REQUESTS

Complete the sentences with the correct request.

1.- You want to close the door.

Do you mind_______________________________________?
Do you mind if I close the door?

2.- You want your best friend to lend you his laptop.
I was wondering____________________________________.

I was wondering if I could lend your laptop.

I was wondering if you could lend me your laptop.

3.- You want your father to help you with the homework.
Would you mind______________________________?

Would you mind if you help me with my homework?

Would you mind helping me with my homework

4.- You want to use your sister’s cellphone.

Can ____________________________?

Can I use your cell phone, please?

5.- You need to ask your uncle to give you a ride.

I wonder_______________________________.

I wonder if you could give me a ride.

I wonder if you could give me a ride

REQUESTS
ASK FOR FAVORS
BIG I was wondering if I could use your car me
REQUESTS this weekend. you
I wonder if you could repeat the class.
Would you mind making a sandwich for you
me?
Would you mind if I took another piece of me
the pie? me
Would it be all right if I ate another piece
of the pie?
Do you mind if I take another piece of the me
pie? me
Is it ok if I take another piece of the pie?
SMALL Could I close the door? me
REQUESTS Can you close the door? you

INDIRECT REQUEST
TO USE ANOTHER PERSON TO GIVE A MESSAGE.
A WANTS TO GIVE ONE MESSAGE TO B, BUT B IS NOT HERE. SO A USES C TO GIVE
THAT MESSAGE TO B

STATEMENTS IMPERATIVES QUESTIONS

Paul, you are a good friend. Paul, speak English. Paul, where do you live?
CAN YOU TELL PAUL WOULD YOU TELL CAN YOU ASK PAUL
(THAT) HE IS A GOOD PAUL TO SPEAK WHERE HE LIVES?
FRIEND? ENGLISH?
Ernesto, do you have a car?
Tom, you speak English well. Andrea, don’t eat in class. COULD YOU ASK
COULD YOU TELL TOM CAN YOU TELL ANDREA ERNESTO IF HE HAS A
(THAT) HE SPEAKS NOT TO EAT IN CLASS? CAR?
ENGLISH WELL? COULD YOU ASK
Marco, eat your vegetables. ERNESTO WHETHER
Gaby, your microphone is on. PLEASE, ASK MARCO HE HAS A CAR?
PLEASE, TELL GABY TO EAT HIS COULD YOU ASK
(THAT) HER VEGETABLES. ERNESTO WHETHER
MICROPHONE IS ON. OR NOT HE HAS A
CAR?
 Rachel, Is this topic clear?
PLEASE, ASK RACHEL
IF THIS TOPIC IS
CLEAR.

AN ONGOING ACTION IN THE PAST.

I WAS PLAYING FOOTBALL. (+)
I WASN’T PLAYING FOOTBALL. (-)
WERE YOU PLAYING FOOTBALL? (?)
YES, I WAS.
NO, I WASN’T.

CONNECTORS
WE HAVE TO IDENTIFY THE CONTINUOUS AND THE INTERRUPTING ACTION
THE CONTINUOUS ACTION ALWAYS HAPPENS FIRST

1.- PAST CONTINUOUS WHEN SIMPLE PAST

CONTINUOUS ACTION INTERRUPTING ACTION
I WAS RUNNING IN THE PARK WHEN I SAW A GOOD FRIEND.

WE WERE STUDYING ENGLISH WHEN SOMEONE CALLED ME.

2.- SIMPLE PAST [WHEN/WHILE/AS] PAST CONTINUOUS

INTERRUPTING ACTION CONTINUOUS ACTION
I SAW A GOOD FRIEND WHEN/WHILE/AS I WAS RUNNING IN THE
PARK.

SOMEONE CALLED ME WHEN/WHILE/AS WE WERE STUDYING

ENGLISH.

3.- PAST CONTINUOUS WHILE/AS PAST CONTINUOUS

CONTINUOUS ACTION CONTINUOUS ACTION
I WAS STUDYING THE VERBS WHILE/AS MY MOM WAS MAKING LUNCH.

ROBERT WAS DRIVING HOME WHILE/AS HIS WIFE WAS CLEANING THE
 HOUSE.

AFTER WHILE YOU HAVE PAST CONTINUOUS

CONNECTORS

1.- WHEN 3.- AFTER + past perfect, past

Can be followed by simple past or past
perfect AFTER I HAD TAKEN A SHOWER, I ATE
BREAKFAST.
WHEN MY MOM ARRIVED TO MY HOUSE, I I ATE BREAKFAST AFTER I HAD TAKEN A
HAD (ALREADY) LEFT. SHOWER.
I HAD ALREADY LEFT WHEN MY MOM
ARRIVED.
WHEN I HAD (ALREADY) LEFT, MY MOM
ARRIVED.
MY MOM ARRIVED WHEN I HAD ALREADY
LEFT.

2.- BEFORE + past, past perfect 4.- BECAUSE + past perfect, past

BEFORE I FINISHED THE HIGH SCHOOL, I HAD I GOT 3 IN THE EXAM BECAUSE I HADN’T
GONE TO NEW YORK TWICE. PAID ATTENTION IN CLASS.
I HAD GONE TO NEW YORK TWICE BEFORE I BECAUSE I HADN’T PAID ATTENTION IN
FINISHED THE HIGH SCHOOL. CLASS, I GOT 3 IN THE EXAM.

BEFORE = BY THE TIME

IT CLAUSES

1.- WHAT IS ONE ACTIVITY THAT YOU DON’T MIND DOING?

I don't care when I have to travel to other places to study

2.- WHAT IS ONE ACTIVITY THAT YOU CAN’T STAND DOING?

I can't stand it when I have to play soccer in the rain

3.- WHAT BOTHERS YOU?

It bothers me when I have to work on Sunday nights

4.- WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY?

It makes me happy when I get a good grade on an exam

IT CLAUSES
DESCRIBE SITUATIONS
IT CLAUSE WHEN CLAUSE
I LIKE IT
I LOVE IT
I HATE IT
I DON’T LIKE IT
I DON’T MIND IT
I CAN’T STAND IT WHEN I HAVE TO WORK
IT MAKES ME HAPPY ON SATURDAYS
 IT BOTHERS ME
IT UPSETS ME
IT ANNOYS ME
IT EMBARRASSES ME
IT DOESN’T BOTHER ME

I LOVE IT WHEN MY STUDENTS UNDERSTAND THE

CLASS.
I LOVE IT WHEN MY STUDENT UNDERSTANDS THE
CLASS.
GERUND(V-ing) PHRASES
TO BEGIN A SENTENCE WITH AN ACTIVITY.
GERUND + EXTRA INFORMATION
GERUND CAN ALSO GO ALONE

GERUND PHRASE IS THE GERUND PHRASE IS THE

SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE OBJECT OF THE 1ST VERB
GERUND PHRASE + V + C S + V 1 (particle) + GERUND
PHRASE
Working with children is stressful
S V Be interested in Get tired
C of
Traveling makes me happy Be excited by/about Enjoy
S V Be good/bad at Love
C Dream about Feel
DRINKING COFFEE like
RELAXES ME Talk about Think
about
STUDYING ENGLISH IS Be used to Get
INTERESTING. used to
STUDYING ENGLISH WOULD Like
BE INTERESTING. Hate
(IMAGINARY)
STUDYING ENGLISH SEEMS I am interested in learning new
EASY. languages
I dream about traveling TO
EUROPE

I enjoy working here (real)

I would enjoy working here
(imaginary)
I’D ENJOY WORKING HERE.

GERUND(V-ing) PHRASES

HOW TO USE A VERB (ING)

1.- SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE 2.- OBJECT OF THE 1ST VERB

I AM GOOD AT PLAYING FOOTBALL. (REAL)

 I WOULD BE GOOD AT PLAYING FOOTBALL.
(IMAGINARY)
I am excited by working here.
I am excited about working here.

SHE ENJOYS WORKING HERE. (REAL)

SHE WOULD ENJOY WORKING HERE. (IMAGINARY)

COMPARISONS
COMPARISONS 1.- 2.- VERBS 3.- NOUNS 4.- PAST
ADJECTIVES PARTICIPLES
To compare Russia is larger S+V I work I am better/worse
than Canada. I work more more/fewer hours paid than my
than my than my brother. brother.
Ecuador is brother.
more/less I work less I drink more/less Doctors are
beautiful than than my coffee than my better/worse
Mexico. brother. brother. trained than
My mom nurses.
reads more I have
than my dad. better/worse
friends than my
brother. (quality)
To show an (As + Adj + As) (As + much (As many CN (As well + V.p.p.
equality Quito is as + As) As) +As)
beautiful as I work as I work as many I am as well paid
Guayaquil. + much as my hours as my as my brother. +
brother. + brother. +
Quito isn’t as I am not as well
beautiful as I don’t work I don’t work as paid as my
 Guayaquil. - as much as many hours as brother. -
my brother. - my brother. -

(as much UN as)

I drink as much
coffee as my
brother. +

I don’t drink as
much coffee as
my brother. -

COMPARISONS
COMPARISONS 1.- ADJECTIVES 2.- VERBS 3.- NOUNS 4.- PAST
PARTICIPLES
To compare
To show an
equality
EXPECTATIONS

1.- IF YOU GO TO THE BEACH IN YOUR FRIEND’S CAR, you are expected to help with the gas
money

YOU ARE EXPECTED TO HELP DRIVE AT NIGHT

1.- IF YOU GO TO THE BEACH IN YOUR FRIEND’S CAR, it is custom to offer to pay some of the
expenses

2.- WHEN A FRIEND GRADUATES FROM COLLEGE, it is custom to have a party

it's the custom to send a card.

3.- IF YOU BORROW SOMETHING FROM A FRIEND, It’s the custom to return it as soon as
possible
4.- WHEN A FRIEND INVITES YOU TO DINNER, It´s the custom to bring dessert

EXPECTATIONS
TO EXPRESS CUSTOMS
1.- SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, 2.- MAIN CLAUSE
 When you visit someone, it is the custom to bring a
small gift.
it’s acceptable to bring a
small gift.
you are supposed to bring a
If you want to visit someone, small gift.
you are expected to bring a
small gift.

it is not the custom to stay so

late.
it’s not acceptable to stay so
late.
you are not supposed to stay
so late.
you are not expected to stay
so late.

DESCRIBING PROBLEMS #1

VERBS PAST PARTICIPLE (adj) THERE IS / THERE HAVE (noun) Prep.

ARE (noun)
TEAR MY T-SHIRT IS TORN. THERE IS A TEAR IN MY T-SHIRT HAS in
MY T-SHIRT A TEAR IN IT.
 THERE IS A HOLE IN
MY T-SHIRT
THERE ARE 3 TEARS
IN MY T-SHIRT.
DAMAGE MY CAR IS DAMAGED THERE IS SOME MY CAR HAS on
DAMAGE ON MY SOME DAMAGE
CAR. ON IT.
CHIP THE MUG IS CHIPPED THERE IS A CHIP IN THE MUG HAS A in
THE MUG. CHIP IN IT.
THERE ARE 2 CHIPS
IN THE MUG.
STAIN THE BLOUSE IS THERE IS A STAIN ON THE BLOUSE HAS on
STAINED THE BLOUSE A STAIN ON IT.
SCRATCH MY GLASSES ARE THERE IS A SCRATCH MY GLASSES on
SCRATCHED ON MY GLASSES HAVE A
SCRATCH ON
THEM
LEAK THE WASHING THERE IS A LEAK IN THE WASHING in
MACHINE IS LEAKING THE WASHING MACHINE HAS A
MACHINE LEAK IN IT.
DENT MY CAR IS DENTED THERE IS A DENT IN MY CAR HAS A in
MY CAR DENT IN IT.
CRACK THE VASE IS CRACKED THERE IS A CRACK IN THE VASE HAS A in
THE VASE CRACK IN IT.
BREAK THE WINDOW IS THERE IS A BREAK IN THE WINDOW in
BROKEN THE WINDOW HAS A BREAK IN
IT.

DESCRIBING PROBLEMS 2
NEED + VERBS DESCRIBE SOLUTIONS (suggestions)
NEED + V (ING) NEED + TO BE + V.P.P.
The oven needs fixing. The oven needs to be fixed.

The TV needs adjusting. The TV needs to be adjusted.

My cars need cleaning. My cars need to be cleaned.

 KEEP + VERBS DESCRIBE PROBLEMS
KEEP + V (ING)
The computer keeps crashing.
My car keeps leaking oil.
The printer keeps jamming.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
IMAGINARY SITUATIONS
[ IF + PAST, WOULD]
IF I WON THE LOTTERY, I WOULD BUY A CAR.
IF CLAUSE , MAIN CLAUSE

NOUN PHRASES
TO EXPRESS HYPOTHETICAL OR IMAGINARY SITUATIONS

IF I WON THE LOTTERY, ….

NOUN PHRASES TO BE OBJECT
Something (that) I would buy is a big house.
Two people (that) I would help are Alfred and George.
One thing (that) I would do is traveling around the
world.

