UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(UniKL MIMET)

ASSIGNMENT 1

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS CAD/CAM AND CNC TO MARINE INDUSTRIES

NAME : AMIRUL FAZREEN BIN MAZLAN (56267112190)

SUBJECT : CAM TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE : LNB 40102

LECTURER NAME : MR ASMAWI ISMAIL

DUE DATE : 11/2/2015
ABSTRACT

We were assigned by Mr. Asmawi Ismail to do a research about the CAD/CAM and CNC are
related to the marine industry. Nowadays, many types of technology is growing parallel to our demand in
marine industry. Hence, they are many types of technology, machine and software was invented. Some of
them are very useful and gives a lot of benefits to the industry such as CAD/CAM and CNC technology.
It was built to avoid human error while manufacturing and to save a time and cost. Based on our
assignment we need to find and achieve those objective such as:

 Students are able to differentiate between CAD/CAM and CNC technology.

 Students are able to know the advantages and disadvantages of the technology.

 Students are able to know the process of the technology works.

 Students are able to know the relation of this technology to the marine industry.

 Students can conclude about CAD/CAM and CNC technology.

INTRODUCTION

Computer-aided design (CAD) involves creating computer models defined by

geometrical parameters. These models typically appear on a computer monitor as a three-
dimensional representation of a part or a system of parts, which can be readily altered by
changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to view objects under a wide
variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating real-world conditions.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses geometrical design data to control

automated machinery. CAM systems are associated with computer numerical control (CNC) or
direct numerical control (DNC) systems. These systems differ from older forms of numerical
control (NC) in that geometrical data are encoded mechanically. Since both CAD and CAM use
computer-based methods for encoding geometrical data, it is possible for the processes of design
and manufacture to be highly integrated. Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems are
commonly referred to as CAD/CAM.

Using CAD, it is possible to simulate in three dimensions the movement of a part through
a production process. This process can simulate feed rates, angles and speeds of machine tools,
the position of part-holding clamps, as well as range and other constraints limiting the operations
of a machine. The continuing development of the simulation of various manufacturing processes
is one of the key means by which CAD and CAM systems are becoming increasingly integrated.
CAD/CAM systems also facilitate communication among those involved in design,
manufacturing, and other processes. This is of particular importance when one firm contracts
another to either design or produce a component.
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is an application technology that uses computer

software and machinery to facilitate and automate manufacturing processes. CAM is the
successor of computer-aided engineering (CAE) and is often used in tandem with computer-
aided design (CAD). 

In addition to materials requirements, modern CAM systems include real-time controls and
robotics.

CAM reduces waste and energy for enhanced manufacturing and production efficiency via
increased production speeds, raw material consistency and more precise tooling accuracy.

CAM uses computer-driven manufacturing processes for additional automation of management,

material tracking, planning and transportation. CAM also implements advanced productivity
tools like simulation and optimization to leverage professional skills. 

Depending on enterprise solution and manufacturer, CAM may present inadequacies in the
following areas:

 Manufacturing process and usage complexity

 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and modern enterprise integration

 Machine process automation

Modern CAM solutions are scalable and range from discrete systems to multi-CAD 3D
integration. CAM is often linked with CAD for more enhanced and streamlined manufacturing,
efficient design and superior machinery automation.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations.

Computer-aided design is used in many fields. Its use in designing electronic systems is
known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical
design automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of
creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software.

CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the
objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall
appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual
drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information,
such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific
conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
 CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including
automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design,
prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special
effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation.
The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo
dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its
enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in
computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete
differential geometry.

The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called
computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).

Benefits in manufacturing: the benefits of computer aided design can be used as a basis
for a number of downstream manufacturing operations. Some of the manufacturing benefits are:

 Tool and fixture design for manufacturing

 Computer aided process planning

 Computer aided inspection

 Preparation of numerical control programs for manufacturing of components on

computer numerical control machine.

 Preparation of assembly lists and bill of materials for production

 Coding and classification of components

 Production planning and control

 Assembly sequence planning

Reasons for implementing CAD:

a) To increase the productivity of the designer: CAD helps the designer to visualize the
product and its component sub-assemblies and parts. This reduces the time required
to synthesize, analyses and document the design. This productivity improvement
results not only into lower design cost but also into shorter design project completion
times.

b) To improve the quality design: a CAD systems permits a through engineering

analysis within short time using various software and a larger number of design
alternatives can be investigated. Design errors are also reduced by the accuracy built
into the system by means of calculations and checks available with the system. These
factors lead to improvement in the quality and accuracy in the design.

c) To improve communications through documentations: the use of CAD system

provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawings, better
documentation of the design, fewer drawing errors and greater legibility for the
drawing.

d) To create a database for manufacturing: in the process of creating the documentation

for the product design (geometry and dimension of components, bill of materials,
etc.) much of the required database to manufacture is also created which can be
applied for several computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) applications like CNC
programming, programming of robots, process planning and so on.
Advantages:

 Can be easily erased and changed

 Can be zoomed in for more detailed sections

 Can be copied and pasted many times

 Depending on skill, can be neater

 Can be quicker

 Can be sent to elsewhere quickly

 Can be stored in a safe place

 Can be checked for measurements by the computer

 Can easily mass produce identical products

 Can work throughout the night so can produce product 24 hours a day

Disadvantages:

 If computer problem, all data will be lost

 If not checked properly, the object created can go very wrong

 Can be very expensive

 Can be hard to do and handling needs training

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

The method of controlling machines by the application of digital electronic computers

and circuitry. Machine movements that are controlled by cams, gears, levers, or screws in
conventional machines are directed by computers and digital circuitry in computer numerical
control (CNC) machines.

Computer numerical control provides very flexible and versatile control over machine
tools. Most machining operations require that a cutting tool be fed at some speed against a work
piece. In a conventional machine such as a turret lathe, the turning tool is mounted on a slide
with hand-operated in feed and cross feed slides. The operator manually turns a crank that feeds
the cutting tool into the work piece (in feed) to the desired diameter. Another crank then moves
the turning tool along the longitudinal axis of the machine and produces a cylindrical cut along
the work piece. The feed rate of the turning tool is sometimes controlled by selecting feed gears.
These gears move the axis slide at the desired feed. A CNC machine replaces the hand cranks
and feed gears with servomotor systems. See Servomechanism

Computer numerical controls allow the desired cut depths and feed rates to be “dialed in”
rather than controlled by cranks, cams, and gears. This provides precise, repeatable machine
movements that can be programmed for optimal speeds, feeds, and machine cycles. All cutting-
tool applications, whether on a lathe, drill press, or machining center, have optimum speeds and
feeds, which are determined by carefully weighing the economics of tool life, required
production rates, and operator attentiveness. With computer numerical control these parameters
are set once, and then they are repeated precisely for each subsequent machine cycle.

In computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computers are used to assist in programming

CNC machines. In sophisticated CNC manufacturing operations, machined parts are first
designed on computer-aided-design (CAD) equipment. The same electronic drawing is then used
to create the CNC part program automatically. A less advanced version of CAM is the use of
high-level part programming languages to write part programs. See Computer-aided design and
manufacturing

Computer numerical control machines are used mainly when flexibility is required or
variable and complex part geometries must be created. They are used to produce parts in lot sizes
of a few pieces to several thousand. Extremely large manufacturing lot sizes frequently call for
more product-specific machines, which can be optimized for large production runs.
Advantages:

Accuracy

When programmed correctly, CNC machines are usually 100% correct with what they produce.
They:

 produce parts to maximize accuracy

 provide good positional accuracy and repeatability

 Provide a high degree of quality because of their accuracy and their ability to reuse
programs.

Simplicity

CNC machines are not all that difficult to use once you learn how. For example:

 complex jigs and fixtures are not required in all areas

 since fewer jigs are used, the actual storage requirements are reduced

 lower tooling costs since there is less need for complex jigs and fixtures

 once the first piece has passed inspection, minimal inspection is required on subsequent
parts

 Advanced machine control and programming capabilities allow for complex machining
operations to be more easily accomplished.
Time

Using CNC machines effectively reduces the amount of time take to produce furniture items.
CNC machines:

 enable the operator to make changes or improvements with a minimum of delay or

expense
 reduce waste as errors due to operator fatigue, interruptions and other factors are less
likely to occur

 improve production planning as they can often perform work at one setting that would
normally require several conventional machines

 Reduce lead time as a result of lower tooling costs.

Disadvantages

Cost

As with any business, costs are always a factor. CNC machinery:

 costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery

 does not eliminate the need for expensive tools

 Parts (i.e. machines and tooling) are costly and their purchase requires extensive
justification.

 Is expensive to repair.

Errors

CNC machines do not totally eliminate errors. Operators can still push the wrong buttons, make
incorrect alignments and fail to locate parts properly on a jig.
CONCLUSIONS

The use of Computer Aided Manufacturing requires the synchronization of the many
different engineering disciplines that go into a preliminary design of a new product. CAM
enables companies to leverage capital investment CAM allows for cost savings that can be
passed on to the final consumer CAM utilizes human resources more efficiently to minimize
labor costs. This technology was built to avoid human error while manufacturing. It is also can
save a time and cost during manufacturing process. Moreover, our product will produce with
precise dimensions and materials with faster production process. As the technology growing up
time by time, we need to use all this technology to make our manufacturing process become
easier.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design

http://www.journals.elsevier.com/computer-aided-design/

http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/computer-aided-design-cad-and-computer-aided-cam.html