Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 2 1 D;[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and 2 C;[1]

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks 3 B;[1]
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different. 4

e.g. haemoglobin
Globular protein,

Monosaccharide
Fibrous protein,
Notes about mark schemes

Disaccharide
e.g. collagen

Glycogen

Cellulose
A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable

Starch

Lipid
answer. Monomer ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘

R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that Polymer ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

Macromolecule
should be rejected. ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘
Polysaccharide ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark. Contains subunits that form
branched chains
✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘

/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same Contains amino acids ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
Made from organic acids and
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the glycerol
✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔

rest of the answer by commas. Contains glycosidic bonds ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘

Contains peptide bonds ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark. One of its main functions is to act
✘ ✘ ✘
accept
✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
as an energy store ✔ or ✘
Underlining This is used to indicate essential Usually insoluble in water ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

word(s) that must be used to get the mark. Usually has a structural function ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘
Can form helical or partly helical ✔ (see
✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
AW means ‘alternative wording’. It is used to structures amylose)
Contains the elements carbon,
indicate that a different wording is acceptable hydrogen and oxygen only
✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

provided the essential meaning is the same, and is [8]

used where students’ responses are likely to vary
more than usual. 5
AVP means ‘additional valid point’. This means Category Example
accept any additional points given by the student
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are structural collagen; keratin; AVP
relevant. But accept only as many additional points e.g. elastin, viral coat
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;; protein; [max. 2]
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks. enzyme AVP e.g. amylase;
ORA means ‘or reverse argument’ and is used when hormone; insulin
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse
way. For example: ‘activity increases between pH respiratory pigment / AW; haemoglobin and
2 and pH 5 ORA’ means accept ‘activity decreases myoglobin
between pH 5 and pH 2’.
defensive antibodies / fibrinogen /
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks AVP;
that can be given.
contractile / AW; actin and myosin

storage casein / ovalbumin / AVP;

[8]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

6 dissolve easily in water; in the diagram above. The form used to make
sweet; the disaccharide is the beta form of galactose,
general formula (CH2O)n / contain the but students will not need to know this, other
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen / than for interest.
hydrogen and oxygen are present in ratio of e
alpha glucose / α-glucose;
2 : 1;[3] the –OH group on carbon atom 1 is below the
ring;[2]
7 a
lactose could be a source of energy;
it could be digested to, monosaccharides / f
carry out a Benedict’s test on both solutions;
glucose and galactose, which could then be lactose would give a brick-red / brown
used as building blocks for larger molecules; precipitate, sucrose would not;
[2] accept positive result for lactose, negative
result for sucrose[2]
b condensation;[1] [Total: 10]
c glycosidic bond;[1]
vi alternative answers
d OH on C atom 1 above
8 a i
ring (β-galactose) A A OH
6CH OH iv
2
CH3 O H H O H CH2 O
5 O H
OH OH N C C N C C N C C
H
4 H OH
1
DH H H H H
H H
3 2 v peptide bonds
H OH
C of COOH joined to N of NH2 for both peptide
galactose
(drawn according to convention) bonds;
peptide bonds shown as C=O joined to –NH
H OH (i.e. water has been eliminated);
3 all three amino acids joined and in correct
2
H
OH H
H sequence; accept even if errors in bonding[3]
4 1
H
ii primary structure;[1]
OH OH
5
O iii water;[1]
6CH OH
2 iv ring drawn around –OH or whole R group
galactose (–CH2OH) of serine;[1]
(molecule rotated 180° in order
to line up with α-glucose) v rings drawn around two peptide bonds
and bonds labelled appropriately;[1]
6CH OH
2
vi ring drawn around –NH group one side of a
5 O peptide bond and group labelled A;[1]
H H
H b held in place by hydrogen bonding;
4 1 secondary structures;
OH H
OH 2 OH all the –NH and –C=O groups of, peptide
3
H OH
bonds / polypeptide backbone, are involved;
OH on C atom 1
[3]
α-glucose
below ring c molecule made from repeating subunits;
glucose correctly drawn; subunits similar or identical to each other;
galactose correctly drawn;[2] giant molecule / macromolecule; [max. 2]
Carbon atoms need not be numbered. Note d i XXX, XXY, XYY, XYX, YYY, YYX, YXX, YXY;[1]
that galactose will probably be drawn
ii 23;[1]
‘upside down’ as in the disaccharide – the [Total: 15]
conventional way of drawing it is also shown

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

9 a A identified as lipid, d
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron;;
B identified as phospholipid;[1] 2 marks for all five correct, 1 mark for four
b i junction between head and tail for all correct, 0 marks for 3 or fewer correct[2]
three tails is indicated on diagram;; [Total: 10]
Allow 1 mark if only one or two junctions
indicated[2]
ii fatty acids;
glycerol;[2]
c head of phospholipid is labelled phosphate;
[1]
d i phospholipid / B;[1]
ii phosphate is, charged / polar / hydrophilic;
[1]
e lipid:
energy store / insulator / buoyancy / source
of metabolic water / any other suitable
example;
phospholipid:
any reference to the importance of
phospholipids in structure of membranes;[2]
[Total: 10]

10
a
Collagen Haemoglobin

Globular or fibrous globular

fibrous?

Entirely entirely partly

or partly
helical?

Type of helix triple helix/ alpha

extended helix/
three-stranded

Prosthetic no yes
group
present?

Soluble in no/insoluble yes/soluble

water?

1 mark for each correct row. No half marks.[5]

b
1 mark for structural feature, 1 mark
for linking this feature to its function,
e.g. haemoglobin contains iron.
iron combines with oxygen;[2]
c
molecule has more than one polypeptide
chain;[1]
R molecule has four polypeptide chains

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014