IF I WON THE LOTTERY, ….

OBJECT TO BE NOUN PHRASES

A big house is Something (that) I would buy
Alfred and George are Two people (that) I would help
Traveling around the world is One thing (that) I would do
NEED

1.- THE MIRROR IS CRACKED

2.- THE DOOR IS SCRATCHED
3.- THE WASHING MACHINE IS LEAKING
4.- THE JACKET IS TOO SHORT
5.- THIS PENCIL DOESN’T WRITE WELL

1.- THE MIRROR IS CRACKED, the mirror needs to be changed

2.- THE DOOR IS RIPPED, the door needs to be repaired
2.- THE DOOR IS RIPPED, the door needs to be painted
3.- THE WASHING MACHINE IS LEAKING, the washing machine needs to be fixed.

4.- THE JACKET IS TOO SHORT, the jacket needs to be sold

5.- MY PENCIL DOESN’T WRITE WELL.

The pencil needs to be sharpened
From: Kate

Date: September 10

Subject: Information for a project on families

Hi Ray, I think I have the information we need for the project. Yesterday I searched the Internet when I found a
site about the Schürmann family. The Schürmanns are a Brazilian family that sails around the world.
Vilfredo Schürmann runs his own company when he and his wife decide to start a whole new life. They get on
their sailboat and go! They spend the next ten years sailing. As they travel the world, millions of Brazilians
follow their adventures on television. They return to Brazil in 1994.

What do you think? Is this interesting enough for our project? Kate
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1.- Kerrie has paid the bill (BY)

the bill has been paid by

Kerrie

2.- Pollution is damaging the ozone layer. (BECAUSE OF)

The ozone layer is being damage because of pollution.

3.- The new transportation rules haven’t solved the traffic problems (DUE TO)

Traffic problems have been solved due to the new transport rules.

4.- Overbuilding is affecting the historic center. (THROUGH)

The historic center is being affected through overbuilding

5.- Technology has separated families in Ecuador (AS A RESULT OF)

Families in Ecuador are being separated as a result of technology

1.- I STAY HEALTHY. I DON’T EAT BURGERS.

2.- YOU CAN SAVE MONEY. YOU DON’T SHOP AT MALLS. SHOP ONLINE.
3.- THE BEST WAY TO STOP POVERTY. BUILD SCHOOLS.
4.- THEY CAN IMPROVE THEIR DRIVING SKILLS. THEY DON’T READ BOOKS. THEY DRIVE AT
NIGHT.
5.- CAMILA GETS GOOD GRADES AT SCHOOL. SHE REVIEWS HER CLASSES IN THE AFTERNOON.
6.- THE BEST WAYS TO LEARN ENGLISH. DO EXERCISES ONLINE. HAVE PRIVATE CLASSES.
7.- I BECOME FAMOUS. I UPLOAD VIDEOS ON SOCIAL MEDIA.
1.- I STAY HEALTHY. I DON’T EAT BURGERS.

I STAY HEALTHY not BY EATING BURGERS.

2.- YOU CAN SAVE MONEY. YOU DON’T SHOP AT MALLS. SHOP ONLINE.

YOU CAN SAVE MONEY not by Shopping at malls but by shopping ONLINE STORE.

3.- THE BEST WAY TO STOP POVERTY. BUILD SCHOOLS.

3.- THE BEST WAY TO STOP POVERTY is by BUILDING SCHOOLS.

4.- THEY CAN IMPROVE THEIR DRIVING SKILLS. THEY DON’T READ BOOKS. THEY DRIVE AT
NIGHT.

4.- They CAN IMPROVE their DRIVING SKILLs Not by READING BOOKS but by DRIVING AT
NIGHT.

5.- CAMILA GETS GOOD GRADES AT SCHOOL. SHE REVIEWS HER CLASSES IN THE AFTERNOON.

5.- CAMILA GETS GOOD GRADES at SCHOOL BY REVIEWING HER CLASSES IN THE
AFTERNOON.

6.- THE BEST WAYS TO LEARN ENGLISH. DO EXERCISES ONLINE. HAVE PRIVATE CLASSES.
6.- THE BEST WAYS TO LEARN ENGLISH are by doing ONLINE EXERCISES and having PRIVATE
CLASSES.

7.- I BECOME FAMOUS. I UPLOAD VIDEOS ON SOCIAL MEDIA.

7.- I become famous by uploading videos on social media.

INFINITIVE CLAUSES

1.- Pollution is damaging the ozone layer.

ONE WAY ONE WAY to reduce pollution is to recycle plastics and papers

2.- The new transportation rules haven’t solved the traffic problems
THE BEST WAY to reduce transportation problems is to post traffic lights and signs.

3.- Overbuilding is affecting the historic center.

ANOTHER WAY to stop overbuilding is to talk to the government.

4.- Technology has separated families in Ecuador

A GOOD WAY to stop this is to go on family outings.
PREFERENCES

1.- Daniel ______________ to eat fresh fruits.

2.- I don't want to go out. I_____________ stay home.
3.- I like trekking in the mountains, but I _____________ to be on a sandy beach.
4.- She_____________ go in December than in May.
5.- We_____________ come with you
6.- Sonia _____________ to travel by bus
7.- I usually have tea, but today I__________ drink coffee, please.
8.- I______________ to read a book rather than watch TV.
9.- She ______________ to stay in a hotel.

PREFERENCES

1.- Daniel would prefer to eat fresh fruits.

2.- I don't want to go out, I'd rather stay at home.
3.- I like trekking in the mountains, but I prefer to be on a sandy beach.
4.- She would rather go in December than in May.
5.- We would prefer to come with you
6.- Sonia would prefer to travel by bus
7.- I usually drink tea, but today I prefer to drink coffee, please.
8.- I prefer to read a book rather than watch tv.
9.- She would prefer to stay in a hotel.
BY + GERUND

1.- HOW CAN A PERSON BECOME A GOOD CITIZEN?

A person can become a good citizen by greeting and

respecting people

2.- WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO LEARN ENGLISH?

The best way to learn English is by reading books and listening to music in English.

The best way to learn English is by studying every day

3.- WHAT IS ONE WAY TO PUNISH CORRUPTION?

one way to punish corruption is by being honest and responsible

4.- HOW DO YOU MAKE YOUR MONEY?

The best way to make my money is by working on weekends.

5.- HOW DO YOU LEARN NEW WORDS?

I learn new words by writing them in a notebook
 WARM UP EXERCISE

INDIRECT REQUESTS

1. Anna, you drink too much coffee.

Can you tell Anna that She drinks to much coffee?

2. Karo, your friend is at the office.

Please, tell Karo that her friend is at the office.

3. Lisa, don’t eat meat.

Can you tell Lisa not to eat meat?
 4. Homer, drive more slowly.
Would you tell Homer to drive more slowly?

5. Karl, where did you go yesterday?

Can you ask Karl where he went yesterday?

6. Marcelo, do you live in Italy?

Could you ask Marcelo if he lives in Italy?

7. Veronica, are you sick?

Please, ask Veronica if she sicks?

Could you ask Veronica if she sicks?
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
To connect 2 sentences
1)SUBJECT OF THE SECOND 2)OBJECT OF THE SECOND
SENTENCE SENTENCE
1.- I have a daughter. 1.- I have a daughter.
2.- My daughter likes chocolate. 2.- I see my daughter on
I HAVE A DAUGHTER Sundays.
WHO LIKES CHOCOLATE. I HAVE A DAUGHTER
(WHO) I SEE ON
1.- I work with a friend. SUNDAYS. (OPTIONAL)
2.- My friend speaks French.
I WORK WITH A FRIEND 1.- I work with a friend.
WHO SPEAKS FRENCH. 2.- My mom knows my friend
very well.
I WORK WITH A FRIEND
1.- I love movies. (WHO) MY MOM KNOWS
2.- The movies tell real stories. VERY WELL. (OPTIONAL)
I LOVE MOVIES WHICH
TELL REAL STORIES. 1.- I have a computer.
2.- My dad bought it in USA.
I HAVE A COMPUTER
(WHICH) MY DAD
BOUGHT IN USA.
(OPTIONAL)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
To connect 2 sentences
1.- SUBJECT OF THE SECOND 2.- OBJECT OF THE SECOND
SENTENCE SENTENCE
1.- I have a daughter. 1.- I have a daughter.
2.- My daughter likes chocolate. 2.- I play with my daughter on
Sundays.
1.- I work with a friend.
2.- My friend speaks French. 1.- I work with a friend.
2.- My mom knows my friend very
1.- I love movies. well.
2.- The movies tell real stories.
1.- I have a computer.
2.- My dad bought it in USA.