N G O N NG0

SOI 2011

VI THE CUA TIENG ANH

TREN THE Gidl VA 6 VIET NAM
GS.TS HOANG VAN VAN
I.Dan luan ^ ,^. r. , \
2. Khii quat ve tinh hinh ph^t
Nhu nhan dl da chi ra, trong bai triln va vj thi cua tiing Anh tren
Viet nay chung toi d\r dinh se thao lu^n thi gidi
v} thi cua tieng Anh tren the %vn va ' ^ ' '•
d Vipt Nam, tft do gpd ra mpt so ham ^ ^ VL<^CA Anh bit dau cac cupc
y cho vipc l$p chinh sach ngo^i ngu vien chinh di xam chilm thupc dja vao
d Vi?t Nam. Chung toi bit dau bing giua thi ki XVI, so ngudi ndi tiing Anh
vi?c trinh bay khai qudt tinh hmh phat ban dja luc do mdi cd khoang 3 tripu [7]
trien va vi the cua tieng Anh hen thi Ay thi nhung chi ban bdn thi ki sau,'
gidl, giai thich t^ sao tiing Anh lai cd ^ <. , ,.x , , . .-
dupcvithlcuamptngdnnlftto^au. 'IT"^ " ° ' ^^^"^ ^"^ ^^^" *^ ^'"^
Hai npi dung nay dugc tilp n6i bing "^^"^ """^^ " ^l^P ^^°- '^heo Ling &
hai myc 4 va 5, d do chung tdi sa trinh Brown [5, 2], tieng Anh dugc sft dyng
bay hipn tr^g, phan tich vj thi hipn "^^ ^^ "8°" ngu chinh thftc va ngdn
t^ va dyr doan trien vgng tuang lai cua ngu ddng chinh thftc trong han 75 qudc
tieng Anh d Vipt Nam. Txemg phan kit gia va virng lanh thd, viM sd lugng ngudi
lu|n, chung tdi sg l§p lu|n rang do nhilu ndi khoang 1,5 - 2,0 ti. Nlu thdng ke
dieu Idpn thuin lgi khac nhau, ca chu ^a sd ngudi hpc tiing Anh nhu la mpt
quan lan khach quan, trong nhung thap • ~ - ^-^ , .^^ x .
nien tilp theo cua thi ki XXI, vj Al T T T " ' ' " ° ' ^'^ ^ ' " ^ ^
cua tiing Anh nhu la ngdn ngft toin ^ ^ ^hd khac thi chung ta se nhan dugc
cau va nhu la ngo^i ngft so mgt d Vipt ^^^ ^°^ ^° **^8 ^ i ^ "g^c: tdng s6
Nam sg khdng thay doi. Day la mgt dhung ngudi ndi tiing Anh nhu la ngdn
thyc tl can phai tinh din trong vipc ngft thft nhit, nhu la ngdn ngu thft hai
ho^ch dinh chinh sdch ngdn ngft ndi va nhu la mgt ngo^i ngu chilm mgt
Chung vachfahs^hng(^ ngft ndi rieng ti Ip khdng dudi 1/3 dan s6 thi gidi
d nuac ta de cd the co dugc mgt chinh , ,
sdch ngo^ ngft hai hda, vfta dap ftng Thdng ke gan day nhit cua Lien
dugc nhftng yeu cau cua hgi nh|p va Hi?P Quoc cho bilt hipn nay khoang
todn cau hda, vira t^o ra s\r can doi vl 85% cac td chftc qudc tl sft dyng tiing
ti Ip va ca cau cdc ngo^i ngft quan trpng Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc, nhilu
d Vipt Nam. hon rit nhilu so vdi cdc t6 chuc Jft dyng
 12
4 ngdn ngft qudc te khac (tieng Nga,
tieng Trung, tieng Phap va tiing Ehic)
dugc the gicM cdn^ nhan cpng lai. Hipn
tai Lien Hipp Qudc cd khoang hem 50
CO quan, hang chyc chucmg trinh hang
tram ca quan chuyen mdn, uy ban khu
vyc, uy ban chftc n^ng, vaftyban thudng
trye sft dyng tieng Anh lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cd vai trd chinh
thftc hoac vai trd lam vipc trong bien
ban cua cac hgi nghi thugng (finh, hgi
nghj va hpi thao qudc te. Hipp hgi cac
nudc Ddng Nam A, Lien minh chau
Au, Td chftc Hipp ude Bdc Dai Tay
Duong, tat ca deu dftng tiing Anh lam
ngdn ngft chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cdn
la ngdn ngu chinh thftc duy nhat cua
Td chftc cac qudc gia xuat khau dau
Ifta, la ngon ngft lam vipc duy nhit cfta
Hipp hgi Thuang mai ty do chau Au
va ciia Dien dan kinh the the gidi. Tham
chi, khi mgt td chftc cd nhilu qudc gia
tham gia va ngudi ta can phai chgn mgt
sd ngdn ngft chung (lingua franca) de
lam vipc thi tieng Anh thudng la sy lya
chpn s6 mpt. Trong nhirng hgi nghj
bao g6m nhimg thanh vien cd %\a{ h ^
trong cdc cudng quoc, gia tq cua tiing
Anh ciing dugc cdng nhan rgng rai hem
cdc ngdn ngft khdc: mdc dft ki yeu cua
cdc hpi nghj do cd thi khdng vilt bing
tieng Anh, nhung khi mu6n thdng bao
ket qua hay nghj quyet ma quan chftc
tham dy cac hpi nghi dd thdng qua de
phyc vy mgt ddi tugng cft tga rpng \cm
han tren toan the %icA thi nhftng thdng
bao ay thudng dugc vilt bdng tieng
Anh. Chi trong khu vyc chau A - Thdi
Bmh Duong ngudi ta da thdng ke dugc
khoang 90% ki ylu cua cac td chuc qudc
tl dugc viet bdng tieng Anh. Cdc nha
khoa h(?c muon quang bd kit qua nghien
cim cua minh tren the gidi ciing phdi
dimg tiing Anh lam phuang tipn (fien
dat.
Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam 2^11
Tiing Anh cdn dugc cac hipp hgi
thi diao qudc tl sft dyng lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc: bit ki mgt sy kipn the thao
ldn nao tft khu vyc din quoc te deu
dimg tiing Anh lam ngdn npft chinh
thirc. Ngoai ra, cdc td chftc qudc te khdc
nhu Hpi Kiln true su va cdc hpi nghj
cua nd, cdc hpi nghi tdn giao, v.v., deu
dftng tiing Anh lam phuang tipn quang
ba nhirng npi dung hodc tu tudng cua
minh. Ngay d chau Au, nai ma ngudi
ta thudng chd dgi rdng nhftng ngdn
ngft khdc tieng Anh se dugc sft dyng
nhieu han, nhung ngudi ta van thay
tieng Anh dugc sft dyng rat rgng rdi.
Theo thdng ke gan day, sd lugng cdc
to chftc d chau Au sft dyng tieng Anh
lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc gap han hai
lan sd lugng cdc to chuc sft dyng tiing
Phdp, hem ba lan sd lugng cdc td chftc
su (iyng tieng Due. Khi cac cdp ngdn
ngft d Cpng ddng chau Au khdng cd
phien djch song ngu thi ngudi ta thudng
phai chgn mgt ngdn ngu trung gian va
ngdn ngft trung gian nay thudng la tiing
Anh. Thi dy, khi mgt ngudi Phan Lan
giao tilp vdi mgt ngudi Hy Lap, thi
ngudi Phan Lan ndi tiing Phan Lan,
ngudi phien dich thu nhat djch sang
tieng Anh va ngudi phien djch thft hai
djch tft tiing Anh sang tiing Hy Lap.
Anh hudng cfta tiing Anh d chau Au
m ^ den mftc ma nhilu trudng d^i
hpc hipn nay sft dyng tiing Anh ldm
phuang tipn gidng day, dac bipt la d
hai bac thae si va tiln si. Tiing Anh
cd m^t va dugc chao ddn mgt each khd
ty nhien d hai cudng quoc ddi trgng
vdi My la Nga vd Trung Quoc.
Theo Crystal [2], d Nga, mgt cudng
qudc dugc cho la tuang ddi bao thu
trong vipc till) nhan tiing Anh', each
day 12 ndm sd lugng ngudi hgc' tiing
Anh nhu la mgt ngoai ngft dd len
den con sd 15 - 20 ftipu (chiem
khodng ban 10 - 12% dan s6); va theo
Vi the...
Honna [7], hdng nam d Trung Quoc cd
khoang 300 tripu ngudi hgc tieng
Anh (chiem khodng 20% dan sd).
Trong khu vyc truyen thdng, de
thdng tin cho the gidi bilt nhung gi
dang xay ra trong nudc, hau het cac
qudc gia deu cd kenh truyen hinh da
ngu, trong do thai gian cua chuang
trinh phat bdng tieng Anh chiem mgt
tl Ip uu the; ca bipt cd mgt sd qudc gia
cdng nghipp phdt trien da ddnh mgt
kenh truyen hinh rieng phdt bdng tieng
Anh, chdng h ^ nhu kerih RT cfta Nga,
kenh NHK cua Nhat Ban, kenh Arirang
cua Han Quoc, kenh Channel Newsasia
cua Singapore, v.v.. Ngc)di ra, hdu het
cac kenh ve thdi trang, ke ca thdi trang
cua Phdp, va cac kenh the thao tren the
gidi dudng nhu deu dugc phat bdng
tieng Anh.
Tft nhiing gi du<?c trinh bay d tren,
c(D the khdng djnh khdng do dy rdng
tieng Anh dd thyc sy trd thdnh ngdn
ngft toan cau. Nd khdng nhiing dugc
sft dyng trong cdc mdi trudng dan ngft
(mdi trudng trong dd tieng Anh Id tieng
mp de hay ngdn ngft thft nhat), trong
cac moi trudng song ngft (moi truang
trong dd tieng Anh la ngdn ngft ddng
chinh thftc), md cdn cd trong nhimg
mdi trudng trong do nd la mpt ngoai
ngft. Nd khdng nhftng dugc sft dyng
de giao tiep ben trong cac qudc gia ndi
tieng Anh ma cdn (luge sft dyng trong
cac sy kipn giao tiep lien qudc gia vd
da qudc gia tren the gidi.
3. Giai thich ve sy phat trien ciia
tieng Anh nhvr Ik ngon ngir todn cau
Trong khodng vdi thap nien trd
lai day, khi tieng Anh trd thanh ngdn
ngft dugc sft dyng va hgc nhieu nhat
tren the gidi, nhieu ngudi bdt dau ddt
cau hdi: "Nhirng yeu td ngdn ngft, ljch
sft, hay vdn hda ndo ldm cho tieng Anh
trd thdnh mgt lyc lugng khdng the khuat
13
phyc dugc trong ljch sft phdt trien cua
cac ngdn ngft tren thi gidi"? Cdc hpc
gid khdc nhau dua ra nhiing cdch gidi
thich khac nhau, nhimg nhin chung
hai cdch gidi thich du(3d day la dai dipn.
Cach giai thich thft nhat cho rang,
sddT tiing Anh "bdnh trudng" khdng
the ngdn can dugc Id vi nd cd nhirng
d ^ diem ngdn ngft de hgc [8]. Nhftng
n ^ d i ung hg cdch giai thich nay cho
rang ve mat hinh thdi, tieng Anh khdng
cd nhieu h^u td hay nhirng tan cftng
gdn vdo than tft nhu tieng Nga vd mpt
sd ngon ngft chau Au khac. Do dd, ngudi
h(?c khdng phai nhd nhung sy khac bipt
giiia gidng dye, gi6ng cdi, gidng trung;
hp ciing khdng phdi nhd cac hau t6
dien dat cdc y nghia cfta cdch nhu
danh cdch, sd hiru each, ddi each tang
cdch, cdng cy each v.v.. Cdch giai thich
nhin tft gdc dp ngdn ngft hpc nay td ra
khdng thuyet phyc. Li do la vi, neu nhin
lai Uch sft cdc ngdn ngft d chau Au,
tieng Latinh dd cd lan Id mpt ngdn
ngu chung quan trpng dugc ndi va hgc
d nhieu qudc gia cua chau lyc nay bat
chap sy phftc tap ve hinh thdi cfta nd
chdng ban nhu nhung hau td hay nhimg
tan cftng bien hinh cua tft va nhirng sy
khdc nhau ve gidng, sd, each cua danh
tft, V.V.; tieng Phdp tft nhiing ndm 1960
trd ve trudc cung dd tirng la mpt ngdn
ngft chung cho cac quoc gia va vimg
laiih th6 thupc (lia cua Phdp bat chap
cdi thyc te la tieng Phap kli6ng phdi
Id ng6n ngft dan gian ve huih thdi; tieng
Nga la ngdn ngft cyc ki phftc tap ve
cdc pham tru nhu giong, s6^ each, thi,
the, thdi vdi nhftng bien td cd ve rat
khd nhd, nhung trong phdn thft hai cua
the ki XX nd cung da timg la ngon ngft
dugc sft dyng va dugc hgc rpng rai trong
cdc nudc thugc kh6i xa hgi chu nghia
d D6ng All, ke cd a Vipt Nam. Tft day
cd the khdng dinh rSng, nhung dac diem
ngdn ngft dugc cho la de hgc khdng
14
the la can cft de giai thich cho vipc mgt
ngdn ngft dat dugc vj the toan caa Ndi
each khac, mpt ngdn n^u kh6ng the
trd thanh ng6n ngu toan cau bdi vi nhiing
dac tinh cau true npi tai dugc cho Id
de hpc cfta nd. Ngugc 1^, nhiing ddc
diem phftc t^p ve hinh thdi va cau true
khdng the ngdn cari mgt ngdn ngft d^t
dugc vj the todn cau.
Ngugc lai vdi each giai thich thft
nhdt, each giai thich thft hai cho rdng
sd dl tieng Anh trd thdnh mgt ngdn ngft
todn cau la do sue manh ^uan sy va
sue; manh kinh te trudc het Id cua de
quoc Anh va sau dd la cfta ca hai de
qudc Anh vd My [2,7], mang lai. Quan
diem ndy dd dugc ljch sft the gidi chiing
minh vd do dd dugc chftng tdi chia se.
Di ngugc ddng lich sft, cd the thiy r3ng
tieng Hy Lap da cd lan trd thdnh ngdn
ngft chimg d Trung Ddng, nhung vipc
trd thdnh ngdn ngft chung nay cua tieng
Hy Lap chdc chdn khdng phai do tri tup
cua cdc nhd bdc hgc vT d^ cua Hy L^p
cd dai nhu Socrates, Plato, Xenophdn
hay Aristdt mang lai ma chinh la do
sftc manh quan sy the hipn d nhftng
luoi gucmi, ngpn giao cua nhiing dpi
quan Hy Lap dudi thdi Alexander Dai
de. Tieng Latinh dd tftng dugc sft dyng
lam qudc te ngft d chau Au, nhung sy
thinh hdnh ciia nd chinh Id do siic manh
cua nhftng dgi quan Le duang dudi de
che La Ma thdi cd d^ mang lai. Tieng
A rap dd tftng cd dg lan tda rpng lan
a Trung Ddng vd d Bdc Phi, nhung dp
lan tda nay khdng phai la do dao dftc
hay uy tin cua ngudi A Rap, cdng khdng
phai do nhirng ddc (fiem ng6n ngft cua
tieng A rap ma do sftc manh cua nhiing
dpi quan Ma Rdc yem trg cho vipc truyen
bd dao Hdi d the ki XVIII mang lai.
S^ hipn dipn cua tiing Tay Ban Nha,
tieng Bd Dao Nha, va tieng Phdp d chiu
Ml, chau Phi vd vung Vien Ddng cdng
khdng phdi do bit ki li do nao khac ngoai
Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam 2011
U do vl sue mgnh quan sy cua cac cudng
qudc dl quoc nay trong thdi ki Phyc
hung. Vd li do tai sao tieng Nga cd the
hipn dipn vd lan tda rgng khdp cdc quoc
gia Dong Au va cac nudc thugc hp ihong
xd hgi chft nghia trong nhung th|p nien
tft 1960 -1980 cung khdng phai la ngogi
Ip: dd chinh sftc mgnh quan sy cua
qudc gia nay d phan thft hai cua the
kiXX.
Mpt qudc gia cd sftc mgnh quan
sy cd the dp ddt ngdn ngft cua minh
vao (nhirng) qudc gia phy thugc, nhung
de duy tri va md rpng ngdn ngft dd trong
(nhiing) quoc gia phy thugc thi qudc
gia cd sftc mgnh quan sy phdi cd ca
sftc mgnh kinh te. Tieng Anh dudng
nhu dugc sy yem trg cfta ca sftc mgnh
quan sy va sue manh kinh te de bien
nd trd thanh mgt ngdn ngft todn cau.
Trd lgi lich sft xam luge va khai pha
thugc dja cua de qudc Anh, cd the thay
rdng tft thai ki hau can dgi, ddc bipt la
tft dau the ki XIX, nudc Anh dd trd
thanh mgt qudc gia cd nin mau djch
vd cdng nghipp dung hang d&u thi gidi;
n(3 da cd nhung chien thuyen du mgnh
de di chinh phyc cdc quoc gia thupc
^ a va dd phdt triln dugc mgt nen kinh
te du manh, mgt nen khoa h9c dft hipn
dgi de cd the chi phoi cdc qudc gia nay.
Dan s6 cua nudc Anh trong giai dogn
dd khdng ddng, khodng 5 tiipu ngudi
vdo ndm 1700, tang len 10 tripu ngudi
vdo ndm 1800, nhung khdng mgt quoc
gia ndo tren the gidi cd thi sanh dugc
vai nd ve tdng trudng kinh tl. Hau hit
nhung phdt minh cua cugc Cach mgng
cdng nghipp deu cd nguon gdc hi nudc
Anh Vao 1800, cdc khu vyc tdng tnrdng
chinh trong ngdnh dpt va khai khoang
d Anh phat trien nhanh din muc ma
ngudi ta dd phdi ggi nd la "cdng xudng
cua the gidi," mpt cdch ndi an dy dl
chi sy sdng dgng trong phat ftien kinh
te cua de qudc Anh luc biy gid. . .
Vi the...
Tiep theo sy phat triln hdu nhu
kh6ng cd ddi thft cfta nudc Anh vd song
song vdi sy phdt triln nay Id sy phat
trien cyc ki mau Ip^ day hipu qud ciia
nudc My. Vdo cudi thi ki XDC, dan
so nuiirc My (3a len din 100 tripu, ddng
ban bat ki qudc gia Tay Au ndo va nen
kinh te cfta nudc My la nen kinh tl
phdt trien nhanh nhat, manh nhat the
gidi. Cimg vdi sy banh trudng ve
quan sy vd phat trien mgnh me ye
kinh te, tft gifta the ki XVI den cudi
the ki XIX, de qudc Anh dd "xuat
khiu" tieng Anh di khdp mpi nai tren
the gidi de cudi cung nd trd thdnh
mpt ngdn ngft dugc sft rgng rdi den
mftc ma nhieu ngudi Anh dd tuyen
bd mpt cdch nggo mgn rang "mdt trdi
khdng bao gid ldn tren dit nudc
Anh". Tft cudi the ki XIX den nay, sftc
mgnh ve quan sy vd kinh tl cua Mi nhu
la cudng qudc so mpt tren the giai dd
thyc sy la hgu thuan cyc ki quan trpng
de bdo dam cho sy duy tri va phdt trien
hiu nhu dan phuang cua ng6n ngft ndy
tren hanh tinh trai dat.
4. Vj thi cua tieng Anh ff Vi^t
Nam
Cftng vdi sy banh trucing cua tieng
Anh tren the gidi, sy banh trudng cua
tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngogi ngu sd mpt
d Vipt Nam la khdng the cgnh tranh
dugc. Trong giao dye phd thdng, tieng
Anh la mdn h^c bdt bugc ya Id mgt trong
sdu mdn thi de lay bdng tdt nghipp trung
hgc. Lu(?mg thdi gian mgt hgc sinh tdt
nghipp phd thdng dugc yeu cau phai
h9c tieng Anh hipn nay la khoang 700
tiet. Trong giao dye dgi hgc, tieng Anh
tham chi cdn dugc coi trpng han: nd
la mdn hgc bat bupc d cd ba bac hpc
cft nhan (14 tin chi = 630 tiet hpc), thae
sT (7 tin chi = 315 tiet hoc) va tiln sT
(3 tin chi = 135 tiet hpc) . Trong bon
ngogi ngft dugc cdng nhan va bdt bu^c
phdi hgc trong hp thdng gido dye qu6c
15
dan d Vipt Nam (tiing Anh tieng Nga,
tiing Trung, yd tiing Phdp), tiing Anh
hdu nhu chilm vi the dgc tdn. Vj the
hau nhu dpc ton nay the hipn d cho ti
Ip hpc sinh phd thdng hgc tieng Anh
chilm kh()ang 97%, ti Ip sinh vien dgi
hgc h(?c tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%,
va ti Ip hpc vien cao hgc va nghien cftu
sinh h<^ tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%
(chi tiet, xin xem [4]).
Vj the cua tieng Anh d Vipt Nam
hipn nay cdn dugc thftc day va khuyen
khich bdi nhiing chinh sdch tich cyc
cua Nha nudc. Ngay 15 thang 8 ndrn
1994, Thu tucmg Chinh phu da ki Quyet
dinh yeu cau tdt cd cdc quan chftc Chinh
phu deu phai hgc ngoai ngft, chu yeu
la tieng Anh. Gan day nhat, ngdy 30
thang 9 ndm 2008, Thu tudng Chinh
phft da ki Quylt dinh sd 1400/QD-TTg
ve vipc phe duypt De dn "Day vd hcj)C
ngogi ngft trong hp thdng giao dye qu6c
dan giai dogn 2008 -2020", tri gia hipn
hdnh khoang 9.378 ti d6ng. De an quy
dinh m6n ngogi ngft dugc dgy va hpc
trong cac ca sd giao dye thugc hp thdng
giao dye qudc ddn la tieng Anh va mpt
sd ngogi ngft khac. Theo Quyet djnh,
De dn "Day va hgc rigoai ngu trong
hp thdng giao dye qudc dan giai doan
2008 -2020" bao gdm 3 giai dogn: giai
dogn thft nhat tft 2008-2010; giai doan
thft hai tft 2011-2015; va giai doan ba
tft 2016-2020. Trong giai dogn thft nhat,
trgng tam dugc ddt vdo vipc xay dyng
chucmg trinh ngogi ngft 10 nam, nghia
la ngudi hgc dugc hgc ngogi ngft bdt
diu tft ldp 3. Trong giai dogn hai, trpng
tam dugc ddt vao vipc trien khai dai
tra chuang trinh ngogi ngft 10 ndm d
phd thdng. Va trong giai dogn ba, trgng
tam dugc ddt vdo vipc hoan Ihipn chirong
trinh ngogi ngft 10 ndm d phd th6ng,
trien khai chuang trinh day vd hgc ngoai
ngft tdng cudng doi vdi tat cd cdc trudng
dgy nghi, trung cap chuyen nghipp.
16
cao ddng va dgi hgc. Ve chuan ngogi
ngu, De an xdc dinh:^ "Khung trinh dg
ndng lyc ngogi ngu can xac dinh rd yeu
cau ve trinh dg, ndng lyc nghe, ndi, dqc,
viet tuang thich voi tieu chi xdc dinh
6 bgc do Hipp hgi cdc td chftc khao thi
ngogi ngft chau Au dd ban hdnh trong
dd bgc 1 Id thip nhat vd bac 6 la cao
nhdt" [10, 2]. De an cdn khuyin khich
cac ca sd dao tgo dgi hpc trien khai va
phdt trien cdc chuang trinh song ngft.
Nhu ciu hgc tiing Anh d Vipt Nam
ldn den mftc ma nd khdng chi dirge day
trong hp thdng gido dye qudc dan rna
cdn ca d ngoai hp thdng gido djic qudc
dan. Trong khu vyc ngodi hp thdng giao
dye qudc dan, Vipt Nam dang chirng
kien sy hipn dipn ciia cdc "cdng ti tieng
Anh" ion nhu Hgi ddng Anh (the British
Council), Language Links (Anh), Apollo
(Hoa Ki), Cambridge International
Examinations (Anh), TOEFL va TOEIC
(Hoa Ky). Song song vdi cac djch
vy kiem tra trinh dg tieng Anh, cdc
cdng ti tieng Anh ndy cdn chdo cdc
khoa h(?c tieng Anh khdc nhau, thugc
cac trinh dg khdc nhau, ddp ftng
nhftng nhu cau cy the cua cac ddi tugng
h(?c khdc nhau Ben cgnh dd, nhieu
trudng phd thong dgy bdng tieng
Anh, nhieu trung tam tieng Anh budi
tdi da va dang dugc md ra, dap img
nhirng nhu cau trye tiep cfta ngudi
h(?c. Cdng bdng ma ndi, nhd cd gdng
cua nhiing cdng ti tieng Anh va cac
CO sd ddo tgo ngoai hp thdng giao
dye qudc dan nay ma trinh dp tieng Anh
d Vipt Nam dd cd nhirng cdi thipn
dang ke, cimg cd virng chdc ban vj the
cfta tieng Anh d cd trong vd ngoai hp
thdng gido dye qudc ddn.
5. Tuong lai ciia tieng Anh a
Vipt Nam
Hipn tgi, vj thi cua tiing Anh nhu
la mgt ngogi ngu so mgt d Vipt Nam
Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011
la rd rdng. Tuy nhien, nhung gi xay ra
trong ljch sft cfta cdc ngdn ngft_ chung
tren the gi(7i va d hx)ng nudc chdc chdn
lam cho nhilu ngudi khdng khdi bdn
khoan: "Lipu tiing Anh cd duy fti dugc
vi thi nhu nd hipn cd ft-ong ftrang lai
hay khdng?"
Dy doan vl vi thi tucmg lai cua
mgt ngoai ngft trong mgt qudc gia la
mgt vipc lam cyc ki khd khdn, neu nhu
khdng ndi la rago hilm. Tuy nhien, neu
cho rdng mpi vat deu cd md diu vd ket
thftc thi tiing Anh cd le khdng phai la
ngoai Ip. Ljch sft ngogi ngft tren the
gidi dd timg chimg kien sy lan tda va
sy suy tan cua cdc ngdn ngft chung nhu
tiing Latinh, tiing Hy Lgp,... Tuang
ty, lich sft ngogi ngft a Vipt Nam ciing
da tftng chftng kien sy phdt trien cua
chft nho nhu Id ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng
chinh thftc trong cung dinh cfta cdc trieu
(igi phong kien Vipt Nam vd sy suy giam
cua nd khi ngudi Phap xam luge Vipt
Nam, de rdi:
Ndm nay hoa ddo nd,
Khdng thdy dng do xua.
Nhitng ngudi mudn ndm cii,
Hdn d ddu bdy gid?
(Vu Dinh Lien, Ong dd) [3, 69]
Tiep theo sy suy tan cua chft nho
la sy suy giam cfta tieng Phap tft ndm
1954 khi ngudi Phdp thua tran vd bupc
phai nit khdi Vipt Nam de thay vdo dd
la sy thinh hanh cfta tieng Nga d mien
Bdc yd cua tieng Anh - My d mien Nam.
Va rdi den ndm 1975 khi ngudi My
bupc phdi nit khdi Vipt Nam, tiing Anh
tam thdi nit lui, tiing Nga trd thdnh
ngoai ngft chilm vj thi hiu nhu dpc
ton d cd hai mien Nam va Bdc. Nhung
tft khi che dp xd hpi chu nghia d Lien
Xdtanrdvdondm 1991, tiing Nga khdng
cdn chilm vj tri dpc tdn ma nhuang
cho cho tieng Anh cho din hipn nay.
 Vj the... 17

Nhu vgy, tiing Anh sg cd luc suy tnrdng vd ba quyen cua tieng Anh ban
tan, nhung khi ndo nd suy tan d Vipt diu dugc j I m trg bdng sftc manh quan
Nam nhu nhftng ngdn ngft tiln nhipm sy cua de qudc Anh vd sau dd dugc
cua nd la cau hdi ma hipn chua thi cd cftng cd va duy tri bdng sftc mgnh kinh
cau tra ldi chinh xac. Tuy nhien, dya tl cua hai nudc Anh vd My va cdc
vao nhimg boi cdnh vdn hda - xd hgi qudc gia ndi tieng Anh giau cd khac.
trong dd tiing Anh dugc sft dyng nhu Them vao dd, sy duy tri vd banh trudmg
hipn nay, hoan todn cd cdn cft de tin cua tieng Anh cdn dugc hudng din bdi
rdng It nhit Id din hit nfta diu cua the niem tin (cua nhieu ngudi trong cdc
ki XXI, v} the cfta tieng Anh nhu la qudc gia trong dd tieng Anh Id ngdn
mgt ngdn ngu toan cau tren the gi(M va ngft dong chinh thftc va la mgt ngogi
nhu la ngogi ngu so mgt d Vipt Nam la ngft) rdng tieng Anh la cdnh cfta ddn
khdng thay ddi. Li do la vi tieng Anh nhan nhftng tri thftc mai ve khoa hgc
dudng nhu "dd phat trien de dgc lgp va cdng nghp, la ca hgi thdng tien, la
vdi bat ki hinh thuc kiem sodt xd hgi tieu chi ca ban de cd dugc nhiing cdng
ndo" [2, 129], va tdc dgng cua nd vdo vipc tdt han, cd thu nhdp cao han, v.v.
cac khia canh cua ddi sdng chinh tri, va V.V.. SIIC mgnh quan sy dp ddt vipc
kinh te, xd hgi tren the gidi hipn dgi sft dyng tieng Anh trong cdc qudc gia
mgnh den mftc ma "... neu nhiing ai thugc dia, sftc mgnh kinh te duy tri va
bj tudc mat ca hgi hgc tieng Anh thi md rgng phgm vi sft dyng cfta tieng
hp la nhfing ngudi phai chju thipt. Dd Anh va khi vipc sft dyng dugc nhdn
khdng phai Id trudng hgp cfta 50 ndm thay cd ve sinh lgi thi nd dudng nhu
trudc khi tieng Anh chi la mgt trong dugc chap nhan mpt cdch ty nhien.
nhieu ngdn ngft quoc tl... Dieu dudng
nhu la neu bgn mudn chdng lgi sftc mgnh Sy bdnh truijng va ba quyen cfta
khai thdc cua tieng Anh, thi bgn phdi tieng Anh la mgt thyc te ma chinh sach
dftng tieng Anh de lam vipc dd" [6,362]. ngdn ngft, ddc bi^t chinh sach ngogi
ngft cfta bat ki qudc gia nao ciing deu
6. Kit l u ^ va nhirng ham y cho phdi tinh den. Tuy nhien, chi dya vao
vi|c xay dyng chinh s^ch ngo^i ngir thyc te nay ma bien tieng Anh thdnh
Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi dd ngogi ngft dgc tdn trong mpt qudc gia
khao sdt vi the cfta tieng Anh tren the thi cd !g Id mgt chinh sdch ngoai ngu
gidi vd d Vipt Nam. Tir nhiing gi dugc thieu can ddi, de gay ra nhirng hdu qud
trinh bay, cd thi khdng dinh rdng tieng khdng mong mudn. Li do la vi, la mpt
Anh Id ngdn ngft dang cd thanh the hom phin cua chinh sach ngdn ngft, chinh
so vdi cac ngdn ngu khdc, nd dudng sach ngoai ngft khdng phai chi tac dgng
nhu xuat hipn khdp mgi nai. Sy hipn den ca cau cac ngogi ngft ma nd cdn
dipn cua tieng Anh tren the gicM hipn tdc dgng den nhiing van dl idnh te, chinh
nay rgng lan den mftc ma nhd ngdn tri, xd hgi, b(M vi nd khdng phai chi phyc
ngft h.QC xd hgi ngudi Dan Mgeh Robert vy cho myc (fich h(?c ngoai ngft ma cdn
Phillipson [91 dS. phai dftng thugt ngft phyc vy nhieu myc dich khac nhaa Dieu
"chft nghia de quoc ngdn ngft" va nha ndy cd nghia la, da ngoai ngii la chinh
nghien cim ngdn ngft ngudi Nigeria sdch dugc ua chugng trong bat ki qudc
Ayo Bamgbose [1] dd phdi dftng thugt gia nao cua the gidi hien dgi.
ngft "ba quyen" va each ndi an dy "sd Trong nen gidcD dye da ngogi ngft
thgp phdn hoi quy" de chi sy lan tda ciia mpt qudc gia, bit ki khi ndo cd mpt
khdng gi ngdn can ndi cfta nd. Sy banh ngdn ngu dugc trao ddc an, thi ciing
 18
diu thudng dan den vipc cdc ngdn ngu
khdc b} xem nhp ho^c bj logi bd. Tuy
nhien, sg hoan todn khdng hipn thyc
khi chd dgi rdng tat cd cac ngoai ngu
dugc cdng nhgn trong mgt qudc gia
deu dugc coi trgng ngang nhau. Chinh
vi vdy ma tfty theo hoan canh cy the,
cd the chgn mgt ngogi ngft (ngogi ngft
thft nhit) lam mdn hpc bit bugc vd nhiing
ngogi ngu khdc (ngogi ngu thft hai)
lam lam mdn hgc t\c chgn. Mgt chinh
sdch ngoai ngft nhu vay van tdn tao tim
quan trpng cua ngogi ngft thft nhit trong
khi van coi trgng mpt each hcpp li cdc
ngoai ngft khdc, tranh dugc tam li bj
"logi bd" va, do dd, tranh dugc xu hudng
cyc doan chi hgc mgt ngogi ngu trong
vipc lap chinh sach.
Chinh sach ngdn ngft khdng phdi
la myc dich ty than. Ca sd h(?p li cfta
nd phdi la cai md nd cd the gdp phan
vao phdt triln vdn hda, chinh fti; kinh
te, va xd hpi tong the cua mpt cjiidc gia
Trong mdi quan hp ndy, chi nhdn mgnh
vao nhipm vy thu nhin thdng tin, tilp
thu tri thuc khoa hq>c va cdng nghp, hay
vao myc dich sinh lgi de bipn minh cho
vipc xay dyng mgt chinh sach don ngogi
ngft la hoan todn chua dft, hoan todn
khdng thuyet phyc. Trong boi canh hgi
nhdp vd toan cdu hda, mgt chinh sdch
ngogi ngft ma trong dd mgt ngogi ngft
phd bien dugc sft dyng trong giao tiep
qudc tl rgng lan ben cgnh tieng mp de
vd cdc ngogi ngft quan trpng khdc cd
the la mpt chinh sdch cd y nghia; nd
chdc chdn sg gdp phin tich cyc vao sy
phdt trien da dang va hdi hda cua mpt
qudc gia.
CHU THICH
' M$c dit dupc cho Id bdo thu trong tiip
nhgn tieng Anh nhung trong thicc ti ngucri
Nga rdt coi trpng vi?c hqc tiing Anh. Diiu so 1400/QD-TTg ngay 30 thang 9 nSm
nay co the thdy thong qua thuc ti Id ngay 2008 ve vi^c duy?t De an "Dav va hpc
trong thai ki chien tranh Ignh (tii giua din
cuoi the ki XX), rdt nhiiu cong trinh khoadan giai dogn 2008 - 2020".
Ngon ngiif sd 1 ndm 2011
h(K, cd khoa hpc t\r nhien vd khoa hpc xd hoi
vd nhdn van, bdng tiing Anh ducrc djch
sang tiing Nga.
^ S6 li?u diniK lay tit cdc chucmg trinh ddo
tgo hi?n hdnh a Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Ngi
d cdc ca sa ddo tgo dgi hgc chua dp difl^g
phuang thic ddo tgo tin chi, thdi lugng ddnh
cho tiing Anh a mdi bgc hgc cit nhdn, thgc
Sl vd tiin si co the dugc tinh theo cdch
khdc.
TAI L I $ U THAM K H A O
1. A. Ban'-hose, A Recurring Decimal:
English in Language Policy and Planning,
In The Handbook of World Englishes,
BE. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL Nelson
(Eds.), Singapore: Blackwell, 2006.
2. D. Crystal, English as a Global
Language, Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
3. Hodi Thanh & Hodi Chdn, Thi Nhan
Vi$t Nam, In ldn thir mudi ba, 1997.
4. Hodng Vdn Vdn, Nhu cau va dpng
ca hpc tieng Anh ciia sinh vien nam thur
nhit, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, T/c Khoa
hgc - DHQG Hd Ngi, 2007, tr. 125-137.
5. L. E. Ling & A. Brown, English in
Singapore: An Introduction, Mc Graw Hill
Education, 2005.
6.M.A.K Halliday, Written Language,
Standard Language, Global Language,
In The Handbook of World Englishes,
B.B. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL. Nelson
(Eds.), Singapore: Blackwell, 2006.
1. N. Honna, East Asian Englishes,
In The Handbook of Worid Englishes,
BE. Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL. Nelson
(Eds.). Singapore: Blackwell, 2006.
8. RD. King, The Beginnings, In
The Handbook of World Englishes, B.B.
Kachru & Y. Kachru & CL Nelson (Eds.),
Singapore: Blackwell, 2006.
9. R. Phillipson, Linguistic hnperialism,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
^ lO.Thu tudng Chinh phd, Quyet djnh
ngo^i ngu trong hf thong giao due quoc