Churong 2 ci NGHIA DUY VAT BIEN CHUNG. AMye TEU 1. V6 kigin thee + Gidip sinh vidn hiéu duye quan diém cia chit nghta uy vét bigm ching vé vat chit, ei inh thas, phusng thie tn tai cia vt cht; ngudn gd, bin cht cia § the; smi quan he bign ching gia vit cht va § tht = Gigp sinh vign nfm duge nhitng nfi dung ca bin cha phép bign ching duy vat; ngbiaphutong php lugn trong ‘nbn thie va thye ti, Mang bi cho sinh vin nhting igh the 6 bin v8 ly Jun nh the eb chi nghia duy vat bign ching; § ngba phuong php lua. 2. V6 kg ning: Gip sinh vi bist vin dung nguyén the phuwdng php lug rit ra Gt ni dung Ij lug ea eh nga ‘uy vt bi ching vio nhtn thie va thy tidn. 8. V6 tat tung: Gisp sinh vien Khdng dink nhung rn ting khoa gc va eich mang cia chi: nga duy vat Dign ching dia tranh ching lei ee quan didm sai tri cia chi nghta duy tim vi chi nga duy vt siu inh, ntB.NOI DUNG 1 var cHaT VA YrHUC 1. Vat chit va phuong thite tén tgi eta vat chat 4) Quan nigm ci chi nghia duy tim vit chi nghta day vt trude ©. Mae vf pham tra vat chat Cie nha trigt hoe duy tam, ed chi nghia duy tém Ikhéch quan vi chi nghin duy tm chit quan, tof dai én hhiga dai tay buge phéi this ahgn oy tin tg ofa ebe sy ‘vt, ign tug. ea thé gai nhumg Iai phi nhen dge trang “uy than tn tai" cia ching. Chit nghin duy tam hich quan thila nhén sy tém tgi ign thue eda gidi ty nbién, hung Igi cho ring nguén gle eda n6 TA do “sy tha ha” ‘ob "tinh thn thé gi". Chiinghia duy tm chit quan cho ng de tring es bin nbit cia moi svat, hign tugmg sy tin tai Ie thufe v8o ch quan, tie 18 mt hinh thie tén ti Khée cin ¥ thie, Do a6 vé mit nbn thie iim, chit nga duy tm cho ring con ngui hoge la khong thé, hope 1a eh nhan thie duge efi bong, efi bé ngoai cia su vet, hig tugng. Thom ehf theo ho, qué trinh nbjn ehde cia con nguii ching qua chi 1 qué trinh ¥ thie “tim chiah ban thin minh dui hioh thie Khe. Nhu vay, v6 ‘hye eh, ee mba trgt hee duy tam da phir nb die tinh tn tai Khdch quan cia vgt chit. Thé gidt quan duy tam vit gin voi thé gidi quan tim gio va tt yu din ho din v6i thin hoe. us Quan aide mbit qué tir xe déa nay ola efc nha triét ge duy vit la thie nhén sy tn tai Khch quan eta th gid wat cht, My bin thin gid ty mhidn a€ gid eich ‘at nhién, Lap trudng dé Ta ding din, song chua a aé nha duy vit trude C, Mie di da mgt quan nifm ho’n chinh vé phom tra na ting nay. Tuy viy, eng vi mbang ‘ign b9 cba lich ai, quan nigm obs efe nba tit hoe duy ‘uit v8 vt chit cong timg bute phat tridn theo hung ney ‘eng ef ade va tra tug bea Khoa ge hon (Chi aghia duy vit thi of dai. Thai dai, Ae bit 18 8 Hy Lap - La Ma, Trung Qué, Kn Dp a xut hign chit ghia duy vit vei quan nifm chit phée vé gai ty ain, vé vit chit, Nhin chung, ele wha duy vt thi of dai quy vat chit v8 mt hay mgt vii dang ey thé va xem ching 1a Kh nguyén ca thé gii, te IA quy vit chit v6 nhang vat thé ‘hau hinb, elim tinh dang tén tpi & thé gidi bén ngoki, ching han: nude (Thales), lim Heraclitus), Ehéng Ei (Anaximenes); dit, nue, lita, gi6 (Te dai - An Ba); kim, me, thiy, hia, thé (Nga hank - Trung Quli). Mot 86 rung hgp de bigt quy vat chit (chong chi vat chit ma th gi) v8 mbiing efi trim tuong nhut Khong (Phat io), Dyo (Lao Trang). ‘Mot bide tin mi trén con ding xy dng quan nigm day vt wot chit duge thé hidm trong quan nigm cha nha tuigt he Hy Lap o6 dai Anaximander. Anaximander cho ling, od 2d dy ti cla moi vt trong va try Id mgt dang ‘vt chi dom nb, v6 duh, vO han va tdn tgi vinh vidn, 119 EO ooo46 8 Apeirdn. Theo Anaximander, Apeirén Iuén @ trong trang thi van ding va th 46 ndy sinh nhitng mt a6 lbp chit chia trong né, abut néng vA len, kd va we, sin a vl chét di, vv. Day Id m9t o8 ging musi thot ly ech thin trye quan vé vit eh, musi tim mgt bin ebat sfx se hon dang dn gia phia sau ede ign tugrg cfm tinh 1bé ngoai cfc ay vat. Tuy mbién, khi Anaximander cho ing, ApeirOn Ta mt efi gt 6 @ gita nude va khong Kh thi dng vin chua vuot Kh han ehé cia ef quan nif ‘rude 45 v6 vat ct. ‘Bude tin quan trong mbit cia sy phat trién pham tra ‘vt cht I djnh ng vt eh cia hai nba tit hoe Hy Lap 6 dai Leveippus (Laxip, Khoing 600 440 trude Cong ‘nguyn) vi Demecritos (Démbcrit) (chong 460 - 370 trude Cong nguyén). Ci hai Ong déu cho ring, vit chit Ia guy ti Nguyén tit theo he 1A nhiing het nhd nbs, khong thé phn chia, khong Khe nbau vé chit, t6n tai vinh vidn va su phong phi ea ching v6 hinh dang, ‘thé, erat tu s4p xp quy dinh tinh musn vé cia van vit ‘Theo thuyét nguyén tir tht vat chat theo nghia bao qui ‘hit, chung mbt khong dng neha vi nbng vat thé mi con ngudi o6 thd edm nhan duge mOt eich tre tgp, ma 1a and lop ee phi tt hou hin ring ri nim sf trong mt sf vit, hig tugng. Quan nif ny khéng nhiing thé hign me ude tig kh xa oba ede nba tet hye duy vat trong qu tinh tim kiéim mit dink nghia ding din v6 vot chit rma cdn o6 ¥ nga nhut mgt dy béo Khoa hoe ti tinh cia con nguti v6 eu trie ea thé gid vat chat néi chung. 120 (Chit ghia duy vat the ky XV - XVII. Bit dw i tha ey phe hung (ché kj XV), phung Thy a 06s bt ph 60 véi phuang Bing 3 cB khoa hoe thye nghifm ra di, de bigt Ia sy phat triéa manh cia ed hye, cing nghigp. Dén thé i XVII ~ XVII, chi nghia duy vt mang hin thie chil nghie day vat sifu hink, may mée, Thuyét nguyén tit ‘vin duge ef nha tit hye vA koa lige tt abién thi ky phys hung va edn agi (he ky XV - XVID nhue Galilei Gali), Bacon, Hobbes, Spinoza, Holbach, Diderot, Newton (Niuton.. tip tye nghifn cau, Ehéng dink erén lap teuiing duy vit. Die bift, nhing thank cing ky digu ka Newton trong vét ly hoe of dim (aghién eau ea tg0 va tue tinh eta ce vat thé vat chit wi mo - bit du tinh ‘it guyén ti rd én) va vide koa hoe vat Iy thye nghigm chiing minh duge sy tn tai thye sy ea nguyén tt cng Tim cho quan nigm trén dy dug cing of thém, Song, do chua thost khéi phudng phip tx duy sifu hhinh nén nin chung ofc nha tri hge duy vt th kf ef oi da king dua ra duge nhitng Khii quit trig hoe ding én. Ho thing dog mbit vat chit voi kG Iurme, oot hing dinh lugt od hge nb nhiing chin If khong thé thm bot va gi thich mgt ifm tuong cia thé isi theo nnhing chun mye thuin ty cs hc; xem vat chit, van ng, khong gin, thd’ gion nbw ning thye thé Kise ‘hau, Khong ¢6 mi lidn he noi tg wi nha... Cong e6 mgt iS nha trite thi ky nay o6 ging vach ra nhitng sai Mim cba thuyt nguyen ti Chdng han nhit Descartes, Kant... nohumng khong nhiu va khong thé lam thay aéi ean ban maci nbn es hoe v6 thé gidi, Khong a dua adn mot dinh nla boan toin mi v8 pham tra vat cht. by Cafe edch mang trong khoa ie ty nhién cub the aj XLK, du thd ky XX va ay phé sin cia ede quan dim dluy vit sida bink vé vit chat Ca thi XIX, thd hy KX, trong vat ly he da 6 shiu pht minh quan trong, Nam 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (Ronghen), phét hign ra tia X. Nam 1896, Hensi Beoquerel (Bécearen), phét ign ra hig twang phong x= ca nguyén Wf urani. Nam 1897, Josoph John Thomson (@omxon), phat ign va dign tit Nam 1903, Kaufman da ching minh dude Kh6i Iigng cia dig tt khong pha 1a bat Diéa ma thay di theo vin te van déng cia nguytn ti [Nam 1898 - 1902, nhA nd vat Ig hoe ngui Ba Lan ~ Marie Sklodowska (Mari. Sefl6ddpeca) cing véi chéng 1a Pierre Curie, nha héa ge ngudi Phép, d& khim phit ra chit phong x3 manh 1A pfldni va radium. Nhing phat hin vi dgi d6 ching t8 ring, nguyén ti khng phi 1k phn er nh nbait ma n6 6 thé bj phan chia, chuyén héa. ‘Nam 1005, thuy6t tuong d6i hep va nim 1916, thuyét ‘ntdng di tng quét cia Albert Einstein (A. Anhtanb) ra ai di ehtng minh: Khong gian, thoi gian, kh6i Iwong udm bin dicing wi sy van ding cia vit est. TE gidi vit chit Khing o6 va khong thé 06 nhiang vot thé kbéng tela, te TA Khdng thé c6 don vi cubi cing, tuyet Abt on gin va bit big 48 dge trumg chung cho vat chil. "The gi dy cin mhiéu di6u “ky Ip" ma com ngudi di va 122 ang tigp tue Khim ph ebiing han: sy chuyén hos git hat Va tring, s6ng va hat, hat va phin het, hut ht Ihaog”, quan hg bat dinb, vv. VI. Lani vi8i: “Dign tt eng ¥0 cing tm nhc nguyen tity nin 1 vO tn" Bh hhotin ton ding dn. ‘Trude nhtng phi hign trén ota khoa hoe ty nhién, Ikhéng sna kos hoe vi trigt hoe ding tx Tap trung dduy v8t 6 phat, sibu bink dX hoang mang, dao ding, hod nghi tink dling an ci chit nghia duy vét. Ho cho ‘ng, nguyén ti khéng phi IA phn ti abi mbt, ma of ‘thé bj phan chia tan ra, bj “mat i". Do d6, vt chat eang 6 th bidn mit; 06 hidn tugng khéng e6 Kh6i Iugng: eo ‘hoe, hot chuyén thinh trudng, cing c6 nghta la vot chit chi cin 1A ning lugng, la séng phi vit chat; quy Tugt ea hoe khong cin te dung gi trong thé gidi vot ehdt "ky Ie", thé gidi tén tai khOng 06 quy lust, moi Khoa hoe td thanb thita va néu ob ching eting chi Ib eu sing tao tty tig ea tu duy con ngudi; Kc thé tiéu tan, chi thé ted thinh efi 6 trwe, efi cdn Iai duy mbt 1a ching ta va ‘dim ie ctng tu duy cia ching ta dé 6 chde nhitng edm ‘ie d6. Theo 46, Eenst Mach (B. Mako) phi: nhgn tinh him thye hich quan cia. dign ti, Wilhelm Ostwald (tan) phit nhin sy tén tpi thye t eda nguyén tt va phin ti Con Honri Bergson (Pideson) thi djah nghta: ‘ot chit la edi phi vit chat dang vin dng (). Day ehinh 1 eage Khting hodng vet If hoe hig dei ma nhu VI. Lénin 1. VAL Lin: Ton, 218, a. 123 prlkhling dink, thye chat eda né “la 8 sy dio Ign cia nbong guy luge 08 va nang nguyen IY co bin, 3 sit eat bd thye tai Khich quan & bin ngodi # thie, vie 1d su thay the cit nha duy vét bing chit nga duy tm va chi: nga Dat hat ‘Tinh hin trén Jam cho nhidu nh Khoa he ta nit. tpt tit eh nghia day vat may mée,siéu hin sang chit hia buong A, xi oi vio cbt nghfa duy ttm. VL Lénin i db 1A chit ghia duy ten vat ly oe” va coi dé la “mgt Dude ngost nh tha, 1a “thdi hy 6m daw nein ng", la “ching bh cba oi trudng thinh’, la “mbt vai sin phim chit, mgt vii thi edn bi: mo 46 phii vat vio sot vie" DB lkhde phye euge kbting hoing nay, V.I Lénin cho ring: ‘Tink thin duy vite ban ei vat 19 hee, eting nh cs et cf ofe khon ge ty nbidm hign dai, 8 chién thing tt of imgi tha hing hodng, nbuing wi digu Ki tt yu 1 chit ‘ghia duy vat bign ching pha thay thé ehiinghfa duy vat su hin 9 Quan nif ea trite hye Mac - Lénin v8 vat chat ‘Trong dau trank ching chi ghia duy tm, thy bit hd tri va phé phén chit ngbia duy vet sidu Binh, méy te, C. Mée va Ph. Angghen 44 dua ra ning tu tng it ‘quan trong vé vat chit ‘Theo Pb, Angaen, 48 c6 mt quan nigm ding di vé ‘vt chit, on phi oe pin bit 1 rang git wit chit voi 12,8. Lin: Toe tp, Sai 1.18, te. 318 388, 879, 124 ‘inh céch la met pham tra ia tit hoe vai bn thin ef su vit, ign tung cu thé cia thé gai vat chit. "Vat chit, wi ‘br cich la vot cht, 1A mgt sng tgo thus tay ela tu duy vi 1a mot ay trina tugng, Chang ta bé qua nhiing sy Khée nha v6 chit cia nang svat, Khiehing ta gop ching, vai tu feh 14 nhtng vt tn tai hu hin, vio Khai nif vat et Do d6, khée vi nhting vat chit mbit dinh va dang tn ti, ‘Gt chit, vi tin eich Ia vt chit, King of ex tn ti cdm ‘inh, Nhucvay, vt eh i tinh eich la wat chit, mot sing ‘go thud ty eda tu duy, va 1A mt tru tugng chun ty, khong of stn tai cm tinh, Ph, Angghen eting chi ra ring, bin thin phem tra vat chit cng khong phii la sy sing tgo tay tign cia tu duy con ngudi, ma tri Ini, 1A két qua cia eon dung trims ‘nugng héa cia tt duy con neu vé ei sy vat, hig tang 6 thé edm bit duge bing fe gide quan, Che su vat, hign ‘uagng cia thé giti, dd rt phong pbs, muda vé nbung ching vin e6 mot de tinh chung, théng mbt &6 1a tinh vit chit - tinh tn ti je Igp king 1p thuge vio ¥ thie Dé bao quit duge tt ci ede ov vft, hig tugng cu thé, cht ‘br duy en phi ndm ly dge tinh chung nay vi dua n6 vo ‘rong pham tra vat chit. "te 6 toh vit ehit khing? [Néu é-te ni chung sn ea th &-te phi 6 tinh vat ct, 16 phi nl trong kha nig vot chat 12.6. Me va Ph.Anggben: Tad tp, S20, e701, 787 125 Caen nee en EEEje bigt, Ph. Angghen khing djnh, xét vé thye chit, ‘gi him ei phom tr vot chit ching qua chi 18 eu tom tit, t§p bgp theo nbstng thufe tinh chung cba tinh phong phi, muén v8 nbung e6 thé elm biét duge bing eée gike quan cia che ey vt, hig tung eis thé gid vat edit the thé, vit chit khéng phi oi gl Khdc hon 1 tng 08 nhitng vit thé ti 6 ngudi tantra kh nim Ay bing con Ang tra tong és; vn dng véi tinh ech la van dng lkhdng phai la ei gi Khéc hon 1 tng ening hin thite ‘in dong 06 thé cm bibt duge bling ed ge quan; nbtng tir niu “vat chi wa "vin dng” chi TA nhitng si tm eft trong dé ching ta tgp hp theo nhing thuge tinh chung fia ching, rift nhigu sy vit Khe nhaw o6 thé cm bist Auge bing fe gide quan. Vi thé ci o6 thd nhon thee due ‘vit chit va vin dng bang eich nghign est ning vit thé ving bigt vA ning hinh the wing 1é cia win dng, va Kei ching ta nh thde duge mhitng efi fy tht ching ta cfing nbn thie duge of vot cht va van Ang v6i tinh ech ave obit va ven ding” ©. Mée khong da ra mgt dinh nghia vé vat chit, nohung a vin dung ding én quan did duy vat bit chimg vé vit ct trong phan tieh nhitng vin 48 chin te - ‘xi hi, df bigt Ia trong phn ich qué teinh sin xuft vat chit ofa x8 hi va md rong quan diém duy vat bign ching v6 vit chit a8 phan tfeh tn tai x8 hoi vA moi quan hi 1.0 Mic Ph, Angsbon: Ta ip, S20, 198-707 126 bign chang git tn ta x hi va 9 the x hpi. C. Mie va Ph, Angghon 4k khdng dinh quan didm duy vit bign clung ela minh trong nghien eit ich sit nh sn: Nhoing ‘im a8 ut phét ci ti, “D6 1a nhitng of nhan higm thye, 1 oat ding ea vA ning digu kign sinh hoot vet chat cia he, nhtng diéu kign ma ho théy o6 sin eding nh ‘hang digu kign do hogt dong cia chinh bo tgo ra." Nhut vy, wt chit trong x i ein Ta tn ti eb chi bin than con ngudi cing véi nhing didu kié sinh boat vat cht cia con ngui, hont dong vat ebit va nbing quan he vt cht gine ngudi vi ng VL. Lénin 4 tidn hinh téng Két toi dign hing thanb tyu moi mbt cis Khon hye, die trank ebing mei biu hign ea chi nghia hoai nghi, duy tam dang lim Hin hoje xuyén tge nhitng thinh tyu méi trong nhén thie ey thé cia con ngudi vé vat chit, mun tan be bd ch nghta uy vit, qua dé bio v8 va phét trién quan nigm duy vat ign ching v8 pham era vat et. Dé dua v2 duge mbt quan nigm thye sy khoa hoe w vt chit, VI. Lenin de bigt quan tm di vige tim kin huang php dinh ngbia cho phgm tet nay. KE thite aahing tu tung cia C. Méc va Ph. Angghen, VL Lénin di ink nghia v8e chit vi tt ech 18 mpe pam tr rit hoe va bling och dom dai Itp vt pha tr § thie trén phutng ign nhgn thie lutn ea bin, VI. Lénin vt; “khong thé 1.6. Mie vA Ph. Angghon: Tot p83, 28-28, 127 ooofem li cho hai Kh&i nigm nbn thite lug nay mos dink ‘gla nao kc ngoai ech chi 8 ring trong hat Kis nigm 46, efi nto geen a 6 true ‘Trong tée phim Chi nghia duy vat vat chi nghta ‘kink nghifm phe phén, VI. Lenin di dua ra dik nghla ‘v6 vit chit nh sau: "Vat cht Id moe pham tra trit hoe dang @é chi thye tai khéch quan duige dem Iai cho con rent trong edm gle, duge edm gite cia ching ta chép 1ai, chp Iai, phn dnb, va tn ti khong If thuge vio chm ‘de, Diy 1A mQ¢ din nghfa hoan ehinh vé vt chit ma cho dén nay eée nba khoa hoe hig dai ent 18 mot dink nla kink didn inh nghia vot ehft cia Vi. Lanin bao him fe noi dung co bn sau day: ‘Tha nt, vb ei 1A tye tai hich quan ~ cin tai big thye ben ngoi Ute vA khéng If thuge vio $ the ‘Ki néi vot eh 1a mgt phem tra trie hoe 1k mun ‘di phem tra nay 1a sin phim cin sy tri tng és, ting 06 ou tm tai cdm tinh. Nhung Ehée vé nguyén te ‘i moi atria tng héa mang tink chit duy tam chit ‘ghia vé pham tra niy, VL Lénin nhiin manh ring, pham ‘teh tit hoe ny dng dé chi oi "ate tink” duy nh cia vit chit ~ mi chi nghia duy vit tigt ge 18 gin Tién vot vig thita nbn dij tinh may ~The fe tinh tn ta wa to ich a tye tai Khdch quan, tn tsi & ngodi ¥ thie f 1,2. VE Lani: Toi tp Sd £38,427, 11, 128 celbing ta. Noi cfc Ke, tin trin tuong ea phan tra vit chit bét ngudi tt ed 88 hign thy, do 46, khng tach ‘i tinh hign thye cy thé cia né. Néi d&n vat cht la n6i in tt cd mhiing gh 48 va dang hign bu thye sf bin gol § thie cia con ngudi. Vgt chs Ia hin thye ehit hing phi 1k hu v6 va big thye my mang tinh ksh quan chit chong phai ifn thye chi quan, Diy eting ehinh 18 ei "phgm vi h6t sie hon cha” ma 6 a6, theo V.L. Lenin, su déi lop gita vat cht va ¥ thie TA tuygt 46, Taye 6 hha tinh tri tong cia pham tr nly 96 khong thay vot ct, 08 roi vko quan diém duy thm, Nguge Ie, nd tayét 446i ha tinh ign thuye cu thé ela pham ted nay 98 déng hat vat chit voi vge thé, va 46 Ia thye cht quan diém cia chit nghie duy vat true C. Mée vé vin 4€ nay. Nit viy, moi st vit hign tug tir vi mo dda vim, ti tng i bit én nang efi chu big, t2 nbting sy vat “gin don nh” dén nog hin tong vO cdng "kp 1°, dd tén ‘gi trong ty obit hay trong x5 boi eting déu la nbting dt ‘rugng tn tei khich quan, d@e lap véi $ thie con ng, nga 1a du thuge pham tra vat cht, déu la ef dang ew thé ofa vat cht. XA hoi loki gui efing IA mot dang tén tai de bigt eda vit chit. Thoo V.L Lenin, trong adi sng x i th "“khch quan khong phi theo $ nghia Ia mot x ‘bi ming sinh vat of § thi, hing con neu, o thé tén tqi va phit trién Khong phy thuge vio au t6n tai cia 1 ViL Lenin: Toop, Sd, 1.18, 30. 129 oe ———— —inhing sinh vit 06 the (.), mi Khich quan theo # nghia 1 thn tai xi hi Rhdng phy chufe vio ¥ thie x hoi cba com nti hing dinh toén day 06 # nghia nt quan trong trong ‘vide phé phn thé gigi quan day tam vat hye, ei phing boa hge inhi Khéi cuge Ing hoang thé gidi quan, hun khieh efe aba khoa hoe di sau thm hidu thé git vt chi, khdm phi ra nb thuge tinh mai, it eu mai cea vit chit, khdng ngtimg Tam phong ph tx thie cia con i 8 th gi ‘Thi hai, vit chit Ih oi mA khi tae ddng vio ef gic ‘quan con ng thi dom Iai cho con ngubi cd gg. "Tesi voi quan nim “kehéch quan” mang tinh chit duy tim vé sy tén tei cia vit chit, VL. Lénin khdng dinh ing, vit ch Iudn bida higm die tinh hign thye khéch ‘quan cia minh thing qua sy tdn tai khong If thuge vio § thir cia fc a vat, ign tugng ey thé, te ka udm bid ‘hi sy tn toi ign thye ea mink duti dang cfc thu thd. Ge thye thé nay do nbig ae tinh bin thé Iugm wn ob tia nd, nén Ki tre tig hoe gn tip t4e dng vio ce ‘ge quan 26 dem Iai cho con nguidi ning edm gike. Me ‘da Khong phit moi ey vit, hign tugng, qué txinh trong thd gidi ki tée dng Ion giée quan cia con ngudi aéu Auge cde gide quan com ngudi nan bist; of efi phi qua ang cy koa hoe, thm chi e6 efi iing dung cu hon hoe 1 Vi Lin: Pon tp, S38, 409, 130 hung cing chua big; efi din nay vin chus e6 dung ey Ikhoa hye dé bigt due: song, néu né tén t4i Khich quan, hign thye d ban ngoti, dle lap, khong phy thuse vio § thie acon neue thi né win TA vat ch ‘Chi nghia duy wat big ehting khong ban dn vat hat imgt céch chung chung, ma ban dn n6 trong méi quan be Oi § thde ea con ngwdi; trong é, x6t tim phung dig ‘nhgn thie lug thi vat chit Ia ei 6 true, a tinh the hit, 1k obi ngudn cia cim gle (thie); edn em gie (§ thie) 1a oi 6 sau, 1a tinh tht ai, 18 edi phy thuge vao vit chit. D6 cing Ia edu tr Ibi theo Iep trudng nhit nguyén duy vat cia Vi. Lénin dBi voi mat tho mht vin ca bin cia trift hoe ‘Tht ba, vat chit 1A ei ma § thie ching qua chi la 5 phan énh ela n6, Chi 6 mgt thé gidi duy mbt 18 the isi vat chat. ‘Trong thE gidi &y, theo quy lugt vEin e6 cia né ma aén mgt thai didm nbilt din of cang mt ie tn ta hai itn ‘aigng - bi tagng vit chit va hig tugne tinh than, Cae hign tugng vat chat ludn thn tai Khch quan, Khdng 16 thufe vio ofe hign tugng tinh thén. Cn ede hign tugng tinh thin (eim gife, tw duy, ¥ thie.) I9i udm Tub ob guén ge tir efe hign tugng vat cht va nhg gl e6 duge trong ofe hign tugng tinh thin & (afi dung oa ching) ching qua cling chi 1k chép Ig, hyp Tei Ta bin sao eta fe oi vit, him tug dang tn tai voi tr eéeh Ta ign ‘hye Khich quan. Nhu vay, em gide la 0d 58 day nhitt 131song bin than né Igi khéng ngting chép qi chup lai, phin én ign thye khch quan, nén vé nguyén tie, con nguai 6 thé nha thie due thé gid vat cat, Tromg thé gi vat chat khéng 06g la khong thé bist chi 66 mhitng edi 48 bigt va ng efi chua bit, do hen ché cia con ngui trong thmg giai €oan lich sit nbat in. ‘Gang vaio phit tridn ea hoa hos, cfc gide quan cia con nevi gly eang duge “néi dai’, gidt han nhin thee ‘ea cde thai dg bj vugt qua bj mt di chit khing hai vat lat mit di nh ning ng duy tam quan nim. hing dink trén day of § nