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Term 3, 2021
Matrix Algebra
This lecture, we will meet matrices: a tool that is very useful for
manipulating inter-related quantities. They give us a completely new
algebra known as matrix algebra.
Matrix addition
Matrix subtraction
Scalar multiplication – multiplying a matrix by a scalar1
Matrix multiplication – multiplying a matrix by another matrix
1
e.g. a real or a complex number.
Joshua Capel (UNSW) Matrix Algebra 2 / 21
Uses of Matrices
To save time, they don’t bother to set up the table every time, so the
following page looks like:
Tuesday
3 0 2 6
1 3 0 0
4 2 1 24
To an outsider this is just a jumble of numbers, but they do mean
something to the person who set it up.
Example.
1 0 0 6
Wednesday 2 1 1 0
4 0 1 0
Joshua Capel (UNSW) Matrix Algebra 5 / 21
So what is a matrix?
We denote the entry at the ith row and jth column in A by Aij .
Example.
3 −1 2
π 7 13
The element in the 2nd row, 1st column is A21 = π.
The element in the 1st row, 3rd column is A13 = 2.
Example.
2 1
3 2 is a 3 × 2 matrix.
1 6
Two matrices are said to be EQUAL if they have the same order
and all the entries are correspondingly equal.
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 0
Example. = , but 6= .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Joshua Capel (UNSW) Matrix Algebra 7 / 21
Square Matrices
In the delivery matrix for Wednesday, each row represents the order of a
customer.
1 0 0 6
W = 2 1 1 0
4 0 1 0
6 0 0
If two matrices are the same order they can be added together by adding
the elements in the same position.
Example. Suppose the delivery service needs to know the total amount
of groceries to be delivered on Monday and Tuesday.
2 1 0 12 3 0 2 6 5 1 2 18
4 2 1 0 + 1 3 0 0 = 5 5 1 0
1 1 1 6 4 2 1 24 5 3 2 30
| {z } | {z } | {z }
Monday Tuesday Monday and Tuesday
Example.
2 1 1 −2
3 2 + 4 0 =
1 6 −1 7
Example.
2 1
3 2 + 2 0
0 4
1 6
Example.
2 1 0 12 3 0 2 6
4 2 1 0 − 1 3 0 0 =
1 1 1 6 4 2 1 24
2 −1
Example. 3 3 2 =
−1 4
Exercise.
1 0 3 4
0 1 4
A = −3 4 , B = 2 6 , C=
2 3 2
1 2 1 −5
0.3
(1 × 4) (4 × 1) = (1 × 1)
Example.
1
2 1 3 1 = 2 × 1 + 1 × 1 + 3 × 4 = 15
4
If the matrices contain many rows and columns then each row is paired
with each column:
Example.
1 2 1
2 1 3
1 1 5
1 4 2
| {z } 4 3 2
2×3 | {z }
3×3
2×1+1×1+3×4 2×2+1×1+3×3 2×1+1×5+3×2
= 1×1+4×1+2×4 1×2+4×1+2×3 1×1+4×5+2×2
| {z }
2×3
15 14 13
=
13 12 25
| {z }
2×3
Example.
1 3 −1 0
=
2 4 1 −1
| {z } | {z }
2×2 2×2
−1 0
1 3
1 −1 is undefined because
2 4
2 3