W
H 10 m
107
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Example Problem #3
Let’s Look at Wood from C&D Debris Let’s Find the Heat Value
• Wood: • Use the Dulong Equation
%C = 41.20, %H = 5.03, %O = 34.55, %N = 0.24, %Cl = 0.09
%S = 0.07, %Moisture = 16, %Ash = 2.82
Let’s Compare to Value in Table BTU Value
• Values are close (note that Dulong Equation is
only an estimate and other methods of
estimation are out there).
• But what about water? Water as not factored in.
• Remember, energy is consumed in the
evaporation of water. 1,040 BTU/lb
BTU per pound = 6,418 6,933
Heat Consumed by Evaporation C&D Debris Wood is not Pure Wood
• Other components: Metal, Dirt
Heat Consumed by Evaporation 0.16 lb water 1,040 BTU
1 lb waste lb water
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Process to Calculate Air Requirement
Assumptions for Solution
• Use basic equations: • Only consider oxidation of carbon and
C O2 CO 2 hydrogen for air demand.
• Let’s go ahead and work everything from a
2 H 2 O2 2 H 2 O total weight standpoint.
• We will operate at 50% excess air.
S O2 SO 2 • Remember, oxygen in the waste contributes
some oxygen toward combustion.
Contribution of O2 Start With Carbon
CaHbOc
+ N2 O2 100 cum air
+ 41.2 kg C 1 kg mole C 1 kg mole O2 22.4 cum
100kg 12 kg C 1 kg mole C 1 kg mole O2 21 cum O2
Air (N2, O2) O2 O2 O2 waste
CO2 CO2
H2O
H2O 366 cum air
Wood: 100kg waste
%C = 41.20, %H = 5.03, %O = 34.55, %N = 0.24, %Cl = 0.09
%S = 0.07, %Moisture = 16, %Ash = 2.82, VS = 96.6%
• Note: this is the air demand from Carbon
only!!!
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Net Air Demand Factor in Excess Air
Exit Gas Concentration Future of thermal treatment
• You should be able to easily solve the exit gas • Rising energy costs will make WTE attractive for power
generation/heat utilization
CaHbOc
concentration with the information given, • Increasing costs and long‐term environmental concerns
+ + N2 with landfills will support WTE
Air (N2, O2) O2 O
2 O2 • Energy recovery increasingly recognized as logical and
CO2
H2O CO2 integral part of WM process
H2O • Waste increasingly recognized as renewable energy with
GHG benefits
Don’t forget water
We know this! in waste!
• European legislation supports WTE as opposed to landfilling
Future challenges of thermal
What is a Landfill?
treatment
• Education required to achieve a balanced public • Concept fostered in early 20th century
perception and acceptance
• Increasing thermal efficiencies • An area of land that has solid waste deposited
• Finding markets for heat
• Reducing operating costs and increasing revenues from on it in such a quantity to noticeably change
sale of energy the surface elevation.
• Regionalization required to achieve economies of scale
• Regulatory and policy support needed
• Acceptance of WTE as renewable energy
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Why to use a landfill?
Potential Landfill Problems
• Landfill can present problems with respect to:
– Spread of disease Controlled by sanitary
– Odors landfill techniques
– Fires
Controlled by
– Contamination of groundwater modern landfill
design
– Gas emissions
Sanitary Landfill Modern Landfills are Engineered
• Landfills may be: • Operate landfills in a
– Excavated and filled controlled safe fashion
Structures
– Fill existing depressions – Use cover soil • Designed to Contain Leachate and Minimize
– Built up from the ground – Excavate cells Release of Pollutants from the Landfill
– A combination of above – Compact the waste
– Control access
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Leachate Landfill Gas
• Leachate is the liquid (or wastewater) that forms • Landfill gas consists primarily of methane and
when water (rainfall, groundwater) travels carbon dioxide
through solid waste
• Leachate can migrate into underlying
• Results from the anaerobic decomposition of
groundwater, resulting in contamination
biodegradable solid wastes
• Leachate can contain many different chemicals,
depending on what is in the solid waste
Typical Regulatory Requirements Typical Regulatory Requirements
Single Liner System Composite Liner
• One liner consisting of compacted soil or • A single liner consisting of compacted soil and
geomembrane geomembrane in intimate contact
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Double Liner Typical Subtitle D Liner
Single Composite Liner
• A liner system with low permeability barrier
layers with a leak detection system layer in 2 ft drainage material
Designed to maintain
between. The upper and lower components less than 1ft head on liner
are either compacted soil, geomembrane, or 60 mil HDPE
composite. Geomembrane
2 ft compacted soil
K <= 10-7 cm/sec
Typical Subtitle C Liner Types of Geomembrane Materials
Double Liner
• HDPE
2 ft drainage material • PVC
Designed to maintain
less than 1ft head on liner
HDPE Geomembrane
• VLDPE
Geonet
HDPE Geomembrane • PP
3 ft compacted soil
K <= 10-7 cm/sec
What Controls Head on the Liner? What is a Geosynthetic Clay Liner?
• Liner Slope • A manufactured product that contains a soil
• Pipe Spacing component (dry bentonite) contained in a
• LCS Hydraulic Conductivity fabric or affixed to a geomembrane.
• Impingement Rate
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Unloading Soil
Lecture 18 Land Disposal
Lecture 18 Land Disposal
Lecture 18 Land Disposal Lecture 18 Land Disposal
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Lecture 18 Land Disposal Lecture 18 Land Disposal
156
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