Phase and Group Velocities - Ex. 6.

3 Harris
An EM wave used for GPS passes through the ea rth's atmosphere. The index of r~fraction of the
Earth's ionosphere depends 011 the frequency of the radiation passing through it according to:

n(w)= )1-:,
where bis a constant and (1) is angular frequency.

1) Find phase velocity in terms of (1) using n = c/vphaseand given n. 'I

J;~~t}
y
fai
'1 (-- \'--- ~,.

2) Find dispersion relationship (.t)(k), by replacing Vphase in step 1 with f and solving for w.
--~~ \- ·v'I, \).\', ,i-
wJ ~'l\~ -tb
1

\' ' \__ ,,.

'tJl.,..,, 'J ,-
(,.,. \\

w1U - ,. ,. t\~?-
3) Find group velocity in terms of (1) and k using Vgroup = :;. NOTE: You should then replace
the denominator with (1). (Make sure this is valid). i I' 1.il
1 , hv
1
v h

;:: { (c1!<1t~)'- , ::/ ¥,/- [efHo : VJ

4) Get group velocity only as function of (1) by using the dispersion relationship to solve fork,
and plugging this in fork in step 3. V I... -
f ., I\ 2 \ - }If
V, :. "P l
3 '~' !!!.,Jp),~+b
V \

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