Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
• Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by
landscape designers, combining nature and culture
Design scope
• Landscape design focuses on both the integrated master landscape planning of a property
and the specific garden design of landscape elements within it.
• It is often divided into hardscape design and softscape design.
• Landscape designers often collaborate with related disciplines such as architecture and
geography, soils and civil engineering, surveying, landscape contracting, botany, and artisan
specialties.
DESIGN APPROACH
Factors in designing include objective qualities; such as:
• The climate and microclimates;
• Topography and orientation,
• Site drainage and groundwater recharge;
• Municipal and resource building codes,
• Soils and irrigation,
• Human and vehicular access and circulation,
• Recreational amenities (ie: sports and water),
• Furnishings and lighting,
• Native plant habitat botany when present,
• Property safety and security,
• Construction detailing, and other measurable considerations.
There are innumerable other design factors and considerations brought to the complex process of
designing a landscape that is beautiful, well functioning, and thrives over time.
SITE PLANNING
• Site planning refers to the organizational stage of the landscape design process.
• By determining areas that are poor for development (such as floodplain or steep
slopes) and better for development, the planner or architect can assess optimal
location and design a structure that works within this space.
SITE ANALYSIS
• Site Analysis is an element in site planning and design.
We are able to write manuals on how best to grow orchids but little has been written about the nature of
the physical environment best suited to human culture. The ecological framework best suited for us to
thrive is not fully understood.
Ugliness is the absence of beauty resulting from a sensed lack of unity among the components or the
presence of incongruous elements. Beauty pleases and ugliness tends to disturb. It therefore follows that
a visual harmony of all parts of the landscape is desirable.
• Elimination of incongruous elements usually effects an improvement.
• Introduction of accentuating elements: If elimination can improve a landscape quality it follows that other
elements might be introduced with the same result.
The landscape character of any area may be developed or intensified by eliminating any negative elements
and by accentuating its positive qualities. For this we must not only recognize the essential natural
character of a land area but also posses knowledge that will enable us to achieve the optimum
development of that character.
• Land use as a landscape factor: Very few areas can be reserved in their pristine state or developed solely
for the display of their natural beauty. Land is generally considered in terms of use.
The most important factor in considering the use of land is a thorough understanding of its landscape
character in the broadest sense. The planner must comprehend the physical nature of the site and its
extensional environment before it is possible to:
1. Recognize those uses for which the site is suited and which will utilize its full potential.
2. Introduce into the area only those uses which are appropriate.
3. Apply and develop such uses in studied relationship to the landscape features.
4. Ensure that these applied uses are integrated to produce a modified landscape that is functionally efficient
and visually attractive.
5. Determine whether or not a project is unsuited and would be incongruous not only on the immediate site
but in the surrounding environs as well and thus appear to be misplaced, unfit and ugly. Such an improper
use would be disturbing not only aesthetically but also practically, for an unsuitable use forced upon a
parcel of land generates frictions that may not only destroy the most desirable qualities of the area but
preclude proper function as well.
• Landscape Organization: the untouched landscape is in a repose of equilibrium. It has its own cohesive,
harmonious order in which all forms are an expression of geologic structure, climate, growth, and other
natural forces. As human activity in an area increase , the landscape becomes more and more organized;
agreeably if the organization is one of fitting relationships, disagreeably if the relationships are chaotic or
illogical.
It follows as a guiding principle that to preserve or create a pleasing site all the various elements or parts
must be brought into harmony – does not imply that everything should blend with or get lost in the
landscape through camouflage.
• Contrast: form, color or texture of a handsome object can be emphasized through contrast. E.g. Bridges,
falling waters…
LIMITATIONS
The Earthscape:
From the ice sheathed poles to the blazing deserts; the earthscape varies infinitely. Man has learnt first to
survive and then later to thrive through a process of adaptation. Some of us delude ourselves that we will
finally subject nature to our control and thereby conquer nature.
Major Landscape elements:
There are dominant natural landscape forms, features and forces that we can hardly if at all alter. We must
accept them and adapt ourselves and our planning to them. These include topographical forms like
mountains ranges, river valleys, and coastal plains; such features as precipitation, frost, fog, the water
table, and seasonal temperatures, and such forces as winds, tides, sea and air currents, the process of
growth, solar radiation, and gravity.
These we analyze to the extent necessary to make an accurate assessment of their influence and effects.
Then, if wise, we will shape our plans in full awareness of, and in response to, the constraints and
possibilities.
Such considerations are fundamental to the placing of cities, the zoning of a community, the alignment of
highways, the siting of industries, or the orientation or layout of a single house or garden.
OPORTUNITIES
1.Preservation
2.Accentuation
3.Alteration
4.Destruction.
LAND
• AS HERITAGE: Our ancestors lived off the bounty of the land without causing significant and irreparable
ecological consequences . Will we gift our children the same?
AS RESOURCE:
Land, water, and vegetation are our ultimate resources. Mismanaged, they may be lost to us forever, and
our wealth and wellbeing proportionately diminished.
Soil Bank: The topsoil reservoir is the vital substance that is the basis of all agricultural productivity. It is a
thin layer of weathered rock intermixed with organic matter in depths ranging from a few inches to a few
feet. This rich skim overlaying sub soils and rocks may have taken thousands of years to make. Once lost, it
is gone forever. It has been scooped, dug, hauled and washed and blown away through the rivers and
winds to the seas.
Food: All forms of life derive from the land and its cover of soil. In the chlorophyll of plants Carbon-di-
oxide and moisture are transformed by the energy of the sun into the basic sugars and starches of our
food chain. This chemical miracle happens only when the conditions are right. The resulting forms of life
vary from region to region.
Habitat: All living organisms are interacting and interdependent. All are contributors and have a role in the
biologic scheme of things. Each living organism lays claim to a necessary living space which have changed
when environmental conditions have changed. Initially such territories were spontaneously formed leaving
the earth time to heal between uses for preparation of new and often higher forms of life. Only humans
have seen fit to claim sole rights on land, dividing properties on haphazard and geometric basis without
regard for topographic considerations.
Nature is patient and has immense powers of recuperation and regeneration. We can recreate the
landscape as a more bountiful earthly habitat once we understand the processes and laws of nature and
commit society to a supportive nature –human relationship.
THE ESSENCE OF LAND PLANNING
ACTIONS:
•Clear the land, strip, bury or remove the top soil
•Provide a “workable” land profile (as flat as possible)
•Convey all water to S/W drains or to the edge of the land
•Make a good wide access road
•Give the building a suitable setting with a front setback
•Keep the front setback even- this looks neat!
•Pave courtyards to cut maintenance
•Make lawns
POSSIBILITIES…
If we have to use
earthmovers to create a new
landscape (and sometimes
we must), then let us use
them to create a landscape
of topographical interest
with pleasant, useful forms
of human scale
EARTH FORMS
EARTH FORMS
EARTH FORMS
EARTH FORMS
SLOPE STABILIZATION, RETENTION
SLOPE STABILIZATION, RETENTION
SLOPE RETENTION
SLOPE RETENTION
WATER
WATER: A MULTIFACETED DESIGN TOOL
• Awesome
• Mysterious • Survival
• Calm • Religion
• Cooling
• Health
• Refreshing
• Clean • Entertain-
• Playful ment
• Noisy
WATER SCARCITY & RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL
Major global concern.
PROBLEMS
A third of the world facing the problem.
Mainly due to rapid population growth & deteriorating water quality.
Expected to become a further serious issue.
Effects of climate change & variability & poor management of water resources further
exacerbate the problem.
In arid & semi-arid regions, the problem is accentuated by prolonged droughts and
the process of desertification.
Due to the highly specific characteristics of their climate, cities in these regions will
probably face more major water challenges in the near future.
The UNESCO-IHP has grouped water related environmental problems faced by cities into
the following broad categories:
Access to water and sanitation infrastructure and services
Urban waste water pollution
Resource degradation
Water related hazards
Most developing countries typically face all four problems simultaneously.
URBAN WATER CYCLE AND URBANIZATION
Urbanization causes many changes to the hydrologic cycle, including radiation flux, amounts of
precipitation, evaporation and infiltration and increased runoff. The changes in the rainfall - runoff
components of the hydrologic cycle can be summarized as follows (Marsaek et al., 2006):
Transformation of Import of raw
undeveloped land into urban potable water
Precipitation Evapotranspiration
land (including
transportation corridors).
Urban Land Area
Increased energy release (i.e.
greenhouse gases, waste
heat, and heated surface
runoff).
Increased demand on water Water Urban Wastewater
supply (municipal and supply Drainage collection
industrial).
The overall urban water cycle
is illustrated in fig., showing Leakage
the main components and
pathways.
Water Stormwater Overflow Wastewater
The changes in the water treatment management treatment treatment
budget from
predevelopment to
developed conditions of the
urban water cycle in arid and
semi-arid regions is a
complex process and not Groundwater Surface waters
easy to explain
FIG. URBAN WATER CYCLE –MAIN COMPONENTS & PATHWAYS
SOURCE: Urban Water Cycle: Processes and interactions, by Marsalek et al., IHP-VI, Technical Publications in
Hydrology, No. 78, UNESCO, Paris, 2006.
The process of urbanization often causes changes in groundwater levels
because of a decrease in recharge and increased withdrawal. Three
major conditions disrupt the subsurface hydrologic balance and
produce declines in groundwater levels (Todd and Mays, 2005):
Reduced groundwater recharge due to paved surfaces and storm
water sewers
Increased groundwater discharge by pumping wells
Decreased groundwater recharge due to export of wastewater
collected by sanitary sewers.
Decreased groundwater levels can cause land subsidence.
Groundwater pollution is another consequence of urbanization,
which has been experienced in many arid and semi-arid regions of
the world. Groundwater pumping in many coastal areas in many arid
and semi-arid regions has caused severe saltwater intrusion, making
hitherto potable groundwater, unusable for municipal water
supplies.
• Confine development to uplands.
• Protect wetlands, streams, and
water bodies by leaving
adequate borders of vegetation.
• Preserve and utilize the natural
drainage ways.
• Minimize excavation and grading.
• Preclude soil erosion by
providing sheet flow and well
knit ground covers.
• Detain heavy surface runoff in
swales or ponds to provide
regulated flows, filtering, and
ground water recharge.
• Return to the earth or its
receptor water of quality and
quantity equal to that
withdrawn.
DEVELOPMENT ON WATER FRONT
Avoid the water edge/front ring of roads By expanding the traffic-free lake area to
and buildings that seal off water bodies and include parks, wildlife sanctuary and other
limit their use and enjoyment. public areas (along with the required
private resorts etc.) the enjoyment of the
lake and the value of the real estate
increases.
TREATMENT OF THE WATER EDGE
Natural Bank
Constructed water features are often
inspired by nature
WATER EDGE DETAILING
FUNDAMENTALS TO BE KEPT IN MIND:
• Minimize disruption: Where banks or shores are stable, the less intervention done
the better it is.
• Maintain smooth flows: Avoid the use of elements that obstruct currents or block
the action of waves.
• Slope or armor the banks, if necessary: This will absorb the energy where the
currents are swift or the impact of the waves is heavy.
• Attain access to water: This By use of Ghats ,docks, piers, floats, ramps, etc.
• Avoid jetties:
• Avoid diverting strong currents: The results can be unpredictable and disastrous.
• Design to the worst conditions: Consider recorded water levels and the heights of
wind driven surf.
• Preclude flooding: The floor level of the habitable structures should be above the
100-year-flood level.