LIPID METABOLISM

GUT
FAT GLUCOS GUT
BIOSYNTHESIS E CATABOLISM
STORAGE
lonyl-C
(LIVER) Cell Membrane
Cytosol
ADIPOCYTE 1.1
.3 4

Ma
3.

oA
FATTY ACID SYNTHASE FAT FATTY ACYL-CoA Acyl-
(2.3.1.86) TRIACYLGLYCEROL ACIDS 6.2.1.3
2.3.1.7
carnitine
Multi-enzyme complex Includes all the enzymes of
oprotein CH2OCOR Carnitine HSCoA
Fatty Acid Synthesis except Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Lip R'CO.OCH
Adrenaline

s
CH2OCOR"
orm Palmitoyl-ACP CH3 [CH Insulin
s to f 2 CH
Carnitine HSCoA
nce
2.3.1.20
2] C
que 8 OS 3.1.1.3
e C L CH2OCOR
3.1.1.28
Acyl-
S
R'CO.OCH carnitine

oA
i CH2OCOR
6

CH2OH quence
p R'CO.OCH Se s
o Diacylglycerol CH2OH

n
CH3CH2CH2.CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCH2CH2CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCH2CH2CO.S-ACPp Diacylglycerol CH3[CH2CH2]nCH2CH2CO.S-CoA
r CH3CH2CH2.CO.S-CoA
Butanoyl-ACP Hexanoyl-ACP ACYL-ACP 3.1.3.4
ACYL-CoA
o
t
3.1.1.34 Butanoyl-CoA
CH2OCOR
e R'CO.OCH
NADP+ NADP+ NADP+ i CH2O-P Ubiquinone
1.3.1.10 1.3.1.101.3.1.10 n Phosphatidate CH2OH 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.2
(UQ)
R'CO.OCH
NADPH+H+ NADPH+H+ NADPH+H+ CH2OH Ubiquinol
2.3.1.15 Monoacyl- (UQH2)
CH2OH
HOCH
2.3.1.51 glycerol
CH2OP CH3[CH2CH2]nCH=CH.CO.S-CoA
CH3CH=CH.CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCH=CHCO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCH=CHCO.S-ACP CH3CH2CH2CH=CH.CO.S-CoA
Butenoyl-ACP Hexenoyl-ACP 3-Enoyl-ACP Glycerol-3-P 3-Enoyl-CoA Butenoyl-CoA
CH2OH
HOCH 3.1.1.23 4.2.1.17
H 2O H2O H2O CH2OP 1.1.1.8 CH2OH 4.2.1.55
L
4.2.1.58 4.2.1.59
CO
CH2OH
Glycerol i H2O
H 2O
p
4.2.1.61 H2O Di-OH- o
acetone-P p
CH3[CH2CH2]nCH(OH)CH2CO.S-ACP RCO-SCoA r CH3[CH2CH2]nCH(OH)CH2.CO.S-CoA
CH3[CH2CH2]nCH(OH)CH2CO.S-ACP o CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.S-CoA
CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.S-ACP 3-OH- (Glycolysis) ACYL-CoA t
3-OH- Hexanoyl-ACP 3-OH-Acyl-ACP RCOO- e 3-OH-Acyl-CoA 3-OH-Butanoyl-CoA
Butanoyl-ACP FATTY i
GLUCOSE 6.2.1.3
ACIDS
n
NAD
+
NADP+ NADP+
NADP+ RCOO- 1.1.2.11 1.1.1.157
1.1.1.100 Ins
1.1.1.100
NADPH+H+ NADPH+H+
1.1.1.100
FATTY ACIDS NADH+H+
NADPH+H+ ulin 3.1.1.34
Lipoprotein lipase
CH3COCH2CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCOCH2CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCOCH2CO.S-ACP CH3[CH2CH2]nCOCH2.CO.S-CoA
Lip o protein CH3COCH2CO.S-ACP
Acetoacetyl-ACP 3-Oxo- 3-Oxoacyl-ACP 3-Oxoacyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
Hexanoyl-ACP n
s u li
I

CO2
n

CO2 CO2 2.3.1.16 2.3.1.9

HSACP HSACP 2.3.1.41 HSACP
2.3.1.41 2.3.1.41 GLUCOSE
-OOCCH2CO.SACP
CO2 ACETYL-CoA ATP
CH3CO.SACP
Malonyl-ACP 3.6.1.34
Acetyl-ACP HSCoA
2.3.1.39 CO2 Oxaloacetate
DPH+H + HS.ACP +
NA
Pentose NADPH+H Pyruvate Pyruvate Malate
HSCoA Phosphate 1.1.1.40 ATP+ CO2 Citrate
6.4.1.1
Pathway
NADP
+ NADH+H+
2.3.1.38
-OOCCH2CO.SCoA Committed ADP+Pi Fumarate
HSACP Malonyl-CoA to Lipid Malate Isocitrate
+
Biosynthesis NAD Oxaloacetate UQH2
1.1.1.37 Ubiquinol
+
Insulin NADH+H UQ
ADP+Pi
Adrenaline Oxaloacetate H2O Oxoglutarate Succinate
Citrate 6.4.1.2 CO2 ADP+Pi HSCoA
Acyl-CoA 4.1.3.8 HSCoA 4.1.3.7
Succinyl-CoA
ATP ATP
2.3.1.39
Citrate Citrate Acetyl-CoA CH2COO-
2.3.1.9 ACETYL-CoA
CH3COCH2CO.S-CoA CH3C(OH)CH2COSCoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA CH3COCH2COSCoA 4.1.3.5
3-OH-3-methyl-
Acetoacetyl-CoA 6.4.1.1
glutaryl-CoA
NADPH+H+
4.1.3.5 4.1.3.4
(HMG)
CH2COO- CH2COO-
CH3C(OH)CH2COSCoA CH3C(OH)CH2CH2OH HO CH3COCH3 CH3COCH2COO- CH3CH(OH)CH2COO
4.1.1.4
3-OH-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG) Mevalonate CHOLESTEROL Acetone Acetoacetate 1.1.1.30 3-OH-Butyrate
1.1.1.34
Committed
to Cholesterol Mitochondrial inner membrane

-
Biosynthesis KETONE BODIES
Brain
Skeletal & Heart Muscle Renal Cortex (In starvation)

TCA
Acetoacetyl-CoA Acetoacetate 3-OH-Butyrate
ATP CYCLE Acetyl-CoA
KETONE BODIES

ANABOLISM 8CH3CO.SCoA + 14NADPH +14H++7ATP CH3[CH2CH2]7CO.SCoA+ 14NADP++7HSCoA+ 7ADP+7Pi

Acetyl-CoA Palmitoyl-CoA
+
CATABOLISM CH3[CH CH2] CO.SCoA + 7Ubiquinone + 7H2O + 7NAD++ 7HSCoA 8CH3CO.SCoA +7 Ubiquinol +7NADH +7H
2 7
Palmitoyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
COMPLETE (AEROBIC) OXIDATION OF PALMITOYL CoA
CH3[CH2CH2]7CO.SCoA + 23O2 + ~ (106 ADP + 106Pi) 16CO2 + 119 H2O + HSCoA + ~106ATP

This is a fascinating equation which explains how some animals, such as camels and polar bears can survive in the most adverse environments
They can use fat ,not only as the sole source of energy, but also of water. The killer whale cannot utilise sea-water but creates its own from fat

ENZYMES
1.1.1.8 Glycerol-3- P-dehydrogenase 1.3.1.10 Enoyl-[ACP]-reductase 2.3.1.51 1-Acylglycerol-3-P O-acyl 4.1.3.5 OH-Methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
1.1.1.34 HMG-CoA reductase 1.3.99.2 Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase transferase 4.1.3.7 Citrate synthase
1.1.1.35 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.3.99.3 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3.1.1.3 Triacylglycerol lipase 4.1.3.8
4.2.1.17
ATP Citrate lyase
1.1.1.37 Malatedehydrogenase 2.3.1.7 Carnitine-O-acyltransferase 3.1.1.23 Acylglycerol lipase Enoyl-CoA hydratase
1.1.1.40 Malatedehydrogenase 2.3.1.9 Acetyl-CoA-C-acetyl transferase 3.1.1.28 Acylcarnitine hydrolase 4.2.1.55 3-OH-Butyryl-CoA dehydratase
(oxaloacetate 2.3.1.15 Glycerol-3-P O-ac yl transferase 3.1.1.34 Lipoprotein lipase 4.2.1.58 Crotonyl-[ACP] hydratase
2.3.1.16 Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 3.1.3.4 Phosphatidate phosphatase 4.2.1.59 3-OH-octanoyl-[ACP] dehydratase
1.1.1.100 3-Oxoacyl-[ACP] 4.2.1.61 3-OH-Palmitoyl-[ACP] dehydratase
1.1.1.157 3-OH-butyryl-CoA 2.3.1.20 DiacylglycerolO-acyltransferase 4.1.1.4 Acetoacetate decarboxylase
2.3.1.38 [ACP] S-acy l transferase 4.1.1.9 Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase 6.2.1.3 Long-chain-fatty.-acid-CoA ligase
1.1.1.211 Long-chain 3-OH-acyl-CoA 6.4.1.1 Pyruvate carboxylase
1.2.4.1 Pyruvatedehydrogenase 2.3.1.39 [ACP] S-malonyl transferase 4.1.3.4 OH-Methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
6.4.1.2 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase