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Controller
For Infant Incubators
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What is Infant Incubator ???
It is a Bio- Medical device which provides warmth, Humidity and oxygen all in
a controlled environment as required by the new born.
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How Temperature plays a role ????
Infants have very low thermal regulation and it is not possible for the feeble body to cope with
the thermal loss.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SENSORS
SAFETY
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
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SENSORS
These have an accuracy of 0.1C of in the required range of 20C to 40C as the set temperature
varies from about 30C to 37C.
If any of sensor shows temperature more than set pressure, microcontroller will cut off the
transistor switch causing the relay to trip.
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VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD
Power output of Heater is controlled by controlling the voltage given to it.
D.C. supply is used in order to extract more than rated output from heater element. It is
advantageous in warm up, where more than 100% more than rated output is required to lessen
the warm up time.
A MOSFET is used, driven by a pulse train to switch on/off the current flowing through heater.
The duty cycle of the PWM signal generated from microcontroller decides the voltage level of
heater.
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WORKING OF CONTROL LOOP
The above illustration is the control loop of the system which in fact is the blueprint of system.
In here, initially the chambered temp. is sensed by the temperature sensor and compared with
set temperature by user.
After getting the error in digital form, it send to controller which then it adjusts the PWM duty
cycle and then send it to voltage controller which will then control output heat.
Further, we will go in details to each sensor shown in block diagram in details.
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PI Controller-:
A PI controller calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable
and a desired set point and tries to minimize the error by adjusting the process control inputs.
It’s used over only proportional controller as integrative part is required to reduce the steady
state error.
The variation of temperature is rather low as compared to only proportional controller.
A PI controller can be represented in Laplace equation-:
… …………..(1)
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CONTINUED FROM PI Controller
As the controller is digital, it is needed to convert the Laplace domain to Z domain.
For that, Bi-Linear transformation is used to take the approx. value by considering the area covered
by time and error.
……………..(2)
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CONTINUED FROM PI Controller
But there is a issue with heating system as once it gets increased, the time taken to dissipate heat
is rather very large, as can be seen in the graph.
Where Q= heat dissipated, K= p –constant, A= area ,θ= temp. of surface & θª= ambient temp. 12
CONTROL ALGORITHM
The flow chart shown here is the implementation of
the PI controller in firmware.
The user sets the 'set temperature' and the ambient
temperature is obtained as described in above section.
The error is obtained from the difference and
combining the current error, previous error and
previous modified error, the new modified error is
obtained using bilinear transform.
According to the modified error, proper amount of
power should be given to the heating element of the
incubator.
Important factor to keep in mind is that this curve is
inverted from the optocoupler , which isolates the high
power circuit and the low power circuit.
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CONCLUSION
After optimising the above methods, it was concluded that controller is set up to operate
within a temperature gap of +/- 0.1c.
The Overshoot was minimised in order to reduce the settling time and hence by reducing
the time taken for heat dissipation.
The settling time from a cold start was achieved within a few 10 minutes form the start.
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MORE ADVANCEMENTS-:
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REFERENCES
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