Non contact tachometer for measurement of speed

of motor

CEP Report
By
NAME Registration Number
Farman Ullah FA17-EPE-119
Muhammad Kashif Malik FA17-EPE-007
Osam Ahmed FA18-EEE-050

For the course

Elictric Machine
Semester Fall 2020
Supervised by:
Sir Mian Abdullah

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad – Abbottabad Campus
 DECLARATION

We Farman Ullah (FA17-EPE-119), Muhammad Kashif Malik (FA17-EPE-007), Osam

Ahmed (FA18-EEE-050) hereby declare that we have produced the work presented in
this report, during the scheduled period of study. We also declare that we have not taken
any material from any source except referred to wherever due. If a violation of rules has
occurred in this report, we shall be liable to punishable action.

Date: January 16, 2021

_________________
Farman Ullah
(FA17-EPE-119)

_________________
Muhammad Kashif Malik
(FA17-EPE-007)

_________________
Osam Ahmed
(FA18-EEE-050)

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 ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to design a contactless speed sensing device

(tachometer) for a motor. Traditional tachometers require a physical contact to the shaft

of the motor to measure the speed. In certain applications, where it is not feasible to

measure the speed for safety and technical reasons, it is possible for a contactless

tachometer to take the readings from a certain distance. We designed and assembled a

project named tachometer which is used to measure the speed of ceiling fan.The speed is

measured in revolution per minute (RPMs).

This proposed system uses the IR transmitting and receiving technique. This is

achieved by receiving IR rays from a reflecting spot on the shaft of the motor. Such

arrangements can measure the rate at which the IR rays are getting reflected back. The

project uses a microcontroller of PIC18f452 family. Its working principal is an analogue

input signal. A solar detector is used to detect the input analogue signal and give it to

analogue to digital convertor (ADC). After that ADC convert the analogue signal to

digital signal. That digital signal is given to a microcontroller which is programmed to

calculate the RPMs of ceiling fan and display it on LCD.

The concept of the contact-less tachometer can be enhanced and implemented in

the bikes, cars for speed measurement, avoiding the use of traditional analog

speedometer.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................iii

1 Introduction.............................................................................................1

1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................2

1.2 Features and Cost Estimate of our Project……..…………………….2

2 Literature Survey....................................................................................2

3 Proposed Methodology............................................................................3

4 Simulation Results...................................................................................5

4.1 Discussions……………………………………………………...............5

5 Conclusions……………………………………………………..............6

6 References…………….………………………………………..............6

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig: 1.1 Title of the Picture...............................................................................................1

Fig: 3.1 Circuit Schematic Diagram of the Project .......................................................4

Fig: 3.2 View of the Running Simulation of the Project ...............................................4

Fig: 4.1 simulation results1..................................................................................................5

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IC Integrated Circuit
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
ADC Analogue to Digital Converter
RPM Revolution Per Minute
RPS Revolution Per Second
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
ADRESH Result Register (High)
ADRESL Result Register (Low)

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Introduction
A tachometer is a device that is often used by a mechanic or engineer. A good
example of this is on cars, you will see the tachometer that counts the RPM of your
engine. With the new small microcontrollers and some simple circuitry, it's actually 3
easy to build your own digital tachometer. This tutorial will use an infrared diode and
detector to create a digital tachometer / RPM counter.A tachometer (revolution counter,
touch, rev counter, RPM gauge) is a device that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or
disk like a motor or other machine. The device typically displays revolutions per minute
(RPM) on a calibrated analog dial, but digital displays are common.
The first tachometer is widely believed to have been developed in 1817 by the
German engineer Dietrich Ohlhorn. A tachometer is a device that measures the rotation
speed of a shaft or disk. Non-touch laser tachometers typically use infrared light to
measure the speed of rotation of a shaft or wheel or other rotating object. The detector
detects changes in the frequency of the reflected light as it is alternately reflected from
the surface of the object and vice versa.

Image courtesy:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUK
EwiNt43Dv9LmAhXFCOwKHYyWASYQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fw1
1stop.com%2Ffluke-931-digitaltachometer&psig=AOvVaw2y8TlBCRvOKFs_F6RMvZp-
&ust=1577421366222508

Fig: 1.1 Title of the Picture

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 1.1Objectives
As we mentioned earlier, the tachometer is used to measure the rotational speed of
rotating objects and that is why this device is used in motor vehicles. However, the use of
this measuring tool is much wider.
It is important to use this tool to measure the rotating speed of the shaft or motor
in each vehicle. In view of this, the device enables the driver of the motor vehicle to track
the rotating speed as well as adjust the throttle and gear under driving conditions. This is
important because if the vehicle is moving at a long speed, it can cause insufficient
lubrication. Insufficient lubrication can affect engine performance or, in the worst cases,
malfunction. That's why a tachometer is an integral part of any vehicle's wardrobe.

1.2 Features and Cost Estimate of our Project

It can measure RPM over 20k. Sensor range extends upto 7-8 cm. Displays Maximum
RPM when left Idle. Automatically toggles modes from "Idle" to "reading". It Can be
adjusted to match the ambient lighting conditions. It is comparatively cheap and easy
to build. Our Estimated cost of project of Tachometer is 2000RS.

Literature Survey
The first Tachometer is widely considered to have been developed by the German
engineer, Dietrich Uhlhorn in 1817. The Tachometer is an instrument that measures the
rotation speed of a shaft or disk. A non touch laser tachometer generally uses infrared
light to measure the speed of rotation of a shaft or wheel or any other rotating object. The
detector detects the changes in frequency of the reflected light as reflected alternately by
the object surface and the contrast spot.
In 1998, Andrew Huang [1] in his project took advantage of the integrated timing unit
(ITU) feature of the SH-I to determine the duration between ignition pulses in the engine
of his Toyota Corolla. From this number, it is easy to derive the number of RPMs. The
signal from the engine is taken off the ignition diagnosis port, found near the driver's side
shock absorber housing in the engine compartment. That signal is a 12V pp nominal
square wave with ignition occurring in the rising edges. The two cautions when using this
signal are that there are 400V spikes on the rising edge, and that grounding this signal is

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potentially very damaging to the igniter. An opto-isolator is used to help protect against
the spikes, and the wire carefully routed and the ignition is shorted to the ground.

Proposed Methodology
This chapter reviews the current project so that any information related to the design,
concept and improvement of this project can be evaluated. There are many tachometer
projects that other people have done with different concepts and designs. In this literature
review, a few concepts in tachometer design are outlined. As a result, a lot of information
is gathered to help design a low cost tachometer.
1.3 System Design / Block diagram

Fig: 3.1 Single Block Diagram

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1.4 Simulation:

Fig 3.1. Circuit Schematic Diagram of the Project

1.5 Simulation diagram:

Fig: 3.2 View of the Running Simulation of the Project

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Simulation Results
1.6 Software simulation results

Fig: 4.1 simulation results

1.7 Discussions
Based on the measurement and testing of devices at RPM speed, the smallest
absolute error value was 0.75 at 360 RPM speed, and the largest absolute error
value was 6.8 at 7300 RPM speed. The smallest percentage of error was 0.09%
at 7300 RPM, and the largest percentage of errors was 0.37% at 1740 RPM.
Based on the test results, the device experienced the smallest accuracy at a
speed of 360 RPM with an absolute error value of 0.75 and the highest accuracy
at a speed of 3600 RPM with an absolute error value of 6.15.

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2 Conclusions
Based on the testing and data retrieval at speeds of 360RPM, 960 RPM, 1440 RPM, 1740
RPM, 2100 RPM, 3600RPM, 5400 RPM, and 7300 RPM, the smallest accuracy
obtained is at 360 RPM with absolute error values of 0.75, and the highest
accuracy is at 3600 RPM with an absolute error of 6.15. The performance of the
device is most desirable at low to medium speeds, and it starts to decline at high
speeds. The lowest accuracy achieved is 3.4 km/h with an absolute error value of 0,
depending on the testing and data retrieval taken from the speeds of2.2 km/h, 3.4
km/h, 4.9km/h, and 7 km/h, and the greatest accuracy is 7 km/h with an absolute error
of 0.2. The device performance is best at low to medium speeds, and it starts to
decline at high speeds

References

[1]. A. Monadi, M. Jannati, N. R. . Idris, and S. E. Alavi, “Speed estimation of faulty

three-phase induction motor using model reference adaptive system,” in 2015
IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON), 2015, pp. 368–372.
[2]. Tatiya Padang Tunggal1 , Lailicia Anggi Kirana2 (2020). Design of Contact and
Non-Contact Tachometer Using Microcontroller[online] Available at:
file:https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jrc/article/view/7548

Teachers should assess CLO2, CLO3 and CLO4 based on given rubrics
(overall weightage 20%)

Recommended Percentage Breakdown

CLO Percentage

CLO2 (Investigation) 10%

CLO3 (Referencing/Citations) 5%

CLO4 (Communication) 5%

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