General Physics Laboratory Report

EXPERIMENT

DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION WITH A

REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

Class: PH1007 / Group: CC06 / Team: 3A Lecturer’ s comment

Full name:

1) Trần Phạm Minh Đăng

2) Bùi Ngọc Đức Anh

3) Đào Châu Gia Bảo

4) Nguyễn Việt Thắng

5) Nguyễn Lê Thanh Phúc

I. Aims/Purposes:

- Determine the gravitational acceleration by a reversible pendulum.

- Be familiar with the current meter MC - 963A.

II. Method, Equipment and Procedure:

Method:

Determine the oscillation period of a reversible pendulum to calculate the

gravitational acceleration by the gravitational acceleration equation.

Equipment:

- Physical pendulum.

- MC - 963A meter.

- Optical infrared port.

- Pendulum suspension.
 - Ruler 1000mm.

- Calliper 0 – 150 mm with the accuracy of 0.1 mm or 0.05 mm.

- Paper 120 x 80 mm.

Procedure:

- Turn on the weighted C closed to the weights 4. Use the caliper to measure the
distance x0 between them. Record the value x0 in table 1. Place the pendulum on the
rack in the forward direction, measure the time oscillation periods and record in
Table 1.

- Reverse the pendulum, and measure the time oscillation period, record the results
in Table 1.

- Set the location weighted C to weights 4 away a distance x' = x0 + 40mm, (using
callipers to check). Measure the period of normal cycle and reverse cycle with this
position, record the results in Table 1.

- Performance measurement results on the graph.

- Use callipers to place the weighted C on the right position x1. Measure 50𝑇1 and
50𝑇2 . Record results in table 1.

- Adjust the weighted C to the right position.

- When the best location of weighted C has been identified, measured each direction
3-5 times to get random error, record results in Table 2.

- Use a ruler (1000 mm) to measure the distance L between the two blades O1, O2.
Record in Table 1.

- Turn off the MC - 963 meter and unplug it.

III. Equations:

4𝜋 2 . (𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 ) . (𝑳𝟏 − 𝑳𝟐 )
𝑔 =
𝑻𝟏 2 𝑳𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝟐 𝑳𝟐
1 ̅̅̅
(50𝑇 ̅̅̅
1 +50𝑇 2)
̅=
T .
50 2
 4𝜋2 𝐿
- The gravitational acceleration: 𝑔 =
𝑇2

(With: L is the distance between two horizontal axes, T is the period of the pendulum)

∆𝑔 ∆𝜋 ∆𝐿 ∆𝑇
- The relative error of g: 𝛿= =2× + ̅
+2× ̅
g̅ 𝜋 L T

Experimental Data:

III.1 Table 1:

Weighted position (mm) 50T1 (s) 50T2 (s)

x0 = 0 mm 83.35 83.77

x0 + 40 = 40 mm 84.19 84.07

x1 = 30.02 mm 84.04 84.02

III.2 Raw data:

 III.3 Table 2: At the best position 𝑥1 ′, physical pendulum becomes 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇 :

Data 50T1 (s) Δ (50T1) 50T2 (s) Δ (50T2)

1 84.04 0.007 84.02 0.003

2 84.05 0.003 84.01 0.007

3 84.05 0.003 84.02 0.003

Avg 84.047 0.004 84.017 0.004

50𝑇11 + 50𝑇12 + 50𝑇13 84.04 + 84.05 + 84.05

̅̅̅̅̅̅
50𝑇1 = = = 84.047 (𝑠)
3 3
̅̅̅̅̅̅1 − (50𝑇11 ) | = |84.047 - 84.04| = 0.007 (s)
𝛥50𝑇11 = |50𝑇

̅̅̅̅̅̅1 - (50𝑇12 ) | = |84.047 - 84.05| = 0.003 (s)

𝛥50𝑇12 = |50𝑇

̅̅̅̅̅̅1 - (50𝑇13 ) | = |84.047 - 84.05| = 0.003 (s)

𝛥50𝑇13 = |50𝑇
𝛥50𝑇11 + 𝛥50𝑇12 + 𝛥50𝑇13 0.007 + 0.003 + 0.003
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∆50𝑇1 = = = 0.004 (s)
3 3

̅̅̅̅̅̅2 = 50𝑇21 + 50𝑇22 + 50𝑇23 = 84.02 + 84.01 + 84.02 = 84.017 (𝑠)

50𝑇
3 3

̅̅̅̅̅̅2 - (50𝑇21 ) | = |84.017 - 84.02| = 0.003 (s)

𝛥50𝑇21 = |50𝑇

̅̅̅̅̅̅2 - (50𝑇22 ) | = |84.017 - 84.01| = 0.007 (s)

𝛥50𝑇22 = |50𝑇

̅̅̅̅̅̅2 - (50𝑇23 ) | = |84.017 - 84.02| = 0.003 (s)

𝛥50𝑇23 = |50𝑇
𝛥50𝑇21 + 𝛥50𝑇22 + 𝛥50𝑇23 0.003 + 0.007 + 0.003
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∆50𝑇2 = = = 0.004 (s)
3 3

IV. Calculations:

Delta system of timer: 0.01(s)

Delta system of vernier caliper: 0.02(mm)

L = 700 ± 1(mm)

IV.1 Determine the oscillation period of the reversible pendulum:

❖ Calculate the mean period T of the reversible pendulum from the values in table 2:

̅1 + 50T
1 (50T ̅2 ) 1 (84.047 + 84.017)
̅=
T . = . = 1.681 (𝑠)
50 2 50 2

❖ Random error of T:

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅1 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 (∆50𝑇 ∆50𝑇2 ) 1 (0.004 + 0.004)
̅̅̅̅
∆T = . = . = 0.00008 (𝑠)
50 2 50 2

❖ Systematic error of T:

0.01
∆𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑠 = = 0.0002(𝑠)
50

❖ Absolute error of T:

̅̅̅̅ = 0.0002 + 0.00008 = 0.00028 (𝑠)

∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑇

IV.2 Calculate the gravitational acceleration:

π = 3.14 and ∆π = 0.005

❖ Calculate the mean value of gravitational acceleration:

4𝜋 2 L̅ 4 × (3.14)2 × 0.7 𝑚
g̅ = = = 9.770 ( )
̅2
T 1.6812 𝑠2

❖ Calculate the relative error of g:

∆𝑔 ∆𝜋 ∆𝐿 ∆𝑇 0.005 0.001 0.00028

𝛿= =2× + ̅
+2× ̅
=2× + +2× = 0.0049
g̅ 𝜋 L T 3.14 0.7 1.681

𝑚
⇒ ∆𝑔 = 𝛿 . g̅ = 0.0049 × 9.770 = 0.048 ( 2)
𝑠

V. Conclusions:
𝒎
𝒈 = g̅ ± ∆𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖 ( 𝟐 )
𝒔