Unit 1 May19 Till Jan21

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Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Monday 20 May 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• There is a Periodic Table on the back page of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P61476A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
2/1/1/1/1/
*P61476A0128*
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 Which statement is not true for sodium chloride?

A sodium chloride conducts electricity in aqueous solution
B sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten
C sodium chloride has a molecular structure
D sodium chloride has a giant structure
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which of these molecules is the most polar?
A H H
B H F
C H Cl
D H Br
3 Covalent bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between
A oppositely charged ions

B positive ions and delocalised electrons DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
C a shared pair of electrons

D two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
2
*P61476A0228*
4 Which is correct for tetrafluoromethane (CF4)?
F
C
F F
F
Bonds Molecule
A polar polar
B non-polar polar
C polar non-polar
D non-polar non-polar

5 Which pair of ions gives the strongest ionic bonding?

A Na+ and F−
B K+ and Br−
C Mg2+ and O2−
D Ca2+ and S2−

3
*P61476A0328* Turn over
6 In 1.31 g of a chloride of titanium, there is 0.528 g of titanium.
What is the empirical formula of this titanium chloride?

[ Ar values: Ti = 47.9 Cl = 35.5 ]
A TiCl
B TiCl2
C TiCl3
D Ti2Cl4
7 Which isotope is used as the standard in the definition of relative atomic mass?
1
A H
12
B C
13

C C
16
D O
8 Which statement about subatomic particles is correct?

A neutral atoms always contain the same number of protons and electrons
B neutral atoms always contain the same number of protons and neutrons
C electrons have a relative mass of 1 and a charge of −1
D protons have a relative mass of 1 and no charge

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
4
*P61476A0428*
9 Which sketch graph shows the trend in first ionisation energy values going down
Group 1 in the Periodic Table?
First
ionisation
A
energy
Atomic number
First
ionisation
B
energy
Atomic number
First
ionisation
C
energy
Atomic number
First
ionisation
D
energy
Atomic number

5
10 Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different
A electronic structures

B numbers of electrons
C numbers of protons
D numbers of neutrons
11 The two stable isotopes of bromine have relative masses of 79 and 81.
Which is the correct pattern of peaks in the mass spectrum of molecular bromine?
Relative
abundance
A

80 160
m/z
Relative
abundance
B
80 160
m/z
Relative
abundance
C DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
80 160
m/z
Relative
abundance
D
80 160
m/z
6
*P61476A0628*
12 The mass spectrum of a sample of silicon is shown.
Relative
abundance
28 29 30
m/z
What is the best estimate for the relative atomic mass of silicon in this sample?
A 28.0
B 28.2
C 28.8
D 29.0
13 Which is the equation for the second ionisation energy of an element, A?

A A(g) o A2+(g) + 2e−
B A+(g) o A2+(g) + e−
C A2+(g) o A3+(g) + e−
D A2+(g) o A4+(g) + 2e−

7
14 The bar chart shows the melting temperatures of the first twenty elements.
4000

3500
3000
2500
Melting
temperature 2000
/K
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Atomic number

The bar chart shows that melting temperatures
A of giant covalent structures are the highest in Period 2 and in Period 3
B of metals are always higher than non-metals
C increase going down each group
D increase across Period 2 and Period 3

8
*P61476A0828*
15 Which is the electronic configuration of the Sc3+ ion?
A 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
B 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3d1

C 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
D 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2
16 What is the name of the product when this molecule reacts with chlorine gas?
A 5,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
B 4,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
C 2,3-dichloro-4-methylpentane
D 1,2-dichloro-4-methylpentane
17 What type of bond breaking occurs in this process?
H2O o H+ + OH−
A electrophilic
B heterolytic
C homolytic
D ionic

9
18 What reagent and conditions are used for this conversion?

H H H H
C C HO C C H
H H H H
A potassium manganate(VII) in aqueous acid

B sodium hydroxide in dilute aqueous solution
C steam and acid catalyst
D steam and nickel catalyst
19 But-2-ene shows geometric isomerism.

H H
C C
H3C CH3
What are the prefixes that could be used in naming this isomer?
cis / trans E/Z

A cis E
B cis Z
C trans E
D trans Z

10
*P61476A01028*
20 Which is the major product of this reaction?
H CH2CH3
H Br + C C o
H H
H H
A H 3C C C CH3
H Br
H H
B H C C CH2CH3
Br H
H H
C H3C C C CH2CH3
Br H
H H
D H 3C C C CH2CH3
H Br
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

11
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

21 Magnesium carbonate powder reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by adding state symbols.
(1)
MgCO3(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) o MgCl2(................ ) + H2O(................ ) + CO2(................ )
(b) A student carried out an investigation to determine the molar volume of

carbon dioxide using this apparatus.
100 cm3
measuring
cylinder
30 cm3

hydrochloric acid
water
The student carried out five experiments, adding a different mass of

magnesium carbonate each time.
The results are shown in the table.
Mass of Volume of gas

magnesium carbonate / g collected / cm3
0.05 11
0.10 27 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
0.15 38
0.20 54
0.25 63
12
*P61476A01228*
(i) Plot a graph of these results.
(3)
(ii) A student carried out a further experiment using a different mass of

magnesium carbonate.
40
50
Give the volume of gas collected using the inverted measuring cylinder.
(1)
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13
(iii) Determine the mass of magnesium carbonate added in the experiment in
(b)(ii), using your graph.
(1)

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(iv) Calculate the molar volume of carbon dioxide using your answers to parts (b)(ii) and (b)(iii).
Give your value to an appropriate number of significant figures and include units.
[ Ar values: Mg = 24.3 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]
(4)

14
*P61476A01428*
(v) The acid must be in excess for each experiment.
Calculate the minimum concentration of hydrochloric acid needed for 30 cm3
of acid to completely react with 0.25 g of magnesium carbonate.
MgCO3 + 2HCl + MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

(2)
(c) The value of molar volume calculated in (b)(iv) was lower than the student expected.
Give two reasons for the value being lower than expected.
Assume that the correct amounts of hydrochloric acid and magnesium carbonate
were used.
(2)
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(Total for Question 21 = 14 marks)
15
22 This question is about fuels and polymers.
Used coffee grounds have been suggested as a carbon-neutral fuel to replace some

fossil fuels.
(a) (i) Explain why coffee grounds might be considered a carbon-neutral fuel.
(2)
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(ii) Explain how the use of fossil fuels causes climate change.

(2)
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16
*P61476A01628*
(b) Long chain alkanes are not normally used as fuels as they produce soot.
(i) Name another pollutant formed by incomplete combustion of alkanes.
(1)
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(ii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of octane.

State symbols are not required.
(2)
(c) Long chain alkanes are converted into smaller, more useful molecules including alkenes.
(i) Name this process.
(1)
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(ii) Give a test for alkenes, including the positive result.

(2)
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(d) Alkenes, such as ethene, can be used to make polymers.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of ethene using displayed
formulae.
(1)
17
(ii) Bananas produce ethene as they ripen.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using ripening bananas as a

source of ethene for polymer production.
(2)
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(e) Burning poly(chloroethene) in an incinerator results in the formation of

hydrogen chloride.

(i) State a hazard associated with hydrogen chloride.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest how the hydrogen chloride could be removed from the waste gases
produced in an incinerator.
(1)
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18
*P61476A01828*
23 This question is about bonding.
(a) Draw an electron density map for a molecule of oxygen.
(1)
(b) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a water molecule.

Give the bond angle.
(2)
Bond angle ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
(c) The compound POCl3 has a simple molecular structure.
(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for the POCl3 molecule.

Use crosses ( ) for the phosphorus electrons, dots ( ) for the chlorine electrons
and circles ( ) for the oxygen electrons.
(2)
Cl P Cl
Cl

(ii) Explain the shape of this molecule using the electron-pair repulsion theory.
(3)
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20
*P61476A02028*
(d) The properties of metals depend on their structure and bonding.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the metallic bonding in calcium.
(2)
(ii) Explain how the electrical conductivity, high melting temperature and
malleability of metals depend on their structure and bonding.
(3)
Electrical conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................... .................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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High melting temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... ......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malleability ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................ ................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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21
(e) Diamond, graphite and graphene are all forms of carbon.
(i) Explain two ways in which the physical properties of diamond and graphite differ.

Refer to their structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)
diamond graphite

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) State how the structure of graphene is related to the structure of graphite.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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22
*P61476A02228*
(iii) State a use for graphene, identifying the property that makes it suitable for that use.
(2)
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23
24 Airbags protect occupants by inflating when a car crashes.
Airbags rely on chemical reactions to produce large volumes of gases quickly.

In some airbags, solid sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes forming nitrogen gas and
sodium as the only products.
(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of sodium azide.
(1)
(b) A passenger airbag requires 120 dm3 of gas to fill it.

Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the mass of sodium azide required to fill
a passenger airbag in this reaction under standard conditions (101 000 Pa, 25°C).
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1 ]

(6)
24
*P61476A02428*
(c) Two further reactions take place in the airbag.
Reaction A 10Na + 2KNO3 o K2O + 5Na2O + N2
Reaction B K2O + Na2O + SiO2 o Na2K2SiO4

(i) Reaction A produces more nitrogen to inflate the airbag.
Calculate the atom economy, by mass, for the production of nitrogen in reaction A.
(3)
(ii) State the type of reaction taking place in reaction B.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
25
*P61476A02528*
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
*P61476A02628*
BLANK PAGE
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*P61476A02728*
27
*P61476A02828*
28
Mark Scheme (Results)
Summer 2019
Pearson International Advanced Subsidiary Level

In Chemistry (WCH11) Paper 01 Structure,
Bonding and Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications
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Summer 2019
Publications Code WCH11_01_1906_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019
General Marking Guidance
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response
is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
• Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of QWC, are
being assessed. The strands are as follows:
i) ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate
so that meaning is clear
ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex
subject matter
iii) organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when
appropriate
Using the Mark Scheme
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT
mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates
to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and knowledge.
Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what
is expected it may be worthy of credit.
The mark scheme gives examiners:

• an idea of the types of response expected
• how individual marks are to be awarded
• the total mark for each question
• examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.
/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the
examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential
to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a
question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure that
the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together
in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Quality of Written Communication

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make the
meaning clear
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex subject
matter
• organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the mark
scheme, but this does not preclude others.
Section A (multiple choice)
Question Answer Mark

Number
1 The only correct answer is C (it has a molecular structure) (1)
A is not correct because aqueous sodium chloride solution conducts electricity

B is not correct because molten sodium chloride conducts electricity
D is not correct because sodium chloride has a giant structure

Number
2 The only correct answer is B (H‒F) (1)
A is not correct because the molecule is not polar

C is not correct because chlorine is less electronegative than fluorine
D is not correct because bromine is less electronegative than fluorine

Number
3 The only correct answer is D (two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons) (1)
A is not correct because this describes ionic bonding

B is not correct because this describes metallic bonding
C is not correct because electrons do not attract one another
Number
4 The only correct answer is C (bonds are polar, molecule is non-polar) (1)
A is not correct because the molecule is non-polar

B is not correct because the C−F bonds are polar and the molecule is non-polar
D is not correct because the C−F bonds are polar

Number
5 The only correct answer is C (Mg2+ and O2− ) (1)
A is not correct because these ions are singly charged

B is not correct because these ions are singly charged
D is not correct because these ions are larger

Number
6 The only correct answer is B (TiCl2 ) (1)
A is not correct because the mole ratio is 1:2 not 1:1

C is not correct because the mole ratio is 1:2 not 1:3
D is not correct because this is not an empirical formula
Number
7 The only correct answer is B (12C ) (1)
A is not correct because this has not been used since the beginning of the last century
C is not correct because the isotope should be 12C
D is not correct because this has not been used since 1961

Number
8 The only correct answer is A (atoms always contain the same number of protons and electrons ) (1)
B is not correct because many atoms have different numbers of protons and neutrons
C is not correct because electrons do not have a relative mass of 1
D is not correct because protons have a charge of +1

Number
9 (1)
The only correct answer is A ( )
B is not correct because first ionisation energies decrease down Group 1

C is not correct because first ionisation energies decrease more quickly at the start
D is not correct because first ionisation energies decrease down Group 1, with no increases
Number
10 The only correct answer is D (number of neutrons ) (1)
A is not correct because one atom would be in an excited state

B is not correct because one would be an ion
C is not correct because these would be different elements

Number
11 (1)
The only correct answer is D ( )
A is not correct because this shows only one molecular ion peak
B is not correct because this shows only one molecular ion peak
C is not correct because this shows three molecular ion peaks in the wrong relative abundances
Number
12 The only correct answer is B (28.2) (1)
A is not correct because 28.0 is the mode of these values

C is not correct because the relative abundance at 28 has not been properly taken into account
D is not correct because 29.0 is the median of these values

Number
13 The only correct answer is B (A+(g) → A2+(g) + e− ) (1)
A is not correct because this shows the first plus the second ionisation
C is not correct because this shows the third ionisation
D is not correct because this shows the third plus the fourth ionisation

Number
14 The only correct answer is A (of giant covalent structures are the highest in Period 2 and Period 3 ) (1)
B is not correct because the giant covalent structures have the highest melting temperatures
C is not correct because there is not a regular pattern in each group
D is not correct because melting temperatures increase then decrease within each Period
Number
15 The only correct answer is A (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 ) (1)
B is not correct because the wrong electron has been removed

C is not correct because this is the electronic structure of the atom
D is not correct because this is the electronic configuration of a Sc3- ion

Number
16 The only correct answer is D (1,2-dichloro-4-methylpentane) (1)
A is not correct because the chlorine atoms are added to each end of the double bond
B is not correct because the chlorine is numbered lower than the methyl group
C is not correct because the chlorine atoms are added to each end of the double bond

Number
17 The only correct answer is B (heterolytic ) (1)
A is not correct because this is not a type of bond breaking

C is not correct because this would form radicals
D is not correct because the bond is covalent
Number
18 The only correct answer is C (steam and acid catalyst ) (1)
A is not correct because this would produce a diol

B is not correct because this would not react
D is not correct because an acid catalyst is needed

Number
19 The only correct answer is B (cis and Z ) (1)
A is not correct because E is incorrect

C is not correct because trans and E are not correct
D is not correct because trans is incorrect

Number
20 (1)
The only correct answer is A ( )
B is not correct because this is the minor product

C is not correct because this is a product with pent-2-ene
D is not correct because this is a product with pent-2-ene
Section B
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
21 (a) (1)
• all correct state symbols MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) +H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Allow capital letters

Ignore extra brackets
Number
21 (b)(i) Example of graph: (3)
80
70
60
Volume (of gas) / cm3

50
40
30
20
• suitable choice of scale so that the points cover at least 10
50% of the grid in both directions 0

and correct choice of axes i.e. mass on x axis, suitably 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
labelled including units (1) Mass (of MgCO3) / g
• all points plotted correctly (within ½ square) (1)

Allow no origin
• straight line of best fit (passes through the origin) (1) Allow units in brackets e.g. (g) instead of / g
Any extrapolated line should pass within 2 squares
of origin.
Straight best fit lines that are not extrapolated are
not penalised.
If axes are the wrong way round, only MP1 is
penalised.
Number
21 (b)(ii) • 46 (cm3) Allow 46.0(cm3) (1)
Ignore units even if incorrect

Number
21(b)(iii) • 0.18 (g) Accept answers from 0.17 (g) to 0.19 (g) (1)
Ignore SF
TE on (b)(ii) and the graph,

eg 54 (cm3) gives 0.215 (g)

Number
21 (b)(iv) Example of calculation: (4)
• calculation of molar mass of magnesium carbonate (1) 84.3

OR expression used correctly:
[24.3 + 12 + (3×16)]
• calculation of moles of magnesium carbonate (1) n= 0.18 ÷ 84.3 = 0.0021352 / 2.1352 x 10 -3

(mol)
• calculation of molar volume (1) 46 ÷ 0.0021352 = 21 543 / 2.1543 x 104 (cm3)
= 22 dm3 (mol-1) / 22 000 cm3 (mol-1)

Or 21.5 dm3 (mol-1) / 21 500 cm3 (mol-1)
TE on any reasonable pair of values obtained

from the candidates’ graph or table provided
eg 54cm3 and 0.215(g) →2.5504 ×10-3 (mol) →21
200 cm3
• answer given to 2 or 3 SF and units (1) Correct answer scores 4 marks

M4 dependent on award of M3 Final answer must not be given as a fraction to
get MP4
Ignore units except for MP4
Number
21 (b)(v) Example of calculation: (2)
• moles of magnesium carbonate and moles of acid in 30 cm3 n = 0.25 / 84.3

(1) n = 0.0029655 or 0.00297
and
1:2 stoichiometry
0.00593 (moles acid)
Accept 0.00594 from 0.00297
• calculation of minimum concentration with units (1) (0.00593 / 30) × 1000 = 0.198 mol dm-3
Accept answers from

0.198 to 0.200 mol dm-3
Allow TE throughout e.g. Mr from 21(b)(iv)

Ignore SF
Correct answer with no working scores 2

Number
21 (c) An answer that makes reference to (2)
any two of the following points:
• loss of gas before the bung is Do not allow “loss of gas” unless a reason is given eg delivery tube not
inserted / other named reason positioned correctly so not all goes into measuring cylinder, badly fitting bung
(1) Ignore leaks
• some carbon dioxide dissolved Allow gas for carbon dioxide

in the water (1)
Ignore higher pressure
• temperature of the lab was Do not award higher temperature / lower pressure / suck-back
lower than standard
temperature. (1)
Ignore impurities in MgCO3
Ignore incomplete reaction
Comment: Apply the list principle ie

• 1 correct answer and 1 do not award answer scores 1
• 2 correct answers and 1 do not award answer scores 1
• 2 correct answers and 2 do not award answers scores 0
• 2 correct answers and 1 ignore scores 2

Number
22 (a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Ignore answers relating to fuel burnt on (2)
transport affecting carbon neutrality / energy
spent on processing and drying
• the carbon dioxide released when the fuel is
used/burnt/combusted (is equal) (1) MP1 do not award carbon for carbon dioxide
• (to the carbon dioxide that is) used/absorbed/taken in by

the plant/during photosynthesis (1)
Marks are independent
Ignore sustainable resource
If no other marks awarded, for 1 mark:

Accept “no net CO2 produced when using coffee
grounds as a fuel”
Accept “carbon intake = carbon release”
Allow “renewable resource”
Number
22 (a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Ignore answers relating to the consequences of (2)
climate change
• fossil fuels release carbon dioxide (that has been locked up
for millions of years) /
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas (1)
• increases the greenhouse effect / Ignore an explanation of the greenhouse effect

leads to global warming / Ignore CO2 is harmful
causes temperature increase (and climate change) (1)
Marks are independent
Do not award answers relating to:

• UV light
• ozone
• SO2
• NOx
• methane as a product of burning
• carbon monoxide
• acid rain
Number
22(b)(i) • carbon monoxide Allow CO (1)
Ignore unburnt hydrocarbons
Do not award carbon
Do not award nitrogen oxides

Number
22 (b)(ii) • formulae (1) C8H18 + 12½O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O (2)
• balancing (1) Accept 12.5 and 25/2

Allow multiples
MP2 is dependent on MP1, but allow MP2 for

correctly balanced equation for complete
combustion of C8H16
Ignore state symbols, even if incorrect

Ignore references to energy on RHS eg E or Q or
ΔH

Number
22 (c)(i) • cracking (1)
Number
22 (c)(ii) MP2 is dependent on a correct reagent for MP1 (2)
• bromine water / bromine solution / Br2(aq) (1) Allow bromine / liquid bromine
Ignore heat
Do not award “in UV light”
Do not award iodine
• yellow / orange / (red-)brown to colourless (1) Allow decolourises or “turns colourless”
Accept:
KMnO4 with acid / H+ scores 1 mark

purple to colourless scores 1 mark
(allow decolourises)
Allow
KMnO4 with alkali / OH– scores 1 mark

purple → green scores 1 mark
Number
22 (d)(i) (1)
• displayed equation for the polymerisation of ethene
Accept 90 bond angles for the monomer
Allow letters other than n if used on both sides
Allow square brackets around the polymer
Ignore brackets around the monomer
Ignore any names even if incorrect
Do not award answers where

• the polymer does not have brackets
• the polymer continuation bonds do not
pass through the brackets
Number
22 (d)(ii) • one advantage (1) eg bananas are a renewable resource / more bananas can be (2)
grown / crude oil is running out / limited supply of crude oil
Ignore references to:

eco-friendly / carbon neutral / does not pollute / clean
environment / idea of ethene produced by bananas does not
pollute / banana skin being biodegradable / sustainable
Do not award ”no shortage of bananas”
• one disadvantage (1) eg many bananas would be needed to produce a small amount
of plastic / bananas only produce a small quantities of ethene / it
would take a long time / loss of food source / less land available
for growing food / not economically viable / only grow in certain
climates / bananas would need to be transported long distances
/ banana transport would burn fossil fuels / inefficient process
Ignore references to cost and biopolymers
Do not award
• polythene is non-biodegradable
• impure ethene is produced
Number
22 (e)(i) • (HCl is) toxic / corrosive Allow poisonous (1)
Allow irritant
Ignore acidic
Ignore harmful
Ignore damage
Do not award:
• acid rain
• ozone depletion
• global warming
• greenhouse gas
• chlorine is toxic
• flammable
Number
22 (e)(ii) • use of basic/alkaline (scrubbers) / form a ppt/salt/solid Allow named examples of basic/alkaline (1)
chemicals e.g. NH3, NaOH, CaCO3 etc
Scrubbers alone is insufficient

or
injection of powdered activated carbon (to the flue) Accept adsorption in granular activated carbon
or coke beds
or
pass through water / dissolve the HCl in water Allow dissolve in steam
Ignore fractional distillation of gases
Do not award general descriptions of recycling

Number
23 (a) A sketch showing: e.g. (1)
• two atoms with high electron density and a
symmetrical cloud around both
At least one separate circle around each atom

and
at least one contour line with an indentation above and
below the axis and circling both atoms ie
is the minimum
Allow nuclei shown as + signs

Allow dashed contour lines
Number
23 (b) CHECK THE ANSWER LINE ON BOTTOM RIGHT (2)
CORNER! (as well as angles on diagram)
A diagram that includes:
• shape of H2O (1)
Allow dot-cross diagrams if in the correct shape
Allow 3D representations showing lone pairs

Ignore the presence of lone/bonding pairs of
electrons
Ignore charges or partial charges even if
incorrect
Do not award double bonds
• bond angle (1) Accept bond angle from 104o to 105 o

Allow bond angle labelled correctly on diagram
Do not award M2 if one correct and one

incorrect bond angle stated
Number
23 (c)(i) A diagram that includes: (2)
• phosphorus singly covalently bonded to three chlorine

atoms and three lone pairs on each chlorine (1)
• phosphorus doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and two

lone pairs on the oxygen
or
OR
a dative covalent bond from the phosphorus and three lone
pairs on the oxygen (1)
Penalise absence of lone pairs once only
Allow lone pairs to appear as separate electrons
Allow any representation of electrons but

electrons in a dative covalent bond must appear
to be the same
Number
23 (c)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following points: (3)
• (based on) tetrahedron / tetrahedral (arrangement) (1) MP1 can be given for a 3-D diagram
• four regions of bonding electrons (1) Accept 5 bonding pairs, where two (in double
bond) behave as one.
Allow 4 bonding pairs
Allow phosphorous bonds to 4 other atoms
• adopt the positions of minimum repulsion (1) Accept repel to maximum separation
Allow maximise the distance between the
bonding pairs
Allow to achieve lowest (potential) energy state
Ignore to become most stable
Do not award maximum repulsion
Ignore bond angles throughout

Ignore lone pairs throughout
Number
23 (d)(i) A diagram that includes: The diagram must include at least four ions in (2)
two rows
• positive (2+) ions / cations (1) Accept 1+ ions

Accept close packed ions
Allow +1/+2 (oxidation state instead of charge)
• surrounded by randomly arranged delocalised electrons Accept reference to “sea of electrons”

with approximately equal positive and negative charges Allow “e” or “‒” to represent electrons
(1) Ignore “electron cloud”
Number
23 (d)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (3)
Electrical conductivity:
• the electrons can flow (under a potential difference) Accept “move”
(1) Accept “carry charge/current”
Allow “mobile”
“Delocalised electrons” alone is insufficient
High melting temperature:
• strong force of attraction between the (positive) ions and Allow bond strength instead of force of
electrons (1) attraction
Allow metallic bonds are strong
Do not award protons instead of cations

Do not award negative ions instead of electrons
Do not award strong intermolecular bonds
Malleability:
• the ions can slide past each other (while still being held Accept ions can move over each other
together by the electrons) (1) Allow atoms/layers slide over each other
Ignore “mobile ions”
Number
23 (e)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (4)
• diamond is hard and graphite is soft (1) Ignore strong in place of hard
• because diamond has a rigid lattice / weak forces between Accept “diamond has covalent bonds in a 3D
the layers in graphite (allow the layers to slide over one structure”
another) (1) Ignore diamond has a tetrahedral structure
Accept that electrons are free to move in

graphite
• graphite conducts (electricity) and diamond does not (1) Allow free electrons
• because graphite has delocalised electrons (which are free

to move) / diamond does not (1) Marks are independent. I.e. Comments on
properties without comparison score 2 for MP2
and MP4.
Ignore additional properties e.g. melting

temperature
Number
23 (e)(ii) • single layer / monolayer Accept “one atom thick layer” (1)
Allow “graphene is one layer of graphite” or
“individual layer of graphite”
Ignore references to the structures and bonding

of graphite and graphene
Do not award “thin sheet of graphite”
NB Assume “it” refers to graphene

Number
23 (e)(iii) • potential use (1) Examples: (2)
• (use linked to) at least one property • flexible electronics

(1) • as only one atom thick or conducts electricity
or
• transparent electrodes scores
• as only one atom thick or conducts electricity
or
• oxidation resistant layer
• as is unreactive
or
• data storage
• as is lightweight or conducts electricity or is durable
Marks are independent but to score 2, the property must have a

plausible link to the named application
Ignore lubricant
Ignore used as electric wires
Do not award reference to:

• pencils as a use
• making carbon brushes as a use
• electrodes as a use (without a small size reference)
See notes on next page
• layers as a property
Example uses of Graphene
Properties of graphene
(non-exhaustive!)
• added to other materials e.g. drill tips, roads, bullet proof clothing, • thin
body armour • flexible
• heat sinks e.g. thermal foils for mobile phones • transparent
• coatings on spacecraft • oxidation resistant
• microelectronics • reduces friction between surfaces
• (small) batteries • low density
• supercapacitors • high melting point
• enhancing fuel cells • durable
• non-stick coatings e.g. do not allow just “frying pan” • strong
• anti-corrosion coatings or paints e.g. for self-healing pipes, NB do not • thermal conductor
allow “aeroplanes” or “industrial equipment” without qualification • electrical conductor
• efficient and precise sensors • can be made into nanotubes
• faster electronics
• micro electrodes
• flexible displays
• touchscreens / mobile (phone) screen
• solar panels / photo(voltaic) cells
• making nanotubes
• composites
• microtubules or microfibres in drug delivery / medicine
• low friction coatings
• used to make electric wires

Number
24(a) • correct equation 2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2 (1)
Accept NaN3 → Na + 1.5N2

Accept NaN3 → Na + 3/2 N2
Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols even if incorrect
Do not award Na2

Number
24(b) • conversion of volume m3 (1) V = 0.12 m3 (6)
• conversion of temperature to K (1) T = 298 K

Accept 298.15K
• correct substitution into the equation / rearrangement of 101000 × 0.12 = n × 8.31 × 298
the equation (1)
n = 101000 × 0.12 / 8.31 × 298
or n = PV/RT
• calculation of n for N2 (1) n = 4.89(424)
• calculation of n for NaN3 (2:3) (1) n = 4.89 × 2/3

= 3.2628
• calculation of mass to 2 or 3 SF (1) Mr (NaN3) = 65

m = 3.26 × 65 = 212.08 (g)
= 212 (g) (210 to 2SF)
Correct answer scores 6

Do not award incorrect units for MP6
TE throughout
318 (g) or 320 (g) scores 5
317.8(5) (g) scores 4
0.32 (g) scores 4
Number
24(c)(i) Example of calculation: (3)
• quoting or using atom economy formula (1) molar mass desired product . × 100%
sum of all product molar masses
OR
28 . ×100%
[(39.1 × 2)+16] + [5×(23×2)+16] + [14×2]
• calculation of total molar masses of reactants or 432.2

products (1) Allow 432
TE on incorrect numerical atom economy expression if
39.1, 16, 23 and 14 are in the denominator and correctly
used
• calculation of atom economy to 2 or 3 SF (1) (28.0  432.2) × 100 = 6.4785 = 6.5 / 6.48(%)
TE on incorrect quoted molar masses
Correct answer scores 3

Correct answer to <2 or >3 SF scores 2
Penalise omission of 100% once only

Number
24(c)(ii) • neutralisation Allow acid-base (1)
Total for Section B = 60 MARKS

Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828
with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Tuesday 8 October 2019

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Organic Chemistry
Ruler
Instructions
• centre
Information
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
Turn over
P61656A
1/1/1/1/1/
*P61656A0124*
SECTION A

a cross .
1 Which element is in the d-block of the Periodic Table?

A argon
B chlorine
C iron
D sodium

2 What is the equation for the third ionisation energy of aluminium?
A Al(g) o Al3+(g) + 3e−
B Al(s) o Al3+(s) + 3e−
C Al2+(g) o Al3+(g) + e−
D Al2+(s) o Al3+(s) + e−

2
*P61656A0224*
3 The first three ionisation energies of carbon are shown.
1st 2nd 3rd

Ionisation energy / kJ mol−1 1086 2353 4621
Which is the approximate fourth ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1, of carbon?

A 3500
B 6200
C 11 000
D 38 000
4 The chart shows the first ionisation energy of each of the elements from
fluorine to magnesium.
3000
2500
First 2000
ionisation 1500
energy
/ kJ mol−1 1000
500
0
9 10 11 12 13
Atomic number
Which is the approximate first ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1,

of aluminium (atomic number 13)?
A 300
B 600
C 900
D 1200

3
5 The decrease in first ionisation energy down Group 1 in the Periodic Table is caused
by the increase in

A force of attraction between the nucleus and outer electron
B number of neutrons in the nucleus
C number of protons in the nucleus
D shielding of the outer electron from the nuclear charge
6 What is the relative formula mass of hydrated ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O?
[Relative atomic masses (Ar ): H = 1.0 N = 14.0 O = 16.0 S = 32.1 Fe = 55.8]
A 284
B 302
C 312

D 392
7 How many atoms are there in 36.0 g of water?

[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
A 3.010 × 1023
B 1.204 × 1024
C 2.408 × 1024
D 3.612 × 1024

4
*P61656A0424*
8 Some ionic radii are shown.
Ion Ionic radius / nm

Na+ 0.102
K+ 0.138
F− 0.133
Cl− 0.180
Which compound has the strongest ionic bonding?

A sodium fluoride
B sodium chloride
C potassium fluoride
D potassium chloride
9 In which pair are the ions isoelectronic?

A Ca2+ and S2−
B K+ and Br−
C Li+ and F−
D Mg2+ and Cl−
10 The bonding within an ammonium ion, NH4+, is formed by

A covalent bonding only
B covalent and dative covalent bonding only

C covalent and ionic bonding only
D covalent, dative covalent and ionic bonding

5
11 Which diagram best represents the electron density map of a hydrogen chloride molecule?

A

12 What is the polarity of the Al Cl bond and the polarity of a

trigonal planar AlCl3 molecule?
Polarity of Al Cl bond Polarity of AlCl3 molecule

A non-polar non-polar
B non-polar polar
C polar non-polar
D polar polar

6
*P61656A0624*
13 What is the atom economy, by mass, for the formation of iron in this reaction?
Fe2O3 + 3CO o 2Fe + 3CO2

[Ar values: C = 12.0 O = 16.0 Fe = 55.8]
A 29.7 %
B 45.8 %
C 55.9 %
D 71.7 %
14 A 2 kg sample of water contains 40 parts per million (ppm) by mass of nitrate ions.
What is the mass, in g , of nitrate ions in this sample?
A 8 × 10−2
B 5 × 10−5
C 8 × 10−5
D 5 × 10−8
15 A sample of hydrated calcium sulfate, CaSO4.xH2O , was heated to constant mass.

3.405 g of anhydrous calcium sulfate and 0.900 g of water were formed.
What is the value of x?
[Relative formula mass: CaSO4 = 136.2]
A 0.5
B 2
C 3
D 4

7
16 During a cracking reaction, each molecule of an alkane with formula C10H22 formed
only two molecules of ethene and one molecule of hydrocarbon A.

What is the molecular formula of A?
A C6H10
B C6H14
C C8H16
D C8H18
17 Curly arrows are used in reaction mechanisms.
H C Cl

The curly arrow shown represents the movement of
A an electron from a bond to an atom, forming free radicals
B an electron from a bond to an atom, forming ions
C a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming free radicals
D a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming ions
18 The structure of a diene is shown.

H H
C C H
H C C
H H
How many ı bonds and ʌ bonds are there in one molecule of this diene?
ı bonds ʌ bonds
A 7 2
B 7 4
C 9 2
D 9 4
8
*P61656A0824*
19 When hydrogen bromide, HBr, reacts with propene, a higher percentage of
2-bromopropane forms than 1-bromopropane.
Which is the best explanation for this?

A 1-bromopropane is more stable than 2-bromopropane
B 2-bromopropane is more stable than 1-bromopropane
C a primary carbocation is more stable than a secondary carbocation
D a secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation
20 Propene, C3H6 , is produced in the dehydration of propanol.
C3H7OH o C3H6 + H2O
What is the mass, in g , of propene formed from 3.42 g of propanol when the yield is 85.2 % ?
[Relative molecular masses (Mr): C3H7OH = 60 C3H6 = 42]

A 2.04
B 2.39
C 2.91
D 4.16

9
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.
21 This question is about cycloalkanes.

(a) When alkanes from crude oil are reformed, the products include cycloalkanes.
Write the equation for reforming hexane into cyclohexane using
skeletal formulae for the organic compounds.
(2)

(b) The skeletal formula of cycloalkane D is shown.
(i) Give the name of D.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the molecular formula of D.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P61656A01024*
(c) There are four structural isomers of C6H12 with a ring of four carbon atoms.
One of these isomers is shown, in the first box.
Complete the skeletal formulae of the other three isomers.

(2)
(d) A cycloalkane, E, has a molar mass of 126 g mol−1.

Deduce the molecular formula of E.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11
(e) A sample of gaseous cyclopentane with a volume of 25 cm3 was mixed with
250 cm3 of oxygen (an excess) and the mixture was ignited.
Only gaseous products were formed.

2C5H10(g) + 15O2(g) o 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
Calculate the volume of each gas remaining after the reaction.

All the gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure.
(3)

12
*P61656A01224*
(f ) Cyclobutane, C4H8, reacts with chlorine in sunlight.
(i) Name the mechanism and type of reaction that is occurring.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the equation for the initiation step of this reaction mechanism.
Include appropriate curly arrows.
(2)
Cl Cl o
(iii) Write the equations for the two propagation steps to form chlorocyclobutane.
Use C4H8 as the formula for cyclobutane.
Curly arrows and state symbols are not required.
(2)
(iv) A small amount of a hydrocarbon forms in this reaction.

Deduce the skeletal formula of this hydrocarbon. Justify your answer.
(2)
Skeletal formula of product
Justification
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
22 This question is about atomic structure and gases.
(a) Chlorine exists as two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37.

(i) State the number and type of each of the particles in the nucleus of a
chlorine-35 atom.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of a chloride ion, Cl−, using the
s, p, d notation.
(1)
1s2. . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... .......................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A sample of chlorine contains 75.53 % of chlorine-35 atoms.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine.
Give your answer to two decimal places.

(2)
14
*P61656A01424*
(b) Fluorine has one naturally occurring isotope with mass number 19.
Chlorine and fluorine react to form chlorine trifluoride, ClF3 .
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of

chlorine trifluoride.
Show the outer shell electrons only.
(2)
(ii) State, in terms of electrons, what is unusual about the dot-and-cross diagram
you have drawn.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the mass spectrum to show the peaks you would expect for the
molecular ion ClF3+ .
(3)
100
90
80
70
60
Relative 50
abundance
40
30
20
10
0
91 92 93 94 95
m/z
15
(iv) Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the volume in cm3 occupied
by 0.0200 mol of ClF3 gas at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of 1.28 × 105 Pa.

[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)

16
*P61656A01624*
23 This question is mainly about alkenes.
(a) A few drops of bromine water are added to separate test tubes of propane and
propene and the mixtures are shaken.

Describe what is seen at the end of each experiment.
(2)
Propane ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... ........................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Propene ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... ........................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Give the reagents and conditions for each of these conversions.
(i) CH2 CH2 o CH3CH2OH

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) CH2 CH2 o CH2OHCH2OH

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Draw the structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene.

(1)
17
(d) Exactly 720 cm3 of hydrogen gas, measured at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.),
reacted with 0.010 mol of an alkene to form an alkane.

Deduce the number of double bonds in one molecule of the alkene.
You must show your working.
[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1]
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) A student drew a mechanism for the addition of bromine to ethene.

Describe the three changes needed to correct this student’s mechanism.
(3)
Change 1..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... ........................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Change 2..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... ........................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change 3..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... ........................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P61656A01824*
(f ) Part of the structure of a polymer is shown.
CH3 H CH3 H
C C C C
H H H H
Draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer.

(1)

19
24 This question is about phosphorus and some of its compounds.
(a) The atomic number of phosphorus is 15.

(i) Complete the electronic configuration of a phosphorus atom using the
electrons-in-boxes notation.
(1)
[Ne]
3s 3p
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of phosphorus is greater than that of sulfur.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Phosphorus has a melting temperature of 44 °C.

Silicon has a melting temperature of 1410 °C.
Explain why the melting temperature of phosphorus is much lower than that of silicon.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P61656A02024*
(c) Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5 , exists as covalent molecules in the gaseous state.
(i) Complete the table for a PCl5 molecule.
(3)
Number of bonding pairs

of electrons on phosphorus
Number of lone pairs of

electrons on phosphorus
Shape of molecule
Cl P Cl bond angles
(ii) In the solid state, phosphorus(V) chloride is ionic.

The cation and anion each have one phosphorus atom but a different number
of chlorine atoms.
The cation is tetrahedral and the anion is octahedral.
Predict the formula of each ion. Include the charge on each ion.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
(d) In an experiment, 8.00 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH, reacted
completely with 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid, H3PO4 .

Use these data to deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.
(3)

22
*P61656A02224*
(e) Hydrated magnesium phosphate has the formula Mg3(PO4)2.yH2O .
A sample of this compound contains 78.5% by mass of anhydrous magnesium phosphate.
Deduce the value of y.

[Molar mass of anhydrous magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 = 262.9 g mol−1]
(2)

23
*P61656A02324*
*P61656A02424*
24
October 2019
Pearson International Advanced Level

In Chemistry (WCH11)
Paper 01 Structure, Bonding and Introduction
to Organic Chemistry
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide
a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes
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can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk
October 2019
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide
the principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification
may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has
replaced it with an alternative response.
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does
NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing
candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even
if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full
credit.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is
essential to the answer.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure
that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put
together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Section A (Multiple Choice)

number
1 (1)
The only correct answer is C (iron)
A is incorrect because argon is in the p-block

B is incorrect because chlorine is in the p-block
D is incorrect because sodium is in the s-block

number
2 (1)
The only correct answer is C (Al2+(g) → Al3+(g) + e−)
A is incorrect because ionisation energies are successive so only one electron is lost at a time
B is incorrect because the state symbols are incorrect and ionisation energies are successive so only one electron is
lost at a time
D is incorrect because the state symbols are incorrect
number
3 (1)
The only correct answer is B (6200)
A is incorrect because successive ionisation energies always increase

C is incorrect because this is too big an increase
D is incorrect because this very large value indicates a new quantum shell

number
4 (1)
A is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is greater than that of sodium
C is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium
D is incorrect because the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium

number
5 1
The only correct answer is D (shielding of the outer electron from the nuclear charge)
A is incorrect because the force of attraction between the nucleus and outer electron decreases
B is incorrect because neutrons do not affect ionisation energy
C is incorrect because if this were the only reason, the ionisation energies would increase

number
6 (1)
The only correct answer is D (392)
A is incorrect because this does not include 6H2O

B is incorrect because this only includes one H2O
C is incorrect because this includes 6H2 but only one O

number
7 (1)
The only correct answer is D (3.612 x 1024)
A is incorrect because this is the number of molecules in 0.5 mol of water

B is incorrect because this is the number of molecules of water
C is incorrect because this is the answer if there are 2 atoms in a molecule

number
8 (1)
The only correct answer is A (sodium fluoride)
B is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
C is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
D is incorrect because the strongest ionic bonding is between the smallest ions
number
9 (1)
The only correct answer is A (Ca2+ and S2−)
B is incorrect because K+ has 18 electrons and Br− has 36 electrons

C is incorrect because Li+ has 2 electrons and F− has 10 electrons
D is incorrect because Mg2+ has 10 electrons and Cl− has 18 electrons

number
10 (1)
The only correct answer is B (covalent and dative covalent bonding)
A is incorrect because there is a dative bond between the nitrogen atom and H+ ion
C is incorrect because dative bonding is missing and ionic bonding is between ions, not within an ion
D is incorrect because ionic bonding is between ions, not within an ion

number
11 The only correct answer is C (1)
A is incorrect because this is the electron density map showing two ions
B is incorrect because this is the electron density map with a polarised anion
D is incorrect because this is the electron density map of a covalent molecule with two identical atoms
number
12 (1)
The only correct answer is C (polar bond, non-polar molecule)
A is incorrect because the Al-Cl bond is polar

B is incorrect because the Al-Cl bond is polar and the molecule is symmetrical so the bond polarities cancel
D is incorrect because the molecule is symmetrical so the bond polarities cancel

number
13 (1)
The only correct answer is B (45.8 %)
A is incorrect because the relative atomic mass of Fe on the right-hand side has not been multiplied by 2
C is incorrect because the relative atomic mass of Fe has not been multiplied by 2 and the relative molecular mass of
CO2 has not been multiplied by 3
D is incorrect because the relative molecular mass of CO2 has not been multiplied by 3

number
14 (1)
The only correct answer is A (8 x 10−2)
B is incorrect because 2000 has been divided by 40 instead of 40 by 2000

C is incorrect because 2 kg has not been converted to 2000 g
D is incorrect because 2 kg has not been converted to 2000 g and 2 has been divided by 40

number
15 (1)
A is incorrect because the ratio of CaSO4 to H2O is the wrong way round
C is incorrect because this is 3.405 x 0.900 to the nearest whole number and masses have not been converted to
moles
D is incorrect because this is 3.405 /0.900 to the nearest whole number and masses have not been converted to moles

number
16 (1)
The only correct answer is B (C6H14)
A is incorrect because this would show the loss of two ethane molecules
C is incorrect because this would show the loss of one ethane molecule
D is incorrect because this would show the loss of one ethene molecule

number
17 (1)
The only correct answer is D (a pair of electrons from a bond to an atom, forming ions)
A is incorrect because movement of an electron is represented by a curly arrow with a half arrow-
head and ions are formed when a pair of electrons moves
B is incorrect because movement of an electron is represented by a curly arrow with a half arrow-head
C is incorrect because ions are formed when a pair of electrons moves

number
18 The only correct answer is C (9 σ bonds and 2 π bonds) (1)
A is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of
each double bond is a π bond
B is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of each double
bond is a π bond
D is incorrect because all single bonds are σ bonds, one of each double bond is a σ bond and one of
each double bond is a π bond

number
19 The only correct answer is D (a secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation) (1)
A is incorrect because the stability of the compound does not determine which product is formed
B is incorrect because the stability of the compound does not determine which product is formed
C is incorrect because the secondary carbocation is more stable

number
20 (1)
The only correct answer is A (2.04 (g))
B is incorrect because this is the mass when the yield is 100%
C is incorrect because this is just the masses expressed as a percentage without converting them into moles
D is incorrect because this is the mass of propene formed with the molar masses reversed
Section B

number
21(a) Example of equation: (2)
• 2 correct skeletal formulae (1)
Ignore molecular, displayed or structural

formulae as working for M1
• balanced equation (1) Allow balanced equation using molecular,

displayed or structural formulae e.g.
C6H14 → C6H12 + H2
Allow TE on any other C6H12 cycloalkane
Ignore state symbols / conditions

number
21(b)(i) Allow (1)
• 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane 1,3 dimethylcyclopentane
1 3-dimethylcyclopentane
1 3 dimethylcyclopentane
cyclopentane-1,3-dimethyl
Allow methy / methly for methyl
Do not award 1,3-dimethylpentane

Question
Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
21(b)(ii) Allow H14C7 / C7H14 / H14C7 (1)
• C7H14
Ignore any other symbols as working
e.g. CH2CHCH3CH2CH2CHCH3
Do not award superscripts e.g. C7H14

number
21(c) Examples of isomers: (2)
• All 3 correct (2)
• Any 2 correct (1)
Allow isomers in any order
Allow CH3 and C2H5 for side chains
Ignore bond angles and bond lengths
Do not award any structure with 2 or more rings

number
21(d) Allow H18C9 (1)
Allow large numbers
• (E is) C9H18
Ignore working
Do not award superscripts

number
21(e) Example of calculation: (3)
• calculation of volume of CO2(g)
25 cm3 of C5H10 produces 25 x 10 = 125 (cm3) CO2
and
2
H2O(g) (1) 3
and 125 (cm ) H2O(g)
• calculation or working of volume of O2(g) used (1) 25 cm3 of C5H10 needs 25 x 15 = 187.5 (cm3) O2
2
• calculation of volume of O2(g) left (1)

Volume of O2 left = 250 − 187.5 = 62.5 (cm3)
TE on volume of O2 reacted
(volume of C5H10 = 0)
Correct answers with no working scores (3)
Allow volumes in dm3 provided unit is given
Penalise rounding to 1 or 2 SF once only

Penalise correct volumes not linked to specific gases once
only
Penalise incorrect units e.g. cm once only
number
21(f)(i) Allow words in either order (2)
Mark independently
• (free) radical (1) Ignore homolytic (fission) / initiation /

propagation / termination / photochemical
Do not award heterolytic / electrophilic /
nucleophilic for M1 only
• substitution (1) Ignore halogenation / SN1 / SN2

Do not award addition / elimination for M2 only

number
21(f)(ii) Example of equation: (2)
• both curly half-arrows (1)
• two chlorine (free) radicals with dot (1)
Ignore two dots shown to represent electrons

above and below the Cl−Cl bond
Full arrow loses M1 only
Penalise missing • once only in (f)(ii), (iii), (iv)

number
21(f)(iii) Example of equations: (2)
• first propagation step (1) C4H8 + Cl• → C4H7• + HCl
• second propagation step (1) C4H7• + Cl2 → C4H7Cl + Cl•
Allow equations in either order
Allow displayed or skeletal formulae
Ignore curly arrows and state symbols, even if

incorrect
Do not award any equations involving H•
number
21(f)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following Mark independently (2)
points: Example of skeletal formula:
• correct skeletal formula (1)
Allow any 2 squares joined by a bond
Ignore bond lengths and bond angles
No TE on incorrect radicals
Allow 2C4H7• → C8H14

• (two) C4H7• / cyclobutyl radicals join together (1)
Allow cyclobutane / hydrocarbon radicals join

together
Ignore just ‘(two) radicals join together’

number
22(a)(i) (2)
• 17 protons (1) Any reference to electrons scores (1) for an answer
that includes 17 protons and 18 neutrons
• 18 neutrons (1)

number
22(a)(ii) (1)
• (1s2)2s22p63s23p6 Allow 2px22py22pz2 and/or 3px23py23pz2
Allow numbers of electrons written as subscripts or

large numbers
Ignore repeated 1s2

number
22(a)(iii) Example of calculation: (2)
• correct working (1)

(35 x 75.53) + (37 x 24.47) (= 35.4894)
100
or
(35 x 0.7553) + (37 x 0.2447) (= 35.4894)
• answer given to 2 dp (1) 35.49

TE on working involving two different species
Correct answer to 2 dp with no working

scores (2)
35.50 with no working scores (0)
Ignore units, even if incorrect

number
22(b)(i) Example of dot-and-cross diagram: (2)
• dot-and-cross diagram showing three pairs of electrons
between one Cl and three F atoms (1)
• rest of diagram correct conditional on M1 (1)
Allow overlapping circles
Allow all dots / all crosses
Allow 4 non-bonded electrons on Cl shown as:

2 lone pairs together or
2 lone pairs between any two of the bonded pairs
or
1 lone pair and 2 unpaired electrons or
3 electrons and 1 electron
Ignore inner shell electrons / lines for bonds
Penalise a charged species in M2 only

number
22(b)(ii) Allow there are more than 8 electrons in the outer (1)
• there are 10 electrons / 5 pairs of electrons in the outer / / valence shell of chlorine
valence shell of chlorine
Allow there are 3 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs (in
the outer shell of chlorine)
Allow chlorine has expanded its octet
Allow chlorine does not have a noble gas electronic

structure / does not have 8 electrons in the outer /
valence shell
Allow just ‘chlorine has 10 electrons’ / ‘more than 8

electrons’
Ignore chlorine is the central atom
Ignore just ‘chlorine has 2 lone pairs’
Do not award incorrect numbers of electrons /
orbitals

number
22(b)(iii) Example of mass spectrum: (3)
• a peak at m/z = 92 (1)
• a peak at m/z = 94 (1)
• peaks at 92 and 94 are in the ratio 3:1

approximately (1)
Allow any 3:1 ratio for the peaks

e.g. 100:33, 30:10
Ignore any labels on the peaks
M3 is a stand alone mark for peaks at 92 and 94 only

number
22(b)(iv) Example of calculation: (4)
• conversion of temperature to K (1) temperature = 60 + 273 = 333 K
• rearrangement of Ideal Gas Equation (1) V= nRT

P
or
V = 0.0200 x 8.31 x 333
1.28 x 105
• evaluation to give volume (1) V = 4.3238 x 10 −4 (m3)

TE on temperature
• conversion of volume to cm3

volume = 4.3238 x 10 −4 x 1 x 106
and
= (432.38)
answer given to 2 or 3 SF (1)
= 432 / 430 / 4.32 x 102 / 4.3 x 102 (cm3)
TE on volume in M3
Penalise rounding to 1SF once only in M1, M2 and M3
Correct answer with no working scores full marks


number
23(a) A description that makes reference to the following points: (2)
• (propane) yellow (solution) (1) Allow brown or orange or any combination

of yellow, orange and brown
Allow no (colour) change / no change in

bromine water / remains yellow / turns
yellow
Allow upper layer / both layers are yellow /

orange / brown etc
Ignore just ‘no reaction’
Do not award any mention of red

Do not award lower layer is yellow / orange /
brown etc
• (propene) colourless (solution) (1) Allow decolorises / colour disappears
Allow (both) layers are colourless

Ignore initial colour of red in M2 only
Do not award remains colourless

number
23(b)(i) In (b)(i) and (ii) allow names or formulae for reagents but if (1)
both are given, both must be correct
Allow water / H2O and heat for steam

• steam / H2O(g) Do not award steam and room temperature
and
acid (catalyst) / phosphoric acid / H3PO4 Allow name or formula of any strong acid (catalyst) / H+
Ignore concentration of acid / pressure

number
23(b)(ii) (1)
• potassium manganate((VII)) (solution)/ KMnO4 Allow potassium permanganate
and Do not award K2MnO4
sulfuric acid / H2SO4 / acid(ified) / H+ /
sodium hydroxide / NaOH / Ignore heat / concentration of acid or alkali
potassium hydroxide / KOH / alkali(ne) / OH−
Allow (1) in (ii) if reagents and conditions for (i) and (ii) are
interchanged
If no other mark is awarded:

Allow (1) in (ii) if reagents for both (i) and (ii) are correct
but conditions are omitted / incorrect
number
23(c) Examples of structure: (1)
• structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene
or
Allow C2H5 / displayed formula
Ignore connectivity of methyl and ethyl

groups
Ignore bond lengths and bond angles on

skeletal formula

number
23(d) Example of calculation: (2)
• calculation of number of moles of hydrogen 720 = 0.030 or 0.72 = 0.030

or 24 000 24
calculation of volume of alkene (1) or
volume of alkene = 0.01 x 24000 = 240 (cm3)
• deduction of number of double bonds (1) mole ratio alkene : hydrogen = (0.01 : 0.03 or
720/240) = 1 : 3
so there are 3 double bonds
TE on mol hydrogen
Correct answer with no working scores (1)

number
23(e) Allow the changes in any order and they may (3)
be shown on the diagram
Ignore references to lone pairs
• the dipole on the bromine (molecule) should be the other way Allow the top bromine should be δ+ / the
around (1) bottom bromine should be δ−
• the arrow should go from the double / pi / π bond to the

bromine / (pair of) electrons move from the double bond to the
bromine
or
the curly arrow should go from C=C to Brδ+ (1)
• the Br ion should have a negative charge (1) Allow the bromine (atom) should have a
negative charge
Ignore just ‘Br is not positive’
Do not award the bromine molecule should

have a negative charge
Do not award Brδ─

number
23(f) Example of structure: (1)
• structure of propene
Allow any unambiguous structure of

propene showing the double bond
e.g. CH3CH=CH2
Ignore name, even if incorrect
Ignore n / brackets
Ignore connectivity of CH3 group

number
24(a)(i) Example of electronic configuration: (1)
• correct electronic configuration
[Ne]
3s 3p
Allow half-arrow heads
Allow three arrows pointing downwards in 3p

orbitals
Ignore numbers in the boxes e.g. 2
number
24(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following Both marks must come from the same pair (2)
points:
Allow ‘electrons-in-boxes’ / 3px3py3pz to show electronic
configurations
Allow ‘box’ for orbital as this is in (i)
Ignore references to shielding / nuclear charge / lone pairs
Penalise 3 or more electrons in a p orbital once only
Phosphorus
Allow ‘(electron removed is from) a half-filled p orbital’
• phosphorus has a half-filled p (sub)shell / one Do not award just 3p3
electron in each p orbital / the p orbitals are
singly occupied (1)
Allow a half-filled subshell is (more) stable
• more energy is required to remove an
unpaired electron (than a paired electron)
or
an unpaired electron / electron removed
has a lower energy (1)
OR
Sulfur Allow sulfur is 3p4
• the outermost / 3p electron or the electron Allow sulfur forms a half-filled p (sub)shell when it loses 1
being removed in sulfur is paired (1) electron
• less energy is required to remove a paired Note – paired only needs to be mentioned once in M1 or M2
electron (than an unpaired electron)
or Do not award M2 if answer states more energy needed to
repulsion between paired electrons (reduces remove electron in sulfur
the ionisation energy needed to remove it)
or
the paired electron has a higher energy (1)
number
24(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following (3)
points:
• there are intermolecular forces between P4 / Allow London / dispersion / van der Waals’ forces
phosphorus (molecules) for intermolecular forces
or
phosphorus is made up of small molecules / discrete
molecules / is simple molecular (1)
• there are covalent bonds between the silicon atoms Allow macromolecular / giant molecule
or
silicon is a giant (covalent) structure / giant lattice Do not award ionic / metallic
(1)
• (much) more energy is needed to break the (covalent) Do not award breaking bonds between
bonds in silicon than overcome the intermolecular phosphorus atoms
forces in phosphorus
or
the (covalent) bonds in silicon are (much) stronger
than the (intermolecular) forces in phosphorus (1)
number
24(c)(i) Example of table: (3)
• number of bonding pairs
and Number of bonding pairs 5
number of lone pairs (1) of electrons on
phosphorus
Number of lone pairs on 0
• shape (1)
electrons on phosphorus
• both bond angles (1) Shape of molecule trigonal bipyramidal
Cl-P-Cl bond angles 90o 120o
Mark independently
Allow bond angles in either order

Ignore 180o

number
24(c)(ii) Ions can be in any order (2)
• PCl4+ (1)
If no charges are shown or charges are incorrect,
• PCl6− (1) allow (1) for PCl4 and PCl6
number
24(d) Example of calculation: (3)
• calculation of mol of H3PO4 mol H3PO4 = 10.0 x 0.100 = 0.00100 / 1.00 x 10−3
and 1000
calculation of mol of NaOH (1) and
mol NaOH = 8.0 x 0.250 = 0.00200 / 2.00 x 10−3
1000
• mol ratio (1) mol ratio H3PO4 : NaOH = 1 : 2

Mol ratio mark can be awarded from equation
TE on mol H3PO4 and NaOH
Do not award M2 if the mol ratio in the balanced equation

contradicts the mol ratio from the mol calculations
H3PO4 + 2NaOH → Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

• balanced equation (1) Allow HNa2PO4
Allow
H3PO4 + 2OH− → HPO42− + 2H2O
Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols, even if incorrect
Equation TE on mol ratio provided it is 1:1 or 1:3

H3PO4 + NaOH → NaH2PO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + 3NaOH → Na3PO4 + 3H2O
number
24(e) Examples of calculation: (2)
Method 1
• calculation of molar mass of hydrated molar mass = 262.9 x 100 = 334.9 (g)
magnesium phosphate (1) 78.5
• calculation of y (1) mass of water = 334.9 – 262.9 = 72

moles of water = 72 = 4 so y = 4
18
Allow alternative methods, for example
Method 2
in 100 g of salt:
mol Mg3(PO4)2 = 78.5 = 0.29859 (mol)
262.9
and
mol H2O = 21.5 = 1.1944(mol) (1)
18
ratio Mg3(PO4)2 : H2O
= 0.29859 : 1.1944
= 1 : 4 so y = 4 (1)
This could also be done using 0.785 g and 0.215 g
Method 3
262.9 = 0.785 or 262.9 x 100 = 78.5(1)
262.9 + 18y 262.9 + 18y
262.9 = 206.4 + 14.13 y so y = 4 (1)
Correct answer with no working or working that does not

involve Ar or Mr or moles scores (0)
Allow TE for y from correct working but an incorrect
number used for one of the values

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Thursday 9 January 2020

Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Ruler
Instructions
• centre
Information
punctation and spelling.
• There is a Periodic Table printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
Turn over
P60271A
1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P60271A0124*
SECTION A
a cross .
1 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in a 37Cl– ion?
Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 17 20 16
B 17 20 17
C 17 20 18
D 20 17 21
2 A sample of an element X contains only the isotopes shown.
Isotope Percentage abundance

58
X 68.077
60
X 26.223
61
X 1.140
62
X 3.634
64
X 0.926
What is the relative atomic mass of element X to three decimal places in this sample?
A 58.760
B 58.8
C 59.4
D 59.440
2
*P60271A0224*
3 How many orbitals are there, in total, in the first three quantum shells of an atom?
A 3
B 6
C 9
D 14
4 Which element is in the p-block and has atoms containing two unpaired electrons in
the ground state?
A lithium
B carbon
C fluorine
D titanium
5 The first five ionisation energies of an element, in kJ mol–1, are
578 1 817 2 745 11 578 14 831
This element could be

A sodium
B magnesium
C aluminium
D silicon
6 What is the relative formula mass of hydrated barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2.8H2O?

[Ar values: Ba = 137.3, O = 16.0, H = 1.0]
A 171.3
B 203.3
C 299.3
D 315.3
3
7 An 11.0 g sample of anhydrous sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 , is dissolved in deionised water
to form 70 cm3 of solution.
What is the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Na2SO4 in the aqueous solution formed?
[Mr value: Na2SO4 = 142.1]
A 0.0011
B 0.90
C 1.1
D 900
8 Which of these ionic compounds would be expected to have the highest melting temperature?
A NaF
B MgO
C KCl
D CaS
9 Which of these compounds has the greatest covalent character?

A MgF2
B MgI2
C BaF2
D BaI2

4
*P60271A0424*
10 Barium chloride reacts with sodium sulfate:
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) o BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
[Mr values: BaCl2 = 208.3, Na2SO4 = 142.1, BaSO4 = 233.4, NaCl = 58.5]
(a) What would you see when this reaction is carried out?
(1)
A blue solution turns colourless
B effervescence
C no visible change
D white precipitate
(b) What is the ionic equation for this reaction?

(1)
A Ba+(aq) + SO4–(aq) o BaSO4(s)
B Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) o NaCl(aq)
C Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) o BaSO4(s)
D Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) o BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)
(c) What is the maximum mass of BaSO4 that could be produced from 0.500 g of BaCl2
in this reaction?
(1)
A 0.446 g
B 0.500 g
C 0.560 g
D 0.821 g
(d) What is the atom economy (by mass) for the formation of BaSO4 in this reaction?
(1)
A 33.3%
B 62.2%
C 66.6%
D 80.0%
5
11 Which of these forms of carbon does not contain delocalised electrons?
A diamond
B C60 fullerene
C graphene
D graphite
12 Which of these molecules is polar?

A OF2
B BF3
C CF4
D PF5
13 Which species has its correct shape and bond angle shown?
Species Shape Bond angle
A CH3+ trigonal planar 120q
B NH3 pyramidal 109.5q
C NH4+ square planar 90q
D H2O linear 180q

6
*P60271A0624*
14 Some equations for reactions used in reforming crude oil fractions are shown.
Which equation is not balanced?
A o
B
o + H2
C
o + 3H2
D
o + 3H2
15 A pure alkane fuel is burned in air.

Which substance is not a possible combustion product?
A H2
B H 2O
C CO
D CO2

7
16 What is the number of ı bonds and ʌ bonds in one molecule of this compound?
ı bonds ʌ bonds
A 15 3
B 39 3
C 15 6
D 39 6

8
*P60271A0824*
17 The polymers shown are all made from single monomers.
Which polymer is made from a monomer that has geometric isomers?
H CH3 H CH3
A C C C C
H H H H
H CH3 CH3 H
B C C C C
H H H H
H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
D C C C C
H H H H
9
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
18 This question is about the element chlorine.

(a) Give the electronic configuration, using the s, p, d notation, for a chlorine atom in
the ground state.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of chlorine.

Include state symbols.
(2)
(c) Explain the difference in the first ionisation energies of chlorine and bromine.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P60271A01024*
(d) Chlorine occurs naturally as a diatomic molecule.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of chlorine.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(1)
(e) Chlorine is a gas at room temperature and pressure.

Explain why chlorine has a low boiling temperature.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
(f ) Chlorine has two stable isotopes. The isotopes have mass numbers 35 and 37,
with relative abundance in the ratio 3 : 1.
(i) Complete the mass spectrum for a sample of chlorine gas to show the
expected molecular ion peaks due to Cl2+ .
(2)
100
90
80
70
60
Relative
50
abundance
40
30
20
10
0
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
m/z
(ii) Suggest why there could be a small peak at m / z = 36 in the mass spectrum of
chlorine gas.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P60271A01224*
19 This question is about the bonding, structure and properties of the elements in Period 3 of
the Periodic Table and their compounds.
(a) A student plotted a graph to show the melting temperatures of the elements in Period 3.
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Melting 800
temperature / K
600
400
200
0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Elements in Period 3
(i) The student incorrectly plotted two values: one for a metal and one for a non-metal.
Identify these elements, by name or formula.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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13
(ii) Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, why silicon has a very high
melting temperature.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Aluminium has the greatest electrical conductivity of the Period 3 elements.
(i) Describe how metals conduct electricity.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give a possible reason why aluminium has a higher electrical conductivity
than sodium.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
*P60271A01424*
(c) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide in the liquid state.
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in aluminium oxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(3)
(ii) Give a reason why aluminium oxide must be in the liquid state before electrolysis
can occur.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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15
20 This question is about hexane, C6H14 .
(a) The skeletal formula of hexane is
Draw the four structural isomers of hexane in the boxes.

(4)
Isomer 1 Isomer 2
Isomer 3 Isomer 4
16
*P60271A01624*
(b) Hexane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to form a
mixture of bromoalkanes.
(i) Draw the initiation step of this reaction, using curly half-arrows.
(2)
(ii) Write equations for two propagation steps to show how C6H13Br is formed.
Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(iii) Give the molecular formula of an alkane formed in a termination step in this
reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of bromine in the heaviest molecule

containing six carbon atoms that could form when hexane reacts with a
large excess of bromine.
[Ar values: C = 12.0, Br = 79.9]
(3)
17
BLANK PAGE
18
*P60271A01824*
21 This question is about ethene, C2H4 .
(a) The global production of ethene is about 150 million tonnes per year.
Calculate the number of molecules in 150 million tonnes of ethene.
[1 tonne = 1000 kg Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
(2)
(b) Ethene is used commercially to speed up the ripening of bananas.

Ethene levels of 100 parts per million (ppm) are used in ripening rooms.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethene in a ripening room of volume 220 m3 at
a temperature of 21qC and pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1]
(5)
19
(c) Ethene and chlorine react to form 1,2-dichloroethane.
(i) Draw the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and chlorine to form
1,2-dichloroethane.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)
(ii) One hazard symbol for 1,2-dichloroethane is shown.
By identifying this hazard, give one way of minimising the risk when working
with 1,2-dichloroethane in a laboratory.
Assume the use of safety goggles and a laboratory coat.
(2)
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20
*P60271A02024*
(d) Ethene reacts with oxygen, O2 , in the presence of a silver catalyst, to form
compound Y as the only product.
(i) When 10.0 g of ethene reacts completely with oxygen, the mass of compound Y
formed is 15.7 g.
Calculate the empirical formula of Y.
[Ar values: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(2)
(ii) Compound Y reacts with water to form compound Z.

Compound Z is also produced in the reaction between ethene and
acidified potassium manganate(VII).
Give the displayed formula of compound Z.
(1)
21
(e) Ethene reacts with buta-1,3-diene to form cyclohexene as the only product.
Complete the equation for the formation of cyclohexene from ethene and
buta-1,3-diene using skeletal formulae.
(1)
(f ) Two reactions of cyclohexene are shown.
OH
Reaction 1 Reaction 2
(i) Classify the type of reaction occurring in Reaction 1.

(1)
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(ii) Give the reagents and conditions needed for Reaction 2.

(2)
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22
*P60271A02224*
(iii) Cyclohexanol is the product of Reaction 2.
O
a b H
Bond angle a = 109.5q

Explain why bond angle b is smaller than bond angle a.
Include the expected value for bond angle b in your answer.
(3)
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23
*P60271A02324*
24
*P60271A02424*
January 2020
Pearson International Advanced Subsidiary Level

Paper 01 Structure, Bonding and Introduction
to Organic Chemistry
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help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk
January 2020
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according
to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may
be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark
scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has
replaced it with an alternative response.
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT
mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing
candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even
if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full
credit.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is
essential to the answer.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure
that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put
together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Section A

Number
1 The only correct answer is C (17 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons)
A is incorrect because this shows the subatomic particles in 37

Cl+ ion
B is incorrect because this is for a chlorine-37 atom
D is incorrect because the proton and neutron numbers are reversed (1)

Number
2 The only correct answer is A (58.760)
B is incorrect because this is the correct answer to 3 SF
C is incorrect because a relative mass of 59 has been used for the first isotope and the answer is
to 3 SF
D is incorrect because a relative mass of 59 has been used for the first isotope (1)

Number
3 The only correct answer is D (14)
A is incorrect because 3 is the number of quantum shells
B is incorrect because 6 is the total number of subshells
C is incorrect because 9 is the number of orbitals in the third quantum shell (1)
Number
4 The only correct answer is B (carbon)
A is incorrect because lithium is an s-block element with one unpaired electron
C is incorrect because fluorine is a p-block element with one unpaired electron
D is incorrect because titanium is a d-block element with two unpaired electrons (1)

Number
5 The only correct answer is C (aluminium)
A is incorrect because there would not be a large jump between the third and fourth ionisations
B is incorrect because there would not be a large jump between the third and fourth ionisations
D is incorrect because there would not be a large jump between the third and fourth ionisations (1)

Number
6 The only correct answer is D (315.3)
A is incorrect because this is the relative formula mass of anhydrous barium hydroxide
B is incorrect because the relative masses of 8H2 and O have been added instead of 8H2O
C is incorrect because an Mr value of 16 has been used for water (1)

Number
7 The only correct answer is C (1.1)
A is incorrect because the volume has not been converted to dm3
B is incorrect because the volume has been divided by the amount of sodium sulfate
D is incorrect because the volume has not been converted to dm3 and the volume has been
divided by the amount (1)

Number
8 The only correct answer is B (MgO)
A is incorrect because the ion charges are +1 and −1
C is incorrect because the ion charges are +1 and −1 and the ionic radii are larger
D is incorrect because the ionic radii are larger (1)

Number
9 The only correct answer is B (MgI2)
A is incorrect because fluoride ions are not as easily polarised as iodide ions
C is incorrect because barium ions are less polarising than magnesium and fluoride ions are not
easily polarised
D is incorrect because barium ions are less polarising than magnesium ions (1)
Number
10(a) The only correct answer is D (white precipitate)
A is incorrect because the reactants are colourless
B is incorrect because no gas is given off
C is incorrect because a precipitate forms (1)

Number
10(b) The only correct answer is C (Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq)  BaSO4(s))
A is incorrect because the ion charges are not +1 and −1
B is incorrect because the equation does not represent the formation of a precipitate
D is incorrect because the spectator ions have not been cancelled (1)

Number
10(c) The only correct answer is C (0.560 g)
A is incorrect because the molar masses of barium chloride and barium sulfate have been reversed
B is incorrect because the molar, and not the mass, ratio is 1:1
D is incorrect because the Mr of Na2SO4 has been used instead of BaCl2 (1)
Number
10(d) The only correct answer is C (66.6%)
A is incorrect because the total mass of reactants and products has been used
B is incorrect because one mole of sodium sulfate has been used in place of two moles of sodium
chloride
D is incorrect because one mole of NaCl has been used in the equation (1)

Number
11 The only correct answer is A (diamond)
B is incorrect because C60 fullerene contains delocalised electrons
C is incorrect because graphene contains delocalised electrons
D is incorrect because graphite contains delocalised electrons (1)

Number
12 The only correct answer is A (OF2)
B is incorrect because BF3 is trigonal planar and the bond dipoles cancel
C is incorrect because CF4 is tetrahedral and the bond dipoles cancel
D is incorrect because PF5 is trigonal bipyramidal and the bond dipoles cancel (1)
Number
13 The only correct answer is A (CH3+, trigonal planar, 120°)
B is incorrect because the bond angle should be 107°
C is incorrect because the shape should be tetrahedral and the bond angle should be 109.5°
D is incorrect because the shape should be bent and the bond angle should be 104.5° (1)

Number
14
A is incorrect because the equation represents a correctly balanced isomerisation
B is incorrect because the equation is correctly balanced
C is incorrect because the equation is correctly balanced (1)

Number
15 The only correct answer is A (H2)
B is incorrect because H2O is formed in the combustion of alkane fuels
C is incorrect because CO is formed in the incomplete combustion of alkane fuels
D is incorrect because CO2 is formed by the combustion of alkane fuels (1)

Number
16 The only correct answer is B (39 σ bonds, 3 π bonds)
A is incorrect because 15 is the number of C–C σ bonds
C is incorrect because 15 is the number of C–C σ bonds and 6 is twice the number of π bonds
D is incorrect because 6 is twice the number of π bonds (1)

Number
17
A is incorrect because this polymer is made from propene, which does not have E/Z isomers
B is incorrect because this polymer is made from propene, which does not have E/Z isomers
C is incorrect because this polymer is made from 2-methylpropene, which does not have E/Z
isomers (1)
(Total for Section A = 20 marks)

Section B
Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark

Number
18(a) • 1s22s22p63s23p5 Accept 2px22py22pz2 for 2p6 etc
Ignore [Ne] for 1s22s22p6 (1)

Number
18(b) Example of equation:
• species and balancing (1) Cl(g) → Cl+(g) + e(−)

or
Cl(g) − e(−) → Cl+(g)
Do not award multiples
• state symbols (1) M2 dependent on M1 or neutral Cl/Cl2 on one side of

equation and charged Cl+/Cl2+/Cl−/Cl2− on the other
Ignore state symbol on electron (2)

Number
18(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following Accept reverse arguments throughout
points:
This can be implied through correct reference
to attraction between nucleus and (outer)
electron / amount of energy required to
remove (outer) electron
chlorine is higher
If bromine identified as higher, or it is not
implied which element has the higher
ionisation energy, penalise once only
and
any three of the following qualifying statements:
• (although) the nuclear charge / number of Ignore effective nuclear charge

protons is lower (1)
• the (outer) electron is in a lower (principal) Allow (outer) electron is lower in energy
energy level / orbital of lower energy (1) Allow 3p lower in energy than 4p
• the (outer) electron is closer to the nucleus / Allow just smaller atom
smaller (atomic) radius (1) Do not award smaller ionic radius
Allow just fewer shells
Ignore just fewer sub-shells / electrons
• (the outer electron experiences) less shielding (1) Accept less repulsion from inner / core
electrons
Ignore just less repulsion between electrons
Do not award less repulsion between paired
electrons within an orbital (3)
Number
18(d) Example of dot-and-cross diagram:
• correct dot-and-cross diagram
Allow any combination of dots, crosses or other

symbols for electrons
Allow indication of shells by overlapping circles

Allow correctly filled inner shells (1)

Number
18(e) An explanation that makes reference to the following
points:
(chlorine is a simple molecule with)
• weak forces between the molecules (1) Accept weak London / instantaneous dipole-
induced dipole / van der Waals / VdW forces
Allow weak intermolecular bonds / weak bonds

between molecules
Do not award if implied that intermolecular

forces are within a chlorine molecule
• little energy required to overcome these forces (1) M2 dependent on M1

Do not award just bond for forces unless clear
that the bond is intermolecular
Allow as relatively few electrons / small contact

surface area (2)
Number
18(f)(i) Mark M1 and M2 independently
• lines at 70 and 72 and 74 only (1)
• relative abundances 90:60:10 (1)

respectively
Accept relative abundances 100:67:11 / 54:36:6
Allow relative abundances in ratio close to 9:6:1,

eg 100:65:11 / 55:40:6
If neither M1 nor M2 awarded, two peaks at correct m/z and

in correct ratio scores (1), eg peaks at 70 and 74 in 9:1 ratio (2)
Number
18(f)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following Mark M1 and M2 independently
points:
• (peak is due to) 35

Cl–37Cl (molecular ion) (1) Allow any indication that peak is due to
combination of (chlorine-)35 and (chlorine-)37,
eg (35+37)/2 = 36
Do not award chlorine-36 isotope
• (with a charge of) 2+ (1) Allow (molecular ion has) lost two electrons
Just (35Cl–37Cl)2+ or (35–37)2+ scores (2) (2)

Number
19(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following points: Credit can be awarded from annotations to
the graph
• (incorrectly plotted metal is) aluminium / Al (1)
Ignore classification of elements as metallic /
• (incorrectly plotted non-metal is) argon / Ar (1) non-metallic, even if incorrect (2)

Number
19(a)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following points: Mark all points independently
• (silicon has a) giant (lattice/molecular structure) Accept macromolecular

Ignore large molecule
and
Accept electrostatic attraction between
covalent (bonds) (1) nuclei and shared pair of electrons
• (many) strong (covalent) bonds (between silicon Allow strong electrostatic attraction between
atoms) (silicon) atoms
Do not award strong ionic/metallic bonds
or Do not award strong intermolecular forces
Ignore three bonds between (silicon) atoms
each (silicon) atom bonded to four others (1) Do not award any other elements / number
of bonds
• requiring a large amount of energy to break (1) Allow overcome for break (3)
Number
19(b)(i) A description that makes reference to the following points:
• (metals contain) delocalised electrons (1) Allow delocalised electron

Allow sea of electron(s)
Ignore just free electrons
Ignore charge carriers
• (which can) flow / move (freely through the structure M2 dependent on M1

when a potential difference is applied) (1)
Ignore reference to physical state (2)

Number
19(b)(ii) A description that makes reference to the following points: Accept reverse argument
• Aluminium has more delocalised electrons (than Allow just more delocalised electrons
sodium per atom / ion)
or
Aluminium has three delocalised electrons whereas Do not award incorrect numbers of
sodium has one (per atom / ion) delocalised electrons (per atom / ion) (1)
Number
19(c)(i) Dot-and-cross diagram showing the following: Example of dot-and-cross diagram:
• 0 electrons on outer shell of aluminium M1 dependent on some indication of ionic structure

and 8 electrons on outer shell of oxide (1) Allow 8 electrons on outer shell of Al
Allow correctly filled inner shells
Allow any combination of dots or crosses for electrons
Allow circles to indicate outer shells
• two aluminium (ions) and three oxide (1) Accept any unambiguous indication of the correct
(ions) number of ions
Allow any indication that formula is Al2O3, even if
covalent dot-and-cross diagram shown
• 3+ charge on aluminium ion and (1) Allow +3 and –2

2− charge on oxide ion Ignore missing square brackets
If no other mark awarded, a correct dot-and-cross

diagram for either an Al3+ ion or O2− ion scores (1) (3)
Number
19(c)(ii) • ions must be mobile / free to move (to allow a Allow reverse argument (eg ions cannot move
current to flow) in the solid)
Allow ions can flow
Ignore just ions must be free
Ignore charge carriers / charged particles
Ignore reference to aqueous solutions
Ignore just ions must be delocalised /

dissociated
Ignore reference to (lack of) delocalised

electrons in the solid state
Do not award reference to (presence of)

delocalised electrons in the liquid/molten state (1)

Number
20(a) Correct structures of: Allow displayed, structural, skeletal
formulae or any combination of these
• 2-methylpentane (1)
If more than one type of formula is given
• 3-methylpentane (1) for an isomer all must be correct
• 2,2-dimethylbutane (1) Penalise missing hydrogens from displayed

formulae once only
• 2,3-dimethylbutane (1)
Ignore bond angles and bond lengths
Ignore names even if incorrect
Example of correct structures:
(2-methylpentane)
(3-methylpentane)
(2,2-dimethylbutane)
(2,3-dimethylbutane)
(4)
Number
20(b)(i) Mechanism / equation showing: Example of mechanism:
• homolytic fission of Br–Br bond with curly Allow curly half-arrows on same side of the bond
half-arrows (1) Do not award arrows that are not half-headed
• (producing) two bromine radicals (1) Do not award missing •
Use of Cl for Br in otherwise fully correct equation

scores (1) (2)

Number
20(b)(ii)
• C6H14 + Br• → C6H13• + HBr (1) Allow equations in either order
• C6H13• + Br2 → C6H13Br + Br• (1) Penalise missing • in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) once only
(2)

Number
20(b)(iii) • C12H26 Allow H26C12
(1)
Number
20(b)(iv) Example of calculation:
• evidence of C6Br14 (identified as heaviest
possible product) (1)
• calculation of molar mass (1) 14 × 79.9 + 6 × 12.0 (= 1190.6)

TE on any compound of formula C6H(14–n)Brn (where
2 ≤ n < 14) or C6Br12
• calculation of percentage by mass of (1) %Br = (14 × 79.9) / (14 × 79.9 + 6 × 12.0) × 100
bromine = 93.953 %
= 94.0 %
TE on any compound of formula C6H(14–n)Brn or
C6H(12–n)Brn
Allow use of 80 for relative atomic mass of bromine
Ignore SF except 1 SF (3)

Number
21(a) Example of calculation:
• calculation of moles of ethene (1) mols = 1.50 × 1014 = 5.3571 × 1012

28.0
• calculation of number of ethene molecules (1) molecules = 5.3571 × 1012 × 6.02 × 1023
= 3.225 × 1036
TE on moles of ethene (calculated by dividing a

mass by a molar mass)
Ignore SF except 1 SF
(3.225 / 3.23 / 3.2) × 1036 scores (2) (2)

Number
21(b) Example of calculation:
M1: conversion of temperature to K (1) (T = 21 + 273 =) 294 (K)
M2: rearrangement of ideal gas equation (1) n = pV

RT
or
n = 1.01 × 105 × 220

8.31 × 294
M3: evaluation to give moles of gas (1) n = 9094.9

TE on M1
No TE on incorrect volume
M4: use of mixing ratio to calculate moles of moles = 100 × 9094.9

ethene (1) 106
= 0.90949
TE on M3
M5: answer to 2 or 3SF – standalone (1) 0.91 / 0.909 (moles)

Do not award incorrect units
Max (3) for calculations using 24 dm3 mol–1 as the

molar gas volume (ie no M1 or M2)
eg 0.92 scores (3), 0.916667 scores (2)
Alternative route to M2, M3 and M4
• use of mixing ratio to calculate V = 100 × 220

volume occupied by ethene (1) 106
= 0.022 (m3)
Do not award 0.02
• rearrangement of ideal gas equation (1) n = pV

RT
or
n = 1.01 × 105 × 0.022

8.31 × 294
• evaluation to give moles of ethene (1) n = 0.90949

TE on M1
No TE on incorrect volume (5)
Number
21(c)(i) Mechanism showing: Example of mechanism:
Mark all points independently
Penalise use of HCl / HBr / Br2 for Cl2 once only
Penalise incorrect alkene once only
Penalise missing H atom once only
Penalise use of curly half-arrows once only
• induced dipole on chlorine (1) Do not award full charges

and
correct product
• curly arrow from C=C bond to Cl(δ+)

and
curly arrow from Cl–Cl bond to Cl(δ–) (1)
• correct carbocation intermediate (1) Do not award ‘open bond’ on C+
• lone pair and negative charge on chloride Do not award Clδ–

and
curly arrow from lone pair to C(+) (1) Do not award curly arrow from negative charge (4)
Number
21(c)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the Mark M1 and M2 independently
following points:
• identification of hazard (1) (in)flammable
• suitable precaution (1) avoid (naked) flames / fire
Ignore just take care with flames / fire
Ignore fire extinguishers etc
Allow use heating mantle / (electric) water bath etc
Ignore keep away from heat source / do not heat
Ignore Bunsen burner
Allow heat in an inert atmosphere / nitrogen / argon
Ignore just exclude oxygen / heat in absence of oxygen
Allow use small amounts
Ignore fume cupboard
Ignore gloves / tie hair back / safety goggles /

laboratory coat (2)
Number
21(d)(i) Ignore SF except 1 SF for all methods
Example of calculation:
Method 1
• calculation of mass C, H and O (1) mass C = 24 × 10.0 = 8.5714 (g)

28
mass H = 4 × 10.0 = 1.4286 (g)
28
mass O = 15.7−10.0 = 5.70 (g)
• calculation of moles C, H and O C : H : O

8.5714 : 1.4286 : 5.7
and 12 1 16
0.71429 : 1.4286 : 0.36
empirical formula (1) empirical formula is C2H4O

TE on M1 only if mass(C + H + O) = 15.7 (g)
Method 2
(moles C2H4 = 10.0 =) 0.35714
• calculation of moles C2H4 and O 28
(moles O = (15.7−10.0) =) 0.35625
16
or
(moles C2H4 = 10.0 =) 0.35714

calculation of moles C2H4 and O2 (1) 28
(moles O2 = (15.7−10.0) =) 0.17813
32
• empirical formula (1) M2 dependent on M1

empirical formula is C2H4O
Method 3
• calculation of moles C2H4 (moles C2H4 =) 10.0 = 0.35714

28
and
Mr product (1) (Mr product =) 15.7 = 43.96

0.35714
• empirical formula M2 dependent on M1

and empirical formula is C2H4O
calculation of Mr of empirical formula (1) 2 × 12 + 4 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 44
(2)

Number
21(d)(ii) Example of displayed formula:
• displayed formula of ethane-1,2-diol
Ignore skeletal or structural formulae

Allow non-displayed OH groups
Ignore bond lengths and angles
Do not award horizontal OH–C connectivity
Ignore connectivity of pendant / vertical non-

displayed OH groups
Do not award missing H atoms (1)

Number
21(e) Example of equation:
• correct equation and skeletal formulae
Allow molecules in any orientation

Ignore bond lengths and angles
Allow multiples
Ignore molecular, structural or displayed formulae

Do not award if additional products given (1)

Number
21(f)(i) • addition Ignore additional
Do not award electrophilic / nucleophilic addition
or
reduction Ignore redox
or
hydrogenation Do not award hydration
Do not award cracking
Do not award reforming

(1)
Number
21(f)(ii) Mark M1 and M2 independently
• steam Accept H2O(g) / water vapour
or
water
and
heat (1) Allow any stated temperature 100°C ≤ T ≤ 400°C
Ignore stated temperatures < 100°C
Ignore high temperature
Do not award stated temperatures > 400°C
Do not award (heat under) reflux
• acid catalyst (1) Accept (concentrated) phosphoric acid / H3PO4

Allow (concentrated) sulfuric acid / H2SO4
Do not award dilute acid catalysts
Ignore reference to pressure
Accept react with concentrated H2SO4 followed by hydrolysis (2) (2)

Number
21(f)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Mark all points independently
• (angle b is) 104.5° (1) Allow 103° to 106°
• four bond pairs (of electrons around C) for Allow four pairs of electrons (around
angle a the central atom) for both angles
and Ignore covalent bond for bond pair
two bond pairs and two lone pairs (of electrons Ignore just two lone pairs for angle b
around O) for angle b (1) and no lone pairs for angle a
• lone pairs (of electrons) repel more than bond pairs (1) Allow each lone pair reduces the bond
angle by 2.5°
Allow lone pair-lone pair / lone pair-

bond pair repulsion greater than bond
pair-bond pair repulsion
Allow just lone pairs repel more / lone

pair repulsion greatest
Ignore (electron) pairs repel to

maximum separation / minimum
repulsion
Do not award (electron) pairs repel to
minimum separation / maximum
repulsion (3)

Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level
Monday 18 May 2020

Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Ruler
Instructions
• centre
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
Information
• There is a Periodic Table on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
Turn over
*P62590A0124*
P62590A
1/1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A
a cross .
1 What is the empirical formula of butane?

A C4H10
B C2H5
C CH2.5
D CnH2n + 2
2 When zinc is added to copper(II) sulfate solution, copper is formed.

(a) Which of these is the best name for this type of reaction?
(1)
A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution
(b) Which is the ionic half‑equation for a process that takes place during this reaction?
(1)
A Cu2+ + e– → Cu+
B Cu+ + e– → Cu
C Zn → Zn+ + e–
D Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–

2
*P62590A0224*

3 How many molecules are there in 44.0 g of carbon monoxide?
 Avogadro
 constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
 
   
 A
 r values: C = 12.0 O = 16.0  
A 3.83 × 1023
B 6.02 × 1023
C 9.46 × 1023
D 1.89 × 1024
4 A compound has Mr = 84 and its composition by mass is 71.4 % carbon, 9.6 % hydrogen

and 19.0 % oxygen.
What is the molecular formula of this compound?
[ Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]
A C4H3O2
B C4H4O2
C C5H8O
D C6H10O
5 The formula of barium chloride is BaCl 2.

Which is correct for barium chloride?
[ Ar values: Ba = 137.3 Cl = 35.5 ]
A barium chloride exists as a molecule

B barium chloride is a compound
C the empirical formula of barium chloride is BaCl
D the Mr of barium chloride is 172.8

3

6 The mass spectrum of a sample of an element is shown.
50
40
30
Relative
abundance
20
10
0
20 30 40 50 60 70
m / z
(a) What is the Ar of the element?

(1)
A 42.0
B 48.0
C 63.6
D 64.0
(b) Which species could be responsible for the peak at m / z = 32.5?

(1)
32 +
A S
63
B Cu2+
65
C Cu2+
98 3+
D Tc

4
*P62590A0424*

7 What is the molecular formula of the compound shown?
O OH
O OH
A C2HO2
B C4H2O4
C C4H4O4
D C4H6O4
8 A sequence of four molecules is shown.
HO HO HO HO
1 2 3 4
(a) What is the molecular formula for the fifth molecule in this sequence?
(1)
A CH4O
B C6H11O
C C6H14O
D C7H16O
(b) What is the name of this type of sequence?

(1)
A functional group
B homologous series
C homolytic series
D skeletal formulae

5

9 Which ion does not have the electronic configuration shown?
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
A K+
B Ca2+
C Ti2+
D Sc3+
10 What is the electronic configuration of the nitride ion, N3– ?

A 1s2 2s2
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C 1s2 2s2 2p4
D 1s2 2s2 2p6
11 Which of these ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A Al3+
B Ga3+
C Mg2+
D F–
6
*P62590A0624*

12 What is the percentage atom economy, by mass, for the production of hydrogen in
the reaction shown?
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
[Ar values: H = 1.00 C = 12.0 O = 16.0]
A 8.8 %
B 17.6 %
C 21.4 %
D 82.4 %
13 How many lone pairs of electrons are there in the outer shell of the sulfur atom in a
molecule of H2S?
A zero
B one
C two
D four
14 Which equation represents the third ionisation energy for element J?

A J2+(g) → J3+(g) + e–
B J3+(g) → J4+(g) + e–
C J(g) → J3+(g) + e–
D J(g) → J3+(g) + 3e–
15 In which sequence are the molecules in order of decreasing bond angle?
A BeCl 2 > BCl 3 > CH4

B BeCl 2 > NH3 > CH4
C CH4 > BCl 3 > BeCl 2
D CH4 > NH3 > BeCl 2

7

16 Which pair of ions will form the compound with the most covalent character?
A Li+ and I–
B Na+ and Br –
C K+ and Cl –
D Rb+ and F–
17 Which diagram best represents the electron density in a molecule of hydrogen chloride?
A H Cl
B H Cl
C H Cl
D H Cl

8
*P62590A0824*

SECTION B
18 This question is about the structure of atoms.

(a) State what is meant by the term orbital.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) State the shape of an s orbital and the shape of a p orbital.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Describe what can be deduced about the electronic structure of sodium from its
successive ionisation energies.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

(d) (i) The log of the fourth ionisation energy for six elements is shown in the table.
Element log10 (fourth ionisation energy / kJ mol–1)
O 3.87
F 3.92
Ne 3.97
Na
Mg 4.02
Al 4.06
Plot a graph of these data.

(3)
10
*P62590A01024*

(ii) Use your graph to estimate the fourth ionisation energy for sodium, in kJ mol–1.
(1)
(iii) Suggest why the fourth ionisation energies of neon and sodium are similar
in magnitude even though the elements are in different periods of the
Periodic Table.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

19 This question is about the compound ammonium dichromate(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7 .
(a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 breaks down at around 180 °C, producing an oxide of chromium,
nitrogen and water as the only products.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(2)
(ii) Give a name for this type of reaction.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) When 0.00100 mol of ammonium dichromate(VI) was heated, 25.2 cm3 of

nitrogen gas, measured at laboratory temperature, was formed.
Calculate the temperature in the laboratory, in degrees Celsius, using the ideal gas
equation. Use atmospheric pressure = 101 kPa.
[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol –1 K –1]

(4)
12
*P62590A01224*

(c) (i) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of the ammonium ion.

Use dots (●) for the nitrogen electrons and crosses (×) for the hydrogen electrons.
(2)
(ii) Explain the shape of the ammonium ion using electron‑pair repulsion theory.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

(d) Ammonium dichromate(VI) comes with several warnings on its packaging.
● This compound is toxic when inhaled and by passing through the skin.
● Handle with extreme caution.
● Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes, with possible eye damage.
● Inhaling can irritate the nose and throat.
● Ammonium dichromate(VI) is a strong oxidiser that enhances the combustion
of other substances.
(i) Some of the symbols shown are used for ammonium dichromate(VI).
Identify the symbols for ammonium dichromate(VI) by placing a tick () in
the box under each relevant symbol.
(2)
(ii) Suggest why ammonium dichromate(VI) is not stored in the same cupboard

as alkanes.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
*P62590A01424*

20 This question is about polymers.

(a) Plastic bags can be made from poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is biodegradable.
Lactic acid is obtained from corn.
An equation for the polymerisation of lactic acid is shown.
CH3

 O

OH →
  + nH2O
n HO
 O n
O
(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of propene using

displayed formulae.
(2)
Give one difference between the polymerisation of propene and that of lactic acid.
(ii)
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State the meaning of the term biodegradable.

(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Give three advantages of biodegradable polymers.
(iv)
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Isoprene is used to make synthetic rubber. The skeletal formula for isoprene is shown.
(i) State why isoprene does not have geometric isomers.

(1)
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(ii) A related molecule does show geometric isomerism.
Cl
Draw the geometric isomer of this molecule.

(1)
16
*P62590A01624*

(iii) Give a reason why a double bond may result in geometric isomerism.
(1)
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17

21 This question is about the liquids cyclohexene, C6H10 , and bromine, Br2 .
cyclohexene
(a) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.0300 mol of cyclohexene.

Data Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0
Density of cyclohexene = 0.811 g cm−3
(2)
(b) Bromine reacts with cyclohexene.

(i) State the colour change when an excess of cyclohexene is added to liquid bromine.
(2)
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18
*P62590A01824*

(ii) This reaction is very similar to the reaction of ethene with bromine.
Draw the mechanism for this reaction of cyclohexene with bromine.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)

19

(c) Bromine vapour in the atmosphere can cause irritation to the eyes at a
concentration of 1.1 ppm and to the lungs at a concentration of 10 ppm.
(i) State the meaning of ppm.
(1)
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(ii) A sample of 3.25 cm3 of bromine vapour leaks into a laboratory.

Calculate the minimum volume, in dm3, of the laboratory for the resulting
concentration of bromine to be at a safe level.
(3)
(d) Because bromine is so hazardous it is usually used in the laboratory in

aqueous solution.
A sample of bromine reacts with exactly 0.0300 mol of cyclohexene.
Calculate the minimum volume of water needed to completely dissolve this
sample of bromine at room temperature.
Data Ar value: Br = 79.9
Concentration of bromine in water at room temperature = 35 g dm–3
(3)

20
*P62590A02024*

BLANK PAGE

21

22 In the upper atmosphere, ozone can react with halogens and with
halogen‑containing compounds, such as molecule X.
H Cl
Cl C C H
H Cl
molecule X
(a) Name molecule X.

(1)
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(b) The C–Cl bond undergoes homolytic fission in the upper atmosphere.
(i) State the essential condition necessary for this process.
(1)
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(ii) Write an equation for this fission in molecule X.

Include curly half-arrows.
(2)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of a chlorine free radical with a molecule of X.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(2)
22
*P62590A02224*

(iv) Write an equation, using displayed formulae, for a free radical formed in this
sequence to give a molecule with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)
(v) State the type of reaction occurring in (b)(iv) and the name of the product
with the formula C4H4Cl6 .
(2)
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23
*P62590A02324*

24
*P62590A02424*
October 2020
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Subsidiary Level
Paper 1 Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We
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www.pearson.com/uk
Autumn 2020
 All candidates must receive the same

treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in
exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates
must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme
not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application
of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the
candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
Section A

number
1 The only correct answer is B (C2H5)
(1)
A is incorrect because this is the molecular formula

C is incorrect because this is a ratio based on one atom of carbon
D is incorrect because this is the general formula of an alkane

number
2 (a) The only correct answer is B (displacement)
(1)
A is incorrect because addition usually refers to organic reactions

C is incorrect because no acids or bases are involved
D is incorrect because substitution usually refers to organic reactions

number
2 (b) The only correct answer is D (Zn  Zn2+ + 2e-)
(1)
A is incorrect because Cu+ is not formed

B is incorrect because Cu+ is not a reactant
C is incorrect because Zn+ is not formed
number
3 The only correct answer is C (9.46 × 1023)
(1)
A is incorrect because the Mr has been divided by the mass

B is incorrect because this would be correct for CO2
D is incorrect because this is the number of atoms

number
4 The only correct answer is C (C5H8O)
(1)
A is incorrect because the Mr is 83

B is incorrect because the ratio of C and H is not the same
D is incorrect because this is rounding number of moles to 1 SF

number
5 (1)
The only correct answer is B (barium chloride is a compound)
A is incorrect because barium chloride is ionic

C is incorrect because this is not the simplest ratio
D is incorrect because the Mr is 208.3
number
6(a) (1)
The only correct answer is C (63.6)
A is incorrect as this is the answer when the abundance of the single charge peaks are used but are divided by 100
B is incorrect because this is the average of the mass of all the ions with the abundancies not considered
D is incorrect because this is the Ar when the mass of the two single charge peaks are averaged with the
abundancies not considered

number
6(b) (1)
The only correct answer is C (65Cu2+)
A is incorrect because sulphur would not produce the rest of the peaks
B is incorrect because this is the peak at 31.5
D is incorrect because this would give a peak at 32.7

number
7 (1)
The only correct answer is B (C4H2O4)
A is incorrect because this is the empirical formula

C is incorrect because there are two extra hydrogens in the formula
D is incorrect because there are four extra hydrogens in the formula
number
8(a) (1)
The only correct answer is C (C6H14O)
A is incorrect because this precedes the first molecule in the sequence

B is incorrect because this is not in this sequence
D is incorrect because this is the sixth molecule in the sequence

number
8(b) (1)
The only correct answer is B (homologous series)
A is incorrect because this structure is within each of the molecules

C is incorrect because homolytic is a type of bond breaking
D is incorrect because this is the type of structure shown

number
9 (1)
The only correct answer is C (Ti2+)
A is incorrect because K+ has the electronic structure shown

B is incorrect because Ca2+ has the electronic structure shown
D is incorrect because Sc3+ has the electronic structure shown
number
10 (1)
The only correct answer is D (1s2 2s2 2p6)
A is incorrect because this would be for losing three electrons

B is incorrect because this would be for the nitrogen atom
C is incorrect because this would be for gaining one electron

number
11 (1)
The only correct answer is A (Al3+) (53 pm)
B is incorrect because Ga is below Al in the Periodic Table so has more shells of electrons (62 pm)
C is incorrect because Mg2+ has fewer protons than Al3+ (72 pm)
D is incorrect because F‒ has fewer protons than Al3+ (133 pm)

number
12 (1)
The only correct answer is B (17.6%)
A is incorrect because the mass of hydrogen has been divided by the total mass of reactants and products
C is incorrect because the mass of hydrogen has been divided by the mass of carbon monoxide
D is incorrect because this is the atom economy for carbon monoxide
number
13 (1)
The only correct answer is C (two)
A is incorrect because the four unbonded electrons on sulfur form two lone pairs
B is incorrect because the four unbonded electrons on sulfur form two lone pairs
D is incorrect because the four unbonded electrons on sulfur form two lone pairs

number
14 (1)
The only correct answer is A (J2+(g)  J3+(g) + e‒)
B is incorrect because this is the fourth ionisation energy

C is incorrect because the equation is unbalanced and begins with the uncharged atom
D is incorrect because it begins with the uncharged atom

number
15 (1)
The only correct answer is A (BeCl2 > BCl3 > CH4)
B is incorrect because the bond angle in methane is larger than that in ammonia
C is incorrect because this is the order of increasing bond angle
D is incorrect because the bond angle in beryllium chloride is bigger than that in ammonia
number
16 (1)
The only correct answer is A (Li+ and I‒)
B is incorrect because the positive ion is larger and the negative ion is smaller than LiI
C is incorrect because the positive ion is larger and the negative ion is smaller than LiI
D is incorrect because the positive ion is larger and the negative ion is smaller than LiI

number
17 (1)
A is incorrect because the bonding is not ionic

B is incorrect because the electron density would not form this shape
C is incorrect because the molecule is not symmetrical
Total for Section A = 20 marks

Section B
Question
Number
18(a) A statement that makes reference to the following points: (2)
 a region within an atom Allow A region around the nucleus
(1) Allow area/place/space for region
Ignore path/track/orbiting
Do not award in the nucleus
 can hold (up to) two electrons (with opposing spins) Allow a percentage between 90 and 95
or Allow a greater chance of finding / most
where there is a high probability of finding an electron likely to find
(1) Do not award just likely
Marks are standalone
Question
Number
18(b)  s-orbitals are spherical / ball shaped IGNORE the words circular or figure of (1)
and eight or pear shaped
p-orbitals are dumbbell shaped
Accept labelled diagrams e.g.
s-orbital p-orbital
Accept a p-orbital on any axis
Allow correct unlabelled diagrams or
descriptions in the correct order
Allow 3 p-orbitals overlapping if they are
specifically labelled as 3 p-orbitals
Ignore references to numbers of electrons
Ignore has two lobes for p-orbital
Question
Number
18(c) A description that makes reference to: (3)
 three (quantum) shells (1) Accept energy levels
 2, 8, 1 (1) Accept the numbers in the reverse order
Allow descriptions of the large jumps
between IE1 & IE2 and IE9 & IE10
 Indication of which electrons are in which (quantum) shell (1) e.g.

 It has one electron in its outermost
shell
or
 First electron removed is in the third
shell / 3s
or
 8 electrons in 2nd quantum shell
or
 Two electrons are on the innermost
shell
Allow one electron in valence shell
Ignore one valence electron
Ignore spd notation

Question
Number
18(d)(i) Example of a graph: (3)
 axes correct way round and both suitably labelled (1) Do not award log as an axis label
Ignore units and brackets on the y-axis
Accept atomic numbers on the x-axis
Allow element symbols Al to O
 suitable choice of linear scale so that the points cover at (1)

least 50% of the grid in both directions
 all 5 points plotted correctly (1) Allow MP3 for bar charts
Allow half square tolerance on plotted
points
Ignore any lines joining the points

Question
Number
18(d)(ii)  (10(3.99)=) 9772 (kJ mol-1) Accept answers given in standard form (1)
Accept answers given in the grid for (d)(i)
Allow 9544 ‒ 10000 (kJ mol-1)
TE from graph in 18(d)(i)
Allow any SF
Question
Number
18(d)(iii) The fourth electron is removed from the same / second (quantum) shell Allow both electrons are removed from 2p (1)
orbitals / the 2p subshell
Allow same energy level
Do not award same electronic structure /
same orbital in place of same shell
Ignore shielding
Ignore nuclear charge
Ignore references to electron pairs repelling
Question
Number
19(a)(i)  (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3 1 mark for Cr2O3 (2)
1 mark for all the rest being correct
Allow multiples

Question
Number
 (thermal) decomposition Ignore oxidation or reduction on their (1)
19(a)(ii) or own
redox
Question
Number
19(b) Example of calculation: (4)
 conversion of units for P and V (1) P = 101000 / 1.01 x 105 Pa
V = 0.0000252 / 2.52 x 10−5 m3
Allow incorrect use standard form e.g.
10.1 × 104 Pa
 substitution in equation and rearrange (1)
 answer in K (1) T = 306.28 (K)

 convert to C (1) T = 33.3(C) (33.1C if 273.15 is used for
conversion of kelvin to Celsius)
Ignore SF except 1 SF on final answer
TE throughout but only award for MP4 if

final answer in C is between 0 and 50C
Units if given must be correct
Comment:
Correct answer with no working scores 4
306.28(K) scores 3
30.85C scores 3
33.7C scores 3 as they have used R as 8.3
33.55C scores 3 using 8.3 and 273.15
306.7K scores 2 as they have used R as 8.3
Question
Number
19(c)(i) A drawing that shows: (2)
 four pairs of electrons and 4 hydrogen atoms around nitrogen (1)
 one dative covalent bond and plus sign

(1)
Allow answers without brackets

Allow use of any symbol for the electrons
as long as it is clear which is the dative
covalent bond (e.g. by use of an arrow)
Ignore placement of positive sign
Question
Number
19(c)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to: (2)
MP1 may be scored with a 3D diagram or
 tetrahedral / tetrahedron (1)
an answer given in 19(c)(i)
Allow phonetic spelling
 (four) pairs of electrons arranged in position of minimum Allow equal repulsion of electron-pairs
repulsion / maximum separation (1) Allow reference to bonding pairs
Ignore reference to bonds
Ignore all bond angles
Do not award references to lone pairs

Question
Number
19(d)(i) Four correct ticks scores 2 marks, (2)
Three correct ticks scores 1 mark e.g.
Four correct ticks and one incorrect tick scores 1 mark
Question
Number
19(d)(ii) An answer containing an appropriate suggestion: (1)
 dichromate/oxidising agents promote(s) combustion/burning Allow fuels/alkanes would catch fire
of alkanes/fuels more easily
OR Ignore dichromate causes alkanes to burn
alkanes are flammable/combustible and dichromate is an Do not award dichromate catches fire
oxidising agent

Question
Number
20(a)(i) A balanced equation: Example of equation: (2)
 repeat unit of polypropene including extension bonds (1)
through the brackets
Accept fully displayed and hybrid

formulae
Do not award skeletal formulae
 all the rest of the equation (1) Allow the n anywhere on the LHS of the
monomer
Do not award MP1 is the n is before the
brackets for the polymer
Do not award if n is superscript on the
RHS
MP2 can be awarded if a different alkene

monomer is used (and all is correct)
Ignore vertical connectivity errors
Penalise the omission of missing H atoms

once only
Question
Number
20(a)(ii) An answer that makes reference to any one from: Accept reverse argument (1)
 no small molecule / water is made making poly(propene)
Allow polymerisation of propene has a
 a small molecule / water is made making PLA higher atom economy
 Poly(propene) is an addition polymer Allow polymerisation of lactic acid
produces two products / polymerisation
 PLA is a condensation polymer of propene only produces one
Ignore propene contains C=C

Ignore references to biodegradability
Question
Number
20(a)(iii)  can be broken down / degraded / decayed by bacteria / microbes Allow can be broken down by (1)
/ organisms decomposers
Ignore references to soil / environment /

air
Ignore breaks down on its own / naturally

/ biologically
Question
Number
20(a)(iv) An answer including any three from: (3)
 takes less time than most plastics to break down (1) Allow degrade faster / requires less
energy
 reduce waste going to landfill (1) Do not award no waste
 do not require incineration (1)
 reduce pollution / litter / harm to wildlife (1) Allow less pollution

Do not award no pollution
 break down into non-harmful products
OR
can be used as fertiliser / biofuel (1)
 help conserve crude oil reserves
OR
(come from a) renewable (resource) Allow a description of a renewable source
OR
are more sustainable (1)
Accept reverse arguments throughout
Ignore environmentally friendly / global

warming / carbon neutral / recycling /
toxic gases
Question
Number
20(b)(i)  both double bonds in isoprene have two atoms of hydrogen on one Allow two identical groups / atoms are (1)
end / need to have different groups on both ends to form attached to one carbon of the double
geometric isomers bond
Question
Number
20(b))(ii) A drawing of the other geometric isomer i.e. Accept displayed formulae and shortened (1)
structural formulae
Ignore bond angles as long as Cl is
opposite the methyl group on the double
bond
Question
Number
20(b))(iii)  does not allow (free) rotation / restricts rotation (around the C=C Allow limited instead of restricted (1)
bond) Allow double bond does not rotate /
double bond cannot be rotated
Ignore references to groups attached to
the C=C bond
Ignore references to sigma and pi bonds,
even if incorrect
Do not award “restricted rotation around
the molecule” alone

Question
Number
21(a) Example of a calculation: (2)
(Mr = 12.0 × 6 + 10 × 1.0 = 82.0)
 mass of 0.0300 moles (1) 0.0300 × 82.0 = 2.46 (g)
2.46  0.811 = (3.033)

 volume of 0.0300 moles (1) = 3 or 3.0 or 3.03 (1 or 2 or 3 SF)
(cm3)
Correct answer with no working scores zero
TE from M1 to M2
Ignore all units, even if incorrect
Question
Number
21(b)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following points: (2)
 from brown / red-brown (1) Allow red / brown-orange
Do not award orange / yellow / brown-yellow
 to colourless (1) Accept decolourises

Ignore clear
Correct colours in the reverse order scores (1)
Comment: Either brown or colourless alone, without

an indication of whether it is the initial or final
colour, scores 0
Question
Number
21(b)(ii) A mechanism showing: (4)

 induced dipole on bromine (1) δ+ closer to C=C double bond
and
1,2-dibromocyclohexane as the product Allow displayed structures penalise omission of
hydrogens once only
 two curly arrows (to form intermediate and Br‒) Double headed arrow from double bond to Br atom
(1)
with the δ+ and
Arrow from Br‒Br bond to the Br atom or just beyond it
 intermediate (1) + charge shown on trivalent carbon atom
 curly arrow from lone pair on bromide ion to the (1) Allow all lone pairs to be shown on bromide ion
trivalent/positive carbon atom of the Do not award lines in place of lone pairs
intermediate Correctly drawn mechanism with ethene (or another
alkene) can gain MP2, MP3 and MP4
Penalise single headed arrows once only
Example of mechanism:
(hydrogen atoms on intermediate may be shown or

omitted on skeletal structures)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
21(c)(i) parts per million (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
21(c)(ii) Example of calculation: (3)
 choice of appropriate safe concentration (1) (<)1.1 (ppm)
Allow 1.0 to 1.1ppm
 correct expression (1) 3.25/V = 1.1/106

V = 3.25 x 106 / 1.1
= 2954545 (cm3)
(1) = 2950 / 2955 / 3000 (dm3)

 evaluation
Do not award 2954 / 2960 (dm3)
Do not award MP3 for incorrect rounding
Ignore SF
Allow TE throughout
If units are given they must be correct
Question
Number
21(d) Example of a calculation: (3)
 Mr of Br2 calculated (1) Mr Br2 = 159.8
 mass of Br2 calculated (1) 0.03 × 159.8 = 4.794 g
 volume of water = mass  concentration (1) v = 4.794  35

= 0.137 dm3 / 137 cm3
Allow TE throughout

Question
Number
22(a) 1,1,2-trichloroethane Do not award 1, 2, 2-trichloroethane (1)
Question
Number
22(b)(i)  uv light Allow sunlight (1)
OR Allow uv
uv radiation Do not award “light”
Question
Number
22(b)(ii) A displayed reaction equation including: Penalise the omission of the unpaired (2)
electron once only in (b)(ii) and (b)(iv)
 curly half arrows showing the breaking of a bond (1) Allow the fission of a bond in isolation for
MP1
Allow multiple fissions if all are correct
 the formation of two free radicals (Cl• and one being from (1) Mark independently
molecule X)
or
Question
Number
22(b)(iii) A reaction equation showing: Example of Equation: (2)
.
Cl + C2H3Cl3  HCl + C2H2Cl3
.
 a chlorine radical with 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1)
.
Cl + C2H3Cl3  Cl2 + C2H3Cl2
.
 formation of two products (1)
Ignore further reactions
Allow displayed formulae
Allow radical dots placed in any location
Question
Number
22(b)(iv) A reaction equation showing: (2)
 displayed formula of any radical with a formula C2H3Cl2• (1) An example of an equation:
or C2H2Cl3•
 balanced equation with two radicals and showing the (1)

displayed formula of the product
Question
Number
22(b)(v) An answer that makes reference to the points: Do not award addition reaction (2)
i.e.
 termination reaction (1) 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexachlorobutane,
 suitably named product that can be derived from X (1) 1,2,2,3,3,4-hexachlorobutane, or
1,1,2,3,3,4-hexachlorobutane
Allow TE name from C4H4Cl6 structure

shown in 22(b)(iv)

Total for Section B = 60 marks
Total for Paper = 80 marks
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level
Tuesday 12 January 2021

Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, Ruler
Instructions
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
*P67752A0124*
P67752A
1/1/1/1/1/1

SECTION A
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which of these compounds has the same empirical and molecular formulae?
A C2H4
B C3H8
C C4H10
D C5H10
2 There are 6.02 × 1023 atoms in 0.25 mol of
A He
B H2O
C BH3
D CH4
3 Which aqueous solution has the highest concentration, in mol dm-3, of chloride ions?
A 0.1 g dm-3 HCl
B 0.1 g dm-3 NaCl
C 0.1 g dm-3 KCl
D 0.1 g dm-3 BaCl2
4 Which conversion has the lowest percentage atom economy (by mass) for the
formation of CaCl2?
A Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2
B Ca + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2
C CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
D CaCO3 + 2NaCl → CaCl2 + Na2CO3

2
*P67752A0224*

5 Which of these atoms has the most neutrons?
49 In
A 115
B 124
50 Sn
C 123
51 Sb
D 124
52 Te
6 A p-block element in Period 3 of the Periodic Table reacts to form an ionic compound.
What could be the electronic configuration of the ion formed by this element?
A 1s22s22p63s2
B 1s22s22p63s23p6
C 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
D 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
7 The Period 2 element with the highest melting temperature is
A aluminium
B boron
C carbon
D silicon
8 Which of these has the greatest electrical conductivity?
A SF6(g)
B H2O(l)
C Hg(l)
D Na2O(s)

*P67752A0324*
3
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9 Which of these ions has the greatest ionic radius?
A N3-
B F-
C Na+
D Al3+
10 Which of these ions has the greatest polarising power?
A S2-
B Cl-
C K+
D Ca2+
11 Which of these does not have a structure formed by a giant lattice of carbon atoms?
A C60 fullerene
B diamond
C graphene
D graphite
12 Which of these molecules is the most polar?
A HF
B OF2
C BF3
D CF4

4
*P67752A0424*

13 A substance is labelled with the hazard symbol shown.
What is the meaning of this symbol?
A gloves must be worn
B corrosive
C do not store with flammable substances
D oxidising
14 What is the IUPAC name of this alkane?
A 2-ethyl-4,5-dimethylheptane
B 6-ethyl-3,4-dimethylheptane
C 3,4,6-trimethyloctane
D 3,5,6-trimethyloctane
15 Petrol, bioethanol and hydrogen are fuels.

All three of these fuels
A burn to produce greenhouse gases
B are overall carbon neutral
C are overall sustainable
D biodegrade rapidly

*P67752A0524*
5
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16 Cyclopentane undergoes free radical substitution with bromine.
(a) Which of these is an overall equation for this reaction?
(1)
A C5H8 + Br2 → C5H8Br2
B C5H10 + Br2 → C5H10Br2
C C5H10 + Br2 → C5H8Br2 + H2
D C5H10 + Br2 → C5H9Br + HBr

(b) Which statement is not correct about this reaction system?
(1)
A only the initiation step involves homolytic bond fission
B only some bromine is converted to free radicals in the initiation step
C propagation forms more product than termination
D further substitution reactions are likely to occur

(c) Which free radical is least likely to form in a propagation step in
this reaction system?
(1)
A C5H9•
B Br•
C C5H8Br•
D H•
(d) Which alkane could be formed in a termination step in this reaction system?
(1)
A

6
*P67752A0624*

17 Which of these is not a way of limiting global problems caused by polymer disposal?
A developing biodegradable polymers
B exporting polymer waste
C removing toxic waste gases produced by the incineration of polymers
D reusing products made from polymers

*P67752A0724*
7
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SECTION B
18 This question is about the element sulfur.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the electronic configuration for a sulfur atom in
the ground state.
Include labels for each subshell.
(2)
Energy
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
1s
...............................
(b) Write an equation for the first ionisation energy of sulfur.

(2)

8
*P67752A0824*

(c) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the
first ionisation energies of both phosphorus and chlorine.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) A sample of sulfur contains four isotopes.
32 33 34 36
Isotope S S S S
Percentage abundance 94.88 0.83 4.27 0.02
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes, in terms of subatomic particles.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of sulfur in this sample.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
(2)

*P67752A0924*
9
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(e) The mass spectrum of a sample of sulfur with 32S as the only isotope is shown.
100
90
80
70
Relative abundance
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 256
m/z
(i) Calculate the number of sulfur atoms in the molecular ion.

(1)
Suggest the formula of the most stable ion shown by this spectrum.
(ii)
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P67752A01024*

19 This question is about the structure and bonding of Group 5 chlorides.

(a) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl3 , has a molecular structure.
The displayed formula of a molecule of NCl3 is shown.
Cl N Cl
Cl
Complete the table for this molecule.

(3)
Number of bond pairs around N atom
Number of lone pairs around N atom
Cl-N-Cl bond angle
Name of shape of molecule
(b) Under standard conditions, phosphorus(V) chloride (PCl5) is a solid made up of

PCl+4 cations and PCl-6 anions.
Antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) is a liquid made up of SbCl5 molecules.
(i) Explain why PCl5 has a higher melting temperature than SbCl5 .
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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*P67752A01124*
11
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(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of SbCl5 .
Use dots (•) to represent the Sb electrons, and crosses (x) to represent
the Cl electrons. Show outer electrons only.
(2)
(c) At low temperatures, SbCl5 converts to Sb2Cl10 which contains

dative covalent bonds.
(i) State what is meant by the term dative covalent bond.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the diagram to show the dative covalent bonds in Sb2Cl10 .
(1)
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Sb Sb
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl

12
*P67752A01224*

(d) Arsenic also forms a pentachloride with the formula AsCl5 .

Give one possible reason why nitrogen is the only Group 5 element that
does not form a pentachloride.
(1)
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*P67752A01324*
13
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20 This question is about the reactions of propene.
propene
(a) Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of one mole of propene to form
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon and water as the only products.
(2)
(b) State one similarity and one difference that would be seen when propene is
mixed with separate samples of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
and of bromine water.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Propene reacts by addition polymerisation to form poly(propene).

Draw the structure of poly(propene), showing two repeat units.
(1)
14
*P67752A01424*

(d) Propene reacts with bromine monochloride, BrCl, to form

1-bromo-2-chloropropane as the major product.
(i) Complete the diagram of bromine monochloride to show the dipole.
(1)
Br Cl
(ii) Draw the mechanism for the formation of 1-bromo-2-chloropropane in

this reaction.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs.
(3)

*P67752A01524*
15
Turn over

(e) Propene reacts with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a mixture of
the alcohols propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol.
Complete the mechanism for the formation of propan-2-ol, by adding
curly arrows.
Include the species formed in the final step.
(3)
H H H
H H H
C C HC C+ CH
C C HC C+ CH
H CH
+
H H CH
+
H
H H
H H
HC C+ CH HC C CH
HC C+ CH HC C+ CH
:OH2 O
+
H O H
:OH2
H H
16
*P67752A01624*

21 This question is about the production of squalane, a liquid alkane which occurs
naturally in human skin and is used in cosmetics.
squalane
(a) Suggest two properties that make squalane useful in cosmetics.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Give the molecular formula of squalane.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Squalane can be produced from squalene, an alkene present in shark liver oil, by
reaction with hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
(i) Give the name of a suitable catalyst for the hydrogenation of squalene.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Squalane used in cosmetic products must contain no more than

0.2 ppm by mass of catalyst.
Calculate the maximum permitted mass of catalyst in a product containing
50 g of squalane.
(1)

*P67752A01724*
17
Turn over

(iii) A reactor at 200°C contains 8500 mol of liquid squalene, and hydrogen gas at
a pressure of 4.0 × 105 Pa.
Under these conditions, the complete hydrogenation of squalene requires
500 m3 of hydrogen gas.
Calculate the number of C=C bonds in one molecule of squalene.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1]
(4)
(iv) Write the equation, using molecular formulae, for the complete hydrogenation
of squalene to squalane.
(1)

18
*P67752A01824*

(d) Globally, 2.8 million dm3 of squalene is used each year.

Traditionally squalene was obtained exclusively from shark liver oil, which is
a mixture of liquids.
The liver of a shark yields 300 g of squalene.
(i) Suggest the name of a suitable technique to obtain squalene from
shark liver oil.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the minimum number of sharks that would be needed to produce
2.8 million dm3 of squalene.
[Density of squalene = 0.86 g cm-3]
(2)
(iii) Many large corporations now use squalane obtained entirely from plants.
Squalane can be obtained sustainably from corn starch with
a yield of 23 % by mass.
The production of 1 tonne of corn starch requires 0.093 hectares of land.
Calculate the area of land, in km2, required to produce 2500 tonnes of
squalane from corn starch.
[1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 hectare = 0.01 km2]
(3)

*P67752A01924*
19
Turn over

(e) The E-isomer of beta-farnesene can also be obtained from corn starch.
E-beta-farnesene
(i) Explain why beta-farnesene exhibits geometric isomerism and has
only two geometric isomers.
You may label the structure and use this in your answer.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Draw the skeletal formula of the geometric isomer of E-beta-farnesene, giving

(ii)
a reason why this is named the Z-isomer.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P67752A02024*

(f ) The compound alpha-farnesene, C15H24 , is a structural isomer of beta-farnesene.

The structural formula of alpha-farnesene is
(CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2CH=C(CH3)CH=CH2
(i) State what is meant by the term structural isomers.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the number of geometric isomers of alpha-farnesene.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the diagram to show another structural isomer of C15H24 .

(1)


*P67752A02124*
21

BLANK PAGE
22
*P67752A02224*

BLANK PAGE

*P67752A02324*
23

24
*P67752A02424*
January 2021
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Subsidiary Level
Paper 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We
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www.pearson.com/uk
January 2021
 All candidates must receive the same

treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in
exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates
must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme
not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application
of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the
candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
Section A

number
1 1
The only correct answer is B (C3H8)
A is incorrect because the empirical formula is CH2
C is incorrect because the empirical formula is C2H5
D is incorrect because the empirical formula is CH2

number
2 1
The only correct answer is C (BH3)
A is incorrect because there are 1.51  1023 atoms
B is incorrect because there are 4.52  1023 atoms
D is incorrect because there are 7.53  1023 atoms

number
3 The only correct answer is A (0.1 g dm3 HCl)
1
B is incorrect because HCl has a higher concentration of chloride ions

C is incorrect because HCl has a higher concentration of chloride ions
D is incorrect because HCl has a higher concentration of chloride ions
number
4 The only correct answer is D (CaCO3 + 2NaCl  CaCl2 + Na2CO3)
1
A is incorrect because there are no waste products

B is incorrect because H2 has a lower Mr than Na2CO3
C is incorrect because the combined Mr of H2O and CO2 is lower than Na2CO3

number
5 The only correct answer is B ( ଵଶସ
1
ହ଴Sn)
ଵଵହ
A is incorrect because ସଽIn has 66 neutrons
ଵଶଷ
C is incorrect because ହଵSb has 72neutrons
ଵଶସ
D is incorrect because ହଶTe has 72neutrons

number
6 The only correct answer is B (1s22s22p63s23p6)
1
A is incorrect because this is the electronic configuration of an s-block element

C is incorrect because this could not be the electronic configuration of the ion of a p-block element
D is incorrect because this could not be the electronic configuration of the ion of a Period 3 element
number
7 The only correct answer is C (carbon)
1
A is incorrect because Al is in Period 3

B is incorrect because the element with the highest melting temperature is in Group 4
D is incorrect because Si is in Period 3

number
8 The only correct answer is C (Hg(l))
1
A is incorrect because simple molecules do not conduct electricity

B is incorrect because simple molecules do not conduct electricity
D is incorrect because ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as solids

number
9 The only correct answer is A (N3)
1
B is incorrect because F has more protons than N3 so greater nuclear attraction on the outer electrons
C is incorrect because Na+ has more protons than N3 so greater nuclear attraction on the outer electrons
D is incorrect because Al3+ has more protons than N3 so greater nuclear attraction on the outer electrons
number
10 The only correct answer is D (Ca2+)
1
A is incorrect because anions do not polarise cations

B is incorrect because anions do not polarise cations
C is incorrect because K+ has a smaller charge and a greater ionic radius

number
11 The only correct answer is A (C60 fullerene)
1
B is incorrect because the structure of diamond is formed by a giant lattice of carbon atoms
C is incorrect because the structure of graphene is formed by a giant lattice of carbon atoms
D is incorrect because the structure of graphite is formed by a giant lattice of carbon atoms

number
12 The only correct answer is A (HF)
1
B is incorrect because there is a relatively small difference in electronegativity between oxygen and fluorine
C is incorrect because BF3 is a non-polar molecule
D is incorrect because CF4 is a non-polar molecule
number
13 The only correct answer is B (corrosive)
1
A is incorrect because this is a precaution and not a hazard

C is incorrect because this is a precaution and not a hazard
D is incorrect because this is not the symbol for oxidising

number
14 The only correct answer is C (3,4,6-trimethyloctane)
1
A is incorrect because the longest chain of carbon atoms is not seven

B is incorrect because the longest chain of carbon atoms is not seven
D is incorrect because the sum of the locant numbers is not the lowest

number
15 The only correct answer is A (burn to produce greenhouse gases)
1
B is incorrect because they are not all carbon neutral

C is incorrect because they are not all sustainable
D is incorrect because they do not all biodegrade rapidly
number
16(a) The only correct answer is D (C5H10 + Br2  C5H9Br + HBr)
1
A is incorrect because C5H8 is the formula of cyclopentene and the reaction is not addition
B is incorrect because the reaction is not addition and this product is not formed
C is incorrect because these products are not formed

number
16(b) The only correct answer is A (only the initiation step involves homolytic bond fission)
1
B is incorrect because not all of the bromine is converted to radicals in the initiation step
C is incorrect because many more propagation than termination reactions occur
D is incorrect because additional substitution products are likely to form

number
16(c) The only correct answer is D (H●)
1
A is incorrect because C5H9● radicals form in propagation reactions

B is incorrect because Br● radicals form in propagation reactions
C is incorrect because C5H8Br● radicals may form in secondary propagation reactions
number
16(d) 1
The only correct answer is C ( )

A is incorrect because the molecule does not contain 10 carbon atoms
B is incorrect because the molecule does not contain 10 carbon atoms
D is incorrect because the molecule does not contain 18 hydrogen atoms

number
17 The only correct answer is B (exporting polymer waste)
1
A is incorrect because biodegradable polymers are broken down by microorganisms

C is incorrect because this removes harmful pollution
D is incorrect because this saves energy and conserves non-renewable resources
Section B
Question
Number
18(a) A completed diagram showing: 2
 correctly labelled subshells (1) Allow p subshell labelled as orbitals eg 2px, 2py, 2pz
Ignore specified number of electrons, even if incorrect eg
3p5
 correctly filled boxes/orbitals (1)
Allow paired 3p electrons in any 3p orbital
Allow unpaired 3p electrons as spin down
Allow half-headed arrows
Do not award vertical lines for arrows
Do not award paired electrons with parallel spin
Example of completed diagram:
Question
Number
18(b) Example of equation: 2
S(g)  S+(g) + e()

or
S(g)  e()  S+(g)
 species and balancing (1) Do not award multiples
M2 dependent on S/S8 on one side of equation and charged

S+/S8+/S−/S8− on the other (does not need to be balanced)
 correct state symbols (1) Ignore (g) state symbol on electron
S(g) + e(−)  S+(g) + 2e(−) scores (1)

Question
Number
18(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: 3
 outermost electrons in same subshell / (quantum) shell Accept similar/same (electron) shielding
(1) Allow same number of shells
Allow correct reference to full or partial electronic
configurations for two/three elements
Do not award incorrect electronic configurations
Accept Cl has the greatest nuclear charge

 Cl contains the greatest number of protons / more Ignore Cl has the greatest nuclear attraction
protons than S (1) Ignore Cl has the greatest atomic number
Do not award just Cl has the greatest charge
Do not award S has the smallest nuclear charge
Allow Cl has the smallest atomic radius / smaller
atomic radius than S
Do not award S had the greatest atomic radius
Do not award same/similar atomic radius
Do not award outer electron same/similar distance
from nucleus
Do not award ionic/molecular radius
There must be a mention of p (orbital)

 repulsion between (paired) electrons in (3)p orbital in S Allow subshell for orbital
(1) Do not award shell for orbital
Allow spin-spin repulsion in p orbital/subshell
Allow correct reference to stable half-full p subshell:
eg stable half-full p subshell in P
eg removing electron from S gives stable half-full p
subshell
Do not award reference to bonding electrons
Question
Number
18(d)(i) Penalise use of species/particles/molecules for atoms once only 2
 (atoms with the) same number of protons Allow same atomic number
(1) Allow amount for number
Ignore atoms of the same element
Ignore electrons
Ignore different mass number

 (and) different number of neutrons (1) Do not award different number of electrons
Question
Number
18(d)(ii) Example of calculation: 2
 Expression for relative atomic mass (1) (Ar =) 32 × 94.88 + 33 × 0.83 + 34 × 4.27 + 36 × 0.02
100
(Ar =) 32.09
 Calculation and answer to two decimal places
TE on transcription errors only (ie no TE on incorrect
(1)
expression)
Ignore units of amu / g / g mol–1
Do not award any other unit
32.09 scores (2) provided there is evidence of all four isotopes

having been used in the calculation

33.75 scores (0)
Question
Number
18(e)(i)  256 = 8 (atoms) Allow working shown on mass spectrum 1
32 Ignore calculations involving the Avogadro constant, even if
incorrect
Do not award just 8 (with no working)
Question
Number
18(e)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following Penalise isotopes other than 32S once only 2
points:
eg S2 / S—S
Allow SS / S,S
 (species containing) two sulfur atoms (1)
Ignore incorrect charge, including negative charge
M2 dependent on an ion containing sulfur only

 (ion with) 1+ charge (1)
S2+ / [S—S]+ / SS+ / S,S+ scores (2)
S42+ / [S2—S2]2+ / S2S22+ / S2+S2+ / S2+,S2+ scores (1)

Question
Number
19(a) A completed table showing: Mark all points independently 3
Number of bond pairs around N atom 3

 correct number of bond pairs and lone pairs (1)
Number of lone pairs around N atom 1
 correct ClNCl bond angle (1) 107()

ClNCl bond angle
Allow 106()  108()
(Trigonal) pyramidal
 correct name of shape (1) Allow pyramid
Name of shape of molecule Ignore tetrahedral
Do not award
bipyramidal
Question
Number
19(b)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
Ignore reference to solid/liquid
Allow strong ionic bonds / strong ionic lattice

 strong(er) (electrostatic) attraction between ions (in PCl5) (1)
Allow strong attraction between positive and
negative charges
Allow strong attraction between cations and
anions / PCl4+ and PCl6–
Ignore just PCl5 is (giant) ionic
Do not award reference to PCl5 molecules/
intermolecular forces
Do not award reference to breaking of covalent
bonds
 (than) weak intermolecular forces (in SbCl5) (1) Accept just London/van der Waals/dispersion/
temporary-induced dipole/instantaneous-
induced dipole forces
Ignore just SbCl5 is (simple) molecular
Do not award reference to breaking of
covalent/ionic bonds
Ionic bonding is stronger than intermolecular

forces scores (2)
Question
Number
19(b)(ii) Dot-and-cross diagram showing the following: Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
Example of dot-and-cross diagram:
 central Sb with five bond pairs and no lone pairs (1)
 five Cl atoms each with one bond pair and three lone pairs (1) TE on M1 for three or four Cl atoms
Allow any combination of crosses and

dots
Allow circles to indicate outer shells

Ignore inner shells
Ignore lines showing the covalent bonds
Question
Number
19(c)(i) For credit to be awarded, it must be clear that: 1
 suitable description of a dative covalent i) a pair of / two electrons are involved
bond ii) these electrons are shared/bonding
iii) these electrons come from the same atom
eg shared electrons in which both electrons come from the same

atom
eg lone pair/full orbital from one atom overlaps with empty

orbital of another
Allow element for atom

Allow just both electrons in the bond come from the same
element
Allow one element donates/gives/shares both electrons to the
bond
Allow one atom shares both electrons
Do not award just one atom donates/gives both electrons (or any
reference to ions being formed)
Do not award ion/molecule/species for atom
Question
Number
19(c)(ii) 1
 two correct dative covalent bonds shown as arrows
Ignore lone pairs shown on Cl

Do not award dative bonds from any other Cl atoms
Question
Number
19(d) An answer that makes reference to one of the following Accept reverse arguments 1
points:
Allow no d orbitals as only two (quantum) shells
Allow no d orbitals (accessible)
 no 2d orbitals
Allow (nitrogen) cannot have more than eight electrons
or
in its outer shell
(nitrogen) cannot expand its octet
Ignore just cannot expand its outer/valence shell
Ignore just nitrogen obeys the octet rule
or
Ignore just (nitrogen has a) very small/smallest atomic
 (nitrogen is) too small (to bond to 5 atoms) radius
Ignore Cl atoms too large
Ignore nitrogen has fewest/only two shells
or
Ignore just repulsion between electron pairs

 repulsion between electron pairs would be too great Ignore repulsion between Cl atoms
Ignore not enough room for 5 electron pairs
Question
Number
20(a) Example of equation: 2
C3H6(g) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + CO(g) + C(s) + 3H2O(l)

Allow structural, displayed or skeletal formulae
 balanced equation with 1 mol C3H6 and correct products

(1)
Allow H2O(g)
 state symbols (1) Do not award H2O(aq)
M2 dependent on correct species for the incomplete

combustion of any CnH2n / CnH2n+2 hydrocarbon
forming CO2(g), CO(g), C(s) and H2O(l)/(g)
If no other mark awarded, a correctly balanced

equation, with correct state symbols, for the
incomplete combustion of propene scores (1)
eg C3H6(g) + 3O2(g)  3CO(g) + 3H2O(l)/(g)
eg 2C3H6(g) + 7O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 4CO(g) + 6H2O(l)/(g)
Question
Number
20(b) Ignore any reference to breaking of the C=C bond / 2
type of reaction
Ignore any reference to layers / effervescence
Ignore any reference to reaction products /
formation of solids
 both solutions decolourise / turn colourless (1) Ignore turn clear / change colour
 from purple with (potassium) Allow pink for purple or any combination of
manganate((VII))/KMnO4/MnO4 – purple/pink
and
Allow yellow or brown for orange or any
from orange with (aqueous) bromine/Br2 (1)
combination of orange/yellow/brown
Do not award any mention of red (eg red-brown)
If neither M1 nor M2 awarded, either of the

following scores (1):
(potassium) manganate((VII))/KMnO4/MnO4–
decolourises from purple/pink
or
bromine decolourises from orange/yellow/brown
Question
Number
20(c) Example of diagram: 1
 poly(propene) structure containing two repeat units with
extension bonds
Accept CH3 groups on same or opposite sides
Allow head-to-head and tail-to-tail configurations

eg
Allow displayed, structural, skeletal formulae or any

combination of these
Ignore connectivity of vertical C–CH3 bond
Ignore brackets and ‘n’

Question
Number
20(d)(i) Example of correct diagram: 1
 correct dipole
Allow correct indication of net dipole moment:
Ignore horizontal arrow from Br to Cl, on or above the

bond
Ignore bond pair electrons on diagram
Ignore lone pairs on Br/Cl
Ignore electron density map
Ignore double-headed curly arrow from bond to Cl
Do not award full charges
Question
Number
20(d)(ii) A mechanism showing: Example of mechanism: 3
Allow displayed, structural, skeletal formulae or

any combination of these
Penalise incorrect propene structure once only
Penalise half-headed curly arrows once only

 curly arrow from C=C bond to (δ+)halogen
and
curly arrow from BrCl bond to (δ)halogen or just beyond
(1) Allow primary carbocation for mechanism
involving ethene only
 secondary carbocation (1)
Allow curly arrow from lone pair to positive
 (+)
curly arrow from lone pair on halide ion to C charge
and Do not award δ– on halide ion
correct product (1)
Question
Number
20(e) A mechanism showing: Example of correct mechanism: 3
 curly arrow from C=C bond to H+ (1) Do not award any additional curly arrows from/to/on
propene/H+
 curly arrow from lone pair on water to C+ (1)
Allow curly arrow from lone pair to positive charge
Do not award any additional curly arrows shown in this step
 correct structure for propan-2-ol

Allow any combination of displayed/structural/skeletal formulae
and
Ignore atom connectivity except displayed C–H–O
H+ (catalyst regenerated) (1) Ignore any additional curly arrows added to the central
intermediate
Question
Number
21(a) Any two from the following: Ignore any reference to: 2
carbon chain length
intermolecular forces
melting/boiling temperature
flammability/volatility
liquid/moisturising/softening/lubricating/hydrating
spreads easily/absorbed easily
natural/in human skin
cheap
 chemically stable / inert / does not (easily) oxidise Allow unreactive / not very reactive / long shelf life /
(1) durable / does not breakdown (easily)
Ignore just stable
Ignore transparent/clear
 colourless (1)
 odourless (1)
Allow not harmful / non-hazardous / non-corrosive
 non-toxic / non-irritant (1) Ignore safe
Allow insoluble
 hydrophobic / immiscible with water (1) Ignore oily
 hypoallergenic (1)
Question
Number
21(b)  C30H62 Accept H62C30 1
Question
Number
21(c)(i)  nickel Accept palladium or platinum 1
Allow correct symbol
Question
Number
21(c)(ii) Example of calculation: 1
-5
 0.00001 / (1 ×) 10 (g)
mass = 50 × 0.2 = 0.00001 (g)
106
Do not award incorrect unit
Accept 10 g / 0.01 mg
Allow answer as fraction

eg 1 (g)
105
Ignore SF
Question
Number
21(c)(iii) Example of calculation: 4
 conversion of temperature to K (1) T = 200 + 273 (= 473 K)
n = pV
 rearrangement of ideal gas equation (1)
RT
or
n = 4.0 × 105 × 500

8.31 × 473
 evaluation to give moles of hydrogen (1) n(H2) = 50882.429

TE on temperature
M3 dependent on correct use of ideal gas equation
n(H2) : n(squalene)
 evaluation of mole ratio 50882 : 8500
6:1
and
number of C=C bonds per molecule of squalene (1) 6 ( C=C bonds per molecule)
TE on n(H2) provided n(H2) > than 8500 and answer is
rounded to nearest integer
6 ( C=C bonds per molecule) with no working scores

(1)
2 ( C=C bonds per molecule) from use of 24 dm3

mol−1 as molar gas volume scores (2)
Alternative route to M2, M3 and M4
21(c)(iii) Example of calculation:
cont  rearrangement of ideal gas equation (1)
V = nRT
p
or
V = 8500 × 8.31 × 473

4.0 × 105
 evaluation to give volume of squalene (1)
V(squalene) = 83.52589 (m3)
TE on temperature
M3 dependent on correct use of ideal gas equation
 evaluation of volume ratio
V(H2) : V(squalene)
500 : 83.52589
and
6:1
number of C=C bonds per molecule of squalene (1) 6 ( C=C bonds per molecule)
TE on V(squalene) provided V(squalene) < 500 (m3)
and answer is rounded to nearest integer
Question
Number
21(c)(iv) 1
 C30H50 + 6H2  C30H62 Ignore state symbols
TE on (c)(iii) for any CnH2n+2 product formula where 24 ≤ n ≤ 30
If the number of C=C bonds is not stated in (c)(iii) then award (1) for an equation of the
form:
CnH2n-2y+2 + yH2  CnH2n+2
Where 24 ≤ n ≤ 30 and 1 ≤ y ≤ 14
Question
Number
21(d)(i)  (fractional) distillation Ignore solvent extraction 1
Ignore filtration as part of the separation process
Do not award just filtration
Do not award chromatography
Question
Number
21(d)(ii) Example of calculation: 2
 calculation of mass of squalene in 2.8 million dm3 mass = 2.8  109  0.86 = 2.408  109 (g)
or or
volume = 300 = 348.8372 (cm3)
calculation of volume of squalene per shark (1)
0.86
 calculation of number of sharks required (1) 2.408  109 = 8.0267  106 = 8026666.667 / 8.0  106
300
TE on mass
or
2.8  109 = 8.0267  106 = 8026666.667 / 8.0  106
348.8372
TE on volume
Ignore SF
Penalise incorrect rounding once only
Question
Number
21(d)(iii) Ignore SF and do not penalise correct premature 3
rounding
Penalise incorrect rounding once only
Penalise incorrect units in final answer only
Method 1
 calculation of mass of corn starch required (1) mass = 2500 × 100 = 10869.57 (tonnes)
23
Allow conversion of mass of corn starch to kg / g
 calculation of required land area in hectares (1)
land area = 10869.57  0.093 = 1010.87 (hectares)
2
 conversion of land area from hectares to km (1)
land area = 1010.87  0.01 = 10.1087 = 10 (km2)
Method 2
 conversion of land area from hectares to km2 (1)
0.093  0.01 = 0.00093 / 9.3  10−4 (km2)
 calculation of required land area in km2 to produce

land area = 0.00093  2500 = 2.325 km2
2500 tonnes of corn starch (1)
Allow conversion of mass of corn starch to kg / g
 calculation of required land area in km2 to produce

2500 tonnes of squalene (1) land area = 2.325 × 100 = 10.1087 = 10 (km2)
23
21(d)(iii) Method 3
cont
 calculation of required land area in hectares to land area = 2500  0.093 = 232.5 (hectares)
produce 2500 tonnes of corn starch (1) Allow conversion of mass of corn starch to kg / g
 calculation of required land area in hectares to

land area = 232.5 × 100 = 1010.87 (hectares)
produce 2500 tonnes of squalene (1)
23
 conversion of land area from hectares to km2 (1)

land area = 1010.87  0.01 = 10.1087 = 10 (km2)
If no other mark awarded, 1 tonne corn starch yields

230 kg squalane scores (1)
Question
Number
21(e)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
 restricted rotation about/around C=C (1) Accept pi-bond for C=C

Allow just double bond for C=C
Allow limited/no rotation about/around C=C
Allow C=C restricts rotation
Allow C=C cannot rotate
Ignore just restricted rotation
Do not award molecule cannot rotate
 (only) central C=C has two different groups attached to Accept C=C from 6th carbon/6-ene for central C=C
each carbon of the C=C (1) Allow (only) central C=C has four different groups
Allow indication of central C=C on diagram
Do not award if any other C=C bond identified as
E/Z
Question
Number
21(e)(ii) Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
 skeletal formula of Z-isomer (1) Examples of correct structure:
or
Ignore labelling of C=C bonds as E/Z

Ignore any other type of formula
Allow lowest priority groups on same side

 (Z isomer has highest) priority groups on same side
Allow identification of (highest) priority groups on
(of C=C) (1)
diagram
Allow ranking for priority
Ignore preference for priority
Ignore reference to mass/size of groups
Allow top/bottom for same
Ignore any reference to cis/trans
Question
Number
21(f)(i) Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
 (compounds with the) same molecular formula (1) Ignore just same formula
Ignore compounds with the same atoms
Do not award same molecule
Do not award same general formula
 different structural formula (1) Allow just different structure

Allow different position of the C=C/double bonds
Allow different displayed/skeletal formulae
Ignore different arrangement of atoms (in space)
Question
Number
21(f)(ii)  four / 4 Ignore E/Z 1
Question
Number
21(f)(iii) Examples of valid structure: 1
 valid structure containing one C=C bond
or
 valid structure containing one bridging carbon-carbon

bond

Unit 1 May19 Till Jan21

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Unit 1 May19 Till Jan21

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Monday 20 May 2019

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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1 Which statement is not true for sodium chloride?

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Covalent bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

A oppositely charged ions

C a shared pair of electrons

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Which pair of ions gives the strongest ionic bonding?

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which statement about subatomic particles is correct?

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which is the equation for the second ionisation energy of an element, A?

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

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(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

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B 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3d1

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 What type of bond breaking occurs in this process?

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

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A potassium manganate(VII) in aqueous acid

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

19 But-2-ene shows geometric isomerism.

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cis / trans E/Z

(Total for Question 19 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 20 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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MgCO3(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) o MgCl2(................ ) + H2O(................ ) + CO2(................ )

(b) A student carried out an investigation to determine the molar volume of

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The student carried out five experiments, adding a different mass of

Mass of Volume of gas

(ii) A student carried out a further experiment using a different mass of

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of acid to completely react with 0.25 g of magnesium carbonate.

MgCO3 + 2HCl + MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

(Total for Question 21 = 14 marks)

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