RESTRICTIVE AND

NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES
 A restrictive clause contains information

wthiec hm ies aneicnegs isnatreyn fdoerd t.h

eT hsenret esnhcoeu tldo bde lnivoer
commas before and after the clause.
Examples of restrictive
clauses
1. The government supports people
who are sixty years old and above
through the senior citizens’ discount. 
2. Some senior citizens who are aware
of this program appreciate what the
government is doing for them.
3. The legislator who authored this law
needs to be commended.
More examples
4. Some people who are in excellent
physical condition enjoy brisk walking.
5. The joggers’ path which has been
purposely constructed for them

is lsiunrerdo uwnitdhe da

twtriathct isvhea fdloy wtreeress

a. nd
NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES
 These are clauses that are not really

n e ce s s a r y in th e
g i v a d d i ti o a l in
s e n te n c e . T h e y
fo r m a ti o n . C o m
ju s t are used to set off these
m a s
nonessential elements.
EXAMPLES OF
NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES
1. My pet dog, which is a poodle, got lost.
2. The poodle , which is named Chiquitita,
is almost two years old.
3. Her caretaker, who is responsible for her,
is heart broken.
4. The family, who loves this pet dog, is also
very unhappy over her disappearance.
 Appositives and adjective
clauses
1. Dr. Sevilla, who is a multi-awarded
scientist, has been a Dean in the college of
Science.
2. The articles which he wrote have been
published in several international
journals.
3. His pet project, which is about stem cells,

4.
will
His be presented
research in awhich
studies research
are congress.
truly
significant have earned him the title
Scientist of the Year.
Exercises
State whether the clauses are Restrictive

o r N o nre s t ri c ti v e Put
t he y a ne e d e d .
commas where
1. Jogging which is a strenuous exercise
is only for the fit.
2. Jogging shoes which are part of the
attire have special features.
3. Walking which is a less strenuous exercise
is recommended for the elderly.
4. Staying fit which is essential in
counteracting the effects of aging
should not be taken for granted.
5. Some illnesses which can be alleviated
through exercise are arthritis,
rheumatism, and diabetes.
 APA- American Psychological
 Association
Requires:

1. In-text citations to
acknowledge sources
2. References –include only the sources
used; appears on a separate sheet
at the end of the paper
In-text citations
1. Paraphrased or summarized sources

a . A u o r n a m e
p a re n the s e s ; ex .
a nd d a t e in
(C ru z, 2 0 0 3) b.
Esther Cruz (2003)
notes…(says…,states…,argues…) 
2. Source of a short
quotation a. (Cruz, 2003,
p. 150)

b. Cruz (2003) “…..”(p.150) 

3. Source of a long quotation – put

n a m e , y e a r , mber at the
en d ; ( C r u z ,
a n d p ag e
2 0 0 3, p . 1 5
n u
0 )
References
 Centered without quotation
marks, italics or underlining
 Start each entry on a new line and
double- space all lines; student
papers use the hanging indent style.
 Leave one space after every
end- punctuation mark.
  Alphabetize by the author’s last name. 
 Use last names, first initials, and
middle initials of authors. For two or
more, use the ampersand(&) instead
of and before the last author’s name. 
 Only the first word and proper nouns
in the title begin with a capital letter.
 Drop the words Co., Inc., Publishers
and the like but retain Books or Press.
 For US Publishers, give the city and add the
state for all US cities except Baltimore,
Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York,
Philadelphia, and San Francisco.
 For publishers in other countries, give city
and country spelled out; no country is needed
for the ff.: Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London,
Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm,
Tokyo, and Vienna.
Citations for books
 Four main parts: author, date, title,
publication information
 Book with one author
Ex. Cruz, E. (2003). Interactive technical
writing. Manila, Philippines:UST
Publishing House.
 Book with 2 authors:

 Villamarzo, P., & Relis, J. (2003).

Functional oral communication.
Manila, Philippines: UST Publishing
House.
 Three or more authors – include all the
authors; more than six, use et al.
ex. Firme, L., Vizconde, C., Dayao, H.,
 Villamarzo, P., & Panerio, C.
(2009). English.com. Quezon
City, Philippines: Abiva.
 For corporate authors
Ex. Boston Women’s Health Collective.
(2008). Our bodies, ourselves for
the new century. New
York: Simon & Schuster.
 Book with an author and an editor
Foley, J. (2008). Teaching
strategies
(R. Nunan, Ed.). New
York: Norton.
 Unpublished dissertation
Byers, M. (2002). Buffy the Vampire
Slayer: The Insurgence of television
as a performance text. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University
of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 Signed article in a daily newspaper

Evangelista, P. (2008,November 20).

The day the young were explored.
The Philippine Daily Inquirer, p.5A.


 Article
Tyson, in
P.a(2007).
journalThe
withpsychology
continuous of 
pagination

women. Journal of the American 

Psychoanalytic Association , 46,  361-

364.
  Article in a journal that pages each
issue separately
 Adler-Kassner, L. & Estrem, H. (2003).
Rethinking research writing: Public
literacy in the composition class-
room. WPA: Writing Program 
 Administration, 26(  3), 119-131.
 Electronic sources
Society for Technical Communication.
(2008).
29,2008,Retrieved October
from http://www.stc.org 
http://www.stc.org
 From a database
Goldbort, R. C. (2005, August). Scientific

wJoruitrinnagl aosf aEnn vairrot 3(  7),

namnde natsa al
Hsecaieltnhc,e 6.
pp. 22-25. Retrieved October 18,2008, from
Expanded Academic ASAP database.