EXERCISE 9.

1
𝟏 𝟐
Q1. Take 𝒂 to be any vector you like, Draw the vectors 𝟐 𝒂, 𝟑 𝒂, − 𝟑 𝒂 , −𝒂.

Q2. Find 𝒂 = |𝒂| for the vector 𝒂 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 where P1, P2 are the points i-e have the coordinates:
i) 𝑃1 ∶ (2, −4, 1) , 𝑃2 ∶ (−3, 1, 2).
ii) 𝑃1 ∶ (−2, 4, 6) , 𝑃2 ∶ (2, −4, 1).
iii) 𝑃1 ∶ (0, 0, 1) , 𝑃2 ∶ (−3, 1, 2).

Q3. The initial point of a vector 𝒂 of magnitude 5 is (1, −√3, −5). Find 𝒌 if the terminal point is:

i) (3, √3, 𝑘) ii) (2𝑘, −3√3, −10𝑘) iii) (−2, 𝑘, −3)

Q4. Find direction cosines and direction angles of a vector 𝒂 whose initial point is origin and terminal
point is:

i) (5, 3, √2) ii) (0, 3, −4)

Q5. Direction angles of a position vector 𝒃 with positive 𝒙 and 𝒚 axes are 300 and 600 respectively.
Find 𝜸 and 𝒌 if the terminal point is (√3, 1, 2𝑘).
EXERCISE 9.2
Q1. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any two given vectors, draw the vectors:
1 1 1
i) 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑎 + 𝑏 ii) 𝑎 − 𝑏 , 𝑏 – 𝑎 iii) 2 𝑎 , 3𝑏 , 2 𝑎 + 3𝑏 , 3𝑏 − 2
𝑎 iv) −𝑎 , −2𝑏, −𝑎 − 2𝑏

Q2. By repeated application of triangle law of vectors, prove the pentagon law of vectors.
Q3. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two vectors inclined at an angle of measure 𝛼, use the cosine law of trigonometry
to show that:
|𝑎 + 𝑏|2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. & |𝑎 − 𝑏|2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼.

Q4. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are inclined at an angle of measure 𝛼 to one another, and 𝑎 + 𝑏 makes an angle of
𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
measure 𝜃 with the direction of 𝑎, show that: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
.

Q5. If 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 are as in the question 3, 4, find |𝑎 + 𝑏|, |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 when:

i) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 2 , 𝛼 = 300 ii) 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 4 , 𝛼 = 1200 .

Q6. What conditions must 𝑎 and 𝑏 satisfy in order that the following relations shall hold:
i) |𝑎 + 𝑏| = |𝑎 − 𝑏| ii) |𝑎 + 𝑏| > |𝑎 − 𝑏| iii) |𝑎 + 𝑏| < |𝑎 − 𝑏|
Q7. Simplify the following vector expressions:
1
i) 3 (2𝑎̂ − 7𝑏̂) − 4 (𝑎̂ + 𝑐̂ ) − (3 𝑎̂ + 2 𝑏̂ − 𝑐̂ ).
2

ii) (3𝜆 + 4 𝜇)(𝑢̂ + 𝑣̂) − 2𝜇 (2𝑢̂ − 3𝑣̂) + 𝜆(2𝑣̂ − 𝑢̂).

3 1
iii) (2𝑎̂ − 3𝑐̂ ) − 2(𝑏̂ + 𝑐̂ ) + (𝑎̂ − 2 𝑏̂ + 3 𝑐̂ ).
5 10

Q8. Given that 𝑢

⃗ = 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4𝑐, 𝑣 = 6𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 2𝑐, express 3𝑢
⃗ − 2𝑣 and 𝑢
⃗ + 2𝑣 in terms of
𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐.

Q9. Given that 𝑎 = 2𝑢 − 7𝑣 + 𝑤, 𝑏⃗ = 𝑣 − 𝑢 and 𝑐 = 2𝑢 + 𝑣 − 3𝑤.

Find −𝑎 + 2𝑏⃗ − 3𝑐 and 2𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 in terms of 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤.

Q10. If the position vectors of P, Q, R are 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 , 𝑎 − 2𝑏 , −𝑎 + 𝑏 respectively, find the vectors

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 2𝑃𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑅𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of 𝑎 & 𝑏.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3𝑅𝑄

Q11. If the position vectors of S, T, U are 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 4𝑎 − 3𝑏 respectively, show that S, T, U are

collinear. (𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∶ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇𝑈).

Q12. In each case, determine the conditions under which the statement is true:
i) |𝜆 𝑎| = 𝜆 |𝑎| ii) |𝑎 + 𝑏| = |𝑎| + |𝑏| iii) |𝑎 − 𝑏| = |𝑎| − |𝑏|

Q13. Show that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , if P, Q, R, S have position vectors 𝑎 + 2𝑏, −3𝑎 + 𝑏, 2𝑎 − 𝑏 and
𝑃𝑄 is parallel to 𝑅𝑆
2 4
3
𝑎 − 3 𝑏 respectively.

Q14. Show that ABCD is a parallelogram, if A, B, C, and D have position vectors 2𝑢 − 3𝑣, 𝑣 − 2𝑢,
−3𝑢 + 5𝑣, 𝑢 + 𝑣 respectively.
EXERCISE 9.3

Q1. If 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 − 5𝑗 , 𝑐 = −8𝑖 + 7𝑗 − 2𝑘
Calculate:

i) 3𝑎 + 2𝑏⃗ ii) 𝑐 − 2 𝑎 iii) 𝑎 − 3𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐

1
iv) 3𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 v) −2𝑎 + 2
𝑏⃗ −3𝑐

Q2. Find the position vector of the points whose coordinates are:
(2, 0, −1), (−3, 1, 6), (2, 4, 6), (1, 1, 1), (−2, −1, 6).

Q3. Find the magnitude of each of the vectors 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 of question 1, and hence obtain unit vectors in
their directions.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in each cases:
Q4. The coordinates of two points A and B are given as follow: Find the vector 𝐴𝐵
i) 𝐴 (1, 1, 2) ; 𝐵 (−3, 1, −2).
1
ii) 𝐴 (0, 0, −1) ; 𝐵 (1, − , 0).
2

1 5 2
iii) 𝐴 (− , , 2) ; 𝐵 (1, −2, ).
3 3 3

iv) 𝐴 (−2, −1, 3) ; 𝐵 (0, 0, 0).

1 3
v) 𝐴 (2 , 2 , −1) ; 𝐵 (−1, 0, 1).

Q5. If A, B, C are the points (1, −2, 1), (2, 0, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1, 1 , 0) respectively, find:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2 𝐵𝐶
i) 2 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐶𝐵
ii) 3 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4 𝐶𝐴
iii) 6 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2 𝐴𝐶
iv) 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Q6. If A, B, C, D are the points 𝑖 − 3𝑘, −2𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘, −𝑗 + 4𝑘, 3𝑖 − 3𝑗 respectively, show that
ABCD is a parallelogram. Using the fact that a parallelogram with equal diagonals, is a rectangle,
show that ABCD is in fact a rectangle.

Q7. Find the direction cosines of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 in each of the five cases of question 4, and then write ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 in the
form 𝒓 = 𝑟 (cos 𝛼 𝑖 + cos 𝛽 𝑗 + cos 𝛾 𝑘)
Q8. Find the angle between the positive 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the following vectors:

𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘, 𝑏⃗ = −4𝑖 + 4√3𝑗, 𝑐 = −𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 2𝑘, 𝑑 = −3𝑖 + 𝑘, 𝑒 = −2𝑗.

Q9. Express the following vectors in the form 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘,
i) A vector of length 2, and having the same direction as the vector 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 𝑘.
ii) A vector of length 6, which makes angles of 60𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 45𝑜 with the positive 𝑦 and 𝑧 axis
respectively.
iii) A vector with 3 times the length of 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 2𝑘 and in the opposite direction.
Q10. Find scalars 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 such that:
i) 𝑥 (𝑖 + 2𝑗) + 𝑦 (3𝑖 + 4𝑗) = 7𝑖 + 9𝑗
ii) 𝑥 (𝑗 + 𝑘) + 𝑦 (𝑖 − 𝑗) − 𝑧 (𝑖) = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
iii) 𝑥(𝑖) + 𝑦 (2𝑗 − 3𝑘) + 𝑧 (𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘
iv) 𝑥 (3𝑖 − 4𝑘) + 𝑦 (𝑗 − 𝑖 + 2𝑘) + 𝑧 (𝑖 − 4𝑘) = 5𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 10𝑘
Q11. Resolve the vector 𝑎 in a plane, in the directions of 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 where:
i) 𝑎 = (9, 4) ; 𝑝1 = (2, −3), 𝑝2 = (1, 2).
ii) 𝑎 = (−3, 5) ; 𝑝1 = (1, 3), 𝑝2 = (2, 4).
Q12. Given four points in a plane 𝐴(1, −2), 𝐵(2, 1), 𝐶(3, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(−2, 3), find the resolution of
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐷 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝐷 in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 .
Q13. Resolve the vectors 𝑎 = (2, 1, 0) 𝑏 = (6, 8, −6) in the direction of vectors
𝑝1 = (1, −1, 2), 𝑝2 = (2, 2, −1), 𝑝3 = (3, 7, −7).
Q14. Two points P and Q have position vectors, with respect to an origin O, given by
3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘 and 𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘 respectively. Calculate the length PQ, show that the 𝑚∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 is 90𝑜 .
Q15. Verify that:
i) 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎.
ii) 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐.
iii) 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0.
iv) 𝑚 (𝑛 𝑎) = 𝑛 (𝑚 𝑎) = (𝑚𝑛) 𝑎.
v) 𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑏.
vi) 𝑎 + (−𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏.
EXERCISE 9.4
Q1. Show that the position vector of the mid-point of the line AB where A and B have position
𝑎+𝑏
vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 respectively is .
2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Q2. If the coordinates of P1 and P2 are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), and P divides 𝑃 1 𝑃2 in 𝑙: 𝑚, then
show that the coordinates of P are
𝑚𝑥1 +𝑙𝑥2 𝑚𝑦1 +𝑙𝑦2 𝑚𝑧1 +𝑙𝑧2
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧= .
𝑙+𝑚 𝑙+𝑚 𝑙+𝑚

Q3. In each of the following cases, you are given the position vectors of P and Q and you have to find
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in the indicated ratio:
that of R, which divides 𝑃𝑄

i) 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘 , 𝑖+𝑗+𝑘 ; 3 ∶ 2.
ii) 𝑖 , 𝑗 + 𝑘 − 2𝑖 ; −1 ∶ 2.
iii) (2, −3) , (−1, 2) ; 2 ∶ (−3).
iv) 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 , −𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 ; 1 ∶ 3.
Q4. (a) Find the length of the medians of the triangle formed by the points
(2, 4), (1, −2) & (−2, 6).

(b) Given that the vertices of a quadrilateral are (−2, −3), (3, −1), (6, 3) & (−1, 5),
find the points of trisection of the diagonals.

Q5. A, B, C are the points 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑎 − 𝑏 respectively. D divides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐶 is 2 ∶ 3 and E divides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 in
4 ∶ 1. Find the position vector E.

Q6. In a triangle ABC, L divides 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in 2 ∶ 1 and M divides 𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in 1 ∶ 2. If N is the mid-point of 𝐿𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 1 1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎, 𝐴𝐶
and 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏, show that: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 + 𝑏,
𝐴𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑁 = 6 𝑏 − 3 𝑎.
3 6

Q7. Show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another. Conversely, show that if the
diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect one another, then it is a parallelogram.
Q8. Show that the line joining the vertex of a parallelogram to the mid-point of an opposite side,
trisects the diagonal, and is itself trisected there at.
Q9. In a trapezium, show that the line joining the mid-point of:
i) the diagonal, is parallel to the parallel sides and half of their difference.
ii) the non-parallel sides, is parallel to the parallel sides and half of their sum.
Q10. Show that the lines joining the mid-points of adjacent sides of a quadrilateral form a
parallelogram.

Q11. In a parallelogram ABCD, X is the mid-point of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 , Y divides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 in 1 ∶ 2. Show that if Z
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
divides 𝐷𝑋 in 6 ∶ 1, then it also divides 𝐴𝑌 in 3 ∶ 4.
Q12. Show that each of the following sets of three points is collinear:
i) −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘 ; 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ; 7𝑖 − 𝑘.
ii) 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ; 5𝑖 − 𝑘 ; −𝑖 = 3𝑗 + 5𝑘.
iii) −3𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 ; 𝑖+𝑗 ; −5𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘.
iv) 𝑖 − 3𝑘 ; 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ; 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 9𝑘.
EXERCISE 9.5
Q1. Find 𝑢
⃗ . 𝑣 , where 𝑢
⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are the vectors:
i) 𝑢
⃗ = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 3𝑘 , 𝑣 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘.
ii) 𝑢
⃗ = 6𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 , 𝑣 = −𝑖 + 8𝑗 + 4𝑘.
iii) 𝑢
⃗ = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 4𝑘 , 𝑣 = 4𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 5𝑘.
Q2. Find 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where 𝜃 is the angle between the vectors 𝑢
⃗ , 𝑣 of the question 1.
Q3. Find 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐵 in the triangle ABC where A, B, C are the points:
i) 𝐴 ∶ (−2, 0) , 𝐵 ∶ (1, 2) , 𝐶 ∶ (2, −3).
ii) 𝐴 ∶ (1, 0, 0) , 𝐵 ∶ (−2, 1, 2) , 𝐶 ∶ (−5, 2, 0).
Q4. Find the unit vector in the direction of the following vectors:

2𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 3𝑘 ; −𝑖 + 2𝑘. & (3, −2, 7) ; 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − √3𝑘.

Q5. Decide whether 𝑟 and 𝑡 are perpendicular to one another:

i) 𝑟 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 and 𝑡 = 6𝑖 + 5𝑗.
7
ii) 𝑟 = 6𝑖 + 7𝑗 and 𝑡 = − 2 𝑖 + 3𝑗.

iii) 𝑟 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 and 𝑡 = −𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘.

iv) 𝑟 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 𝑡 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘.
Q6. In each of the following cases, find the value of 𝑘 so what 𝑣 − 𝑘 𝑢
⃗ is orthogonal to 𝑢
⃗.
Find also the value of ℎ so that 𝑢
⃗ − ℎ 𝑣 is orthogonal to 𝑣 .
i) 𝑢
⃗ = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘 and 𝑣 = 3𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘.
ii) 𝑢
⃗ = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 and 𝑣 = 7𝑖 + 14𝑘.
iii) 𝑢
⃗ = 3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 5𝑘 and 𝑣 = 9𝑖 + 12𝑗 − 5𝑘.
iv) 𝑢
⃗ = 𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 2𝑘 and 𝑣 = 6𝑖 + 10𝑗 − 3𝑘.
Q7. Suppose that 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are vectors of unit length. Show that 𝑎 + 𝑏 is a vector which bisects the
angle between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏. Hence find a vector which bisects the angle between
3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 6𝑘 and 9𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 2𝑘.

Q8. Find 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ where:

i) 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘.

ii) 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = −5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘.

iii) 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘.

iv) 𝑎 = −𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖 + 𝑗.

v) 𝑎 = −2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘.

Q9. Find sin (𝑎, 𝑏) for the vectors 𝑎, 𝑏 of questions 1.
Q10. Find the unit vectors perpendicular to the following pair of vector 𝑢
⃗ ,𝑣 :
i) 𝑢
⃗ = 𝑖+𝑗 and 𝑣 = 𝑗 + 𝑘.
ii) 𝑢
⃗ = 2𝑖 − 3𝑘 and 𝑣 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘.
iii) 𝑢
⃗ = −𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘 and 𝑣 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘.
iv) 𝑢
⃗ = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘 and 𝑣 = −3𝑖 + 2𝑘.
Q11. Find the scalar (area) of the triangle ABC where A, B, C are the points:
i) 𝐴 ∶ (2, 1, −3) , 𝐵 ∶ (1, 1, 0) , 𝐶 ∶ (1, −3, 2).
ii) 𝐴 ∶ (1, 1, 0) , 𝐵 ∶ (2, −1, 2) , 𝐶 ∶ (0, 0, 0).
iii) 𝐴 ∶ (0, 0, 1) , 𝐵 ∶ (−3, 1, 2) , 𝐶 ∶ (1, 2, 3).
iv) 𝐴 ∶ (1, 1, 1) , 𝐵 ∶ (1, 1, 0) , 𝐶 ∶ (1, 0, 0).
Q12. Find 𝑎 vector perpendicular to the plane through the points 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 for each of the following
sets of points:
i) 𝑃1 ∶ (1, 3, 5) , 𝑃2 ∶ (2, −1, 3) , 𝑃3 ∶ (−3, 2, −6).
ii) 𝑃1 ∶ (2, 4, 6) , 𝑃2 ∶ (−3, 1, 5) , 𝑃3 ∶ (2, −6, 1).
iii) 𝑃1 ∶ (1, 0, 0) , 𝑃2 ∶ (−2, 1, 3) , 𝑃3 ∶ (−1, 1, 1).
iv) 𝑃1 ∶ (2, −1, 2) , 𝑃2 ∶ (0, 0, 0) , 𝑃3 ∶ (−4, 1, −1).
EXERCISE 9.6
Q1. Prove that: [𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑎] = 2 [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐]
Q2. Evaluate the following scalar triple products:
i) [2𝑖 − 3𝑗 , 𝑖+𝑗−𝑘 , 3𝑖 − 𝑘]
ii) [−2𝑖 + 𝑘 , 𝑖 , − 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘]
iii) [𝑘 , 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 , 𝑖 + 𝑗]
Q3. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose three adjacent edges are represented by the vectors:
i) 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 𝑏 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑐 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘
ii) 𝑎 = 𝑗 𝑏 = −𝑖 + 2𝑗 𝑐 = 3𝑘 − 𝑖 − 𝑗.
Q4. Simplify:
i) [𝑎 , 2𝑏 − 3𝑐 , − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐]
ii) [−𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 , 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 , − 4𝑎 + 𝑐]
Q5. Find the constant 𝑎 such that the following sets of vectors are coplanar:
i) 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 , 3𝑖 + 𝑎𝑗 + 5𝑘.
ii) 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝑎𝑗 − 𝑘 , −2𝑖 + 𝑗.

EXERCISE 9.7
Q1. Find the resultant of the following systems of forces acting at a point:
i) 𝑃 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑘 , 𝑄 = −7𝑘 + 2𝑗 , 𝑅 = −𝑖 + 2𝑘.
ii) 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 , 𝑏 =𝑗−𝑘 , 𝑐 =𝑘−𝑖 𝑑 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘.
Q2. The vertices of a quadrilateral are 𝐴 ∶ (1, 2, −1), 𝐵 ∶ (−4, 2, −2), 𝐶 ∶ (4, 1, −5), 𝐷 ∶ (2, −1, 3).
At a point A, forces of magnitude 2, 3, 2 act along the lines AB, AC, AD respectively. Find their
resultant.
Q3. If the resultant of two forces is equal in magnitude to one of them and is perpendicular to it in
direction, find the other force.
Q4. A particle at the corner of a cube, is acted upon the forces of magnitude 1, 2, 3 respectively, along
the diagonals of the forces of the cube which meet at the particle. Find their resultant.
Q5. A particle is acted on by constant forces 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘 and 3𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘, and is displaced from the
point 𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 to the point 5𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 𝑘. Find the work done by the forces.
Q6. Forces of magnitude 5, 3 and 1 act on a particle in the directions of the vectors (6, 2, 3),
(3, −2, 6), (2, −3, −6) respectively. The particle is displaced from the point (2, −1, −3) to the point
(5, −1, 1). Find the work done by the forces.
EXAMPLES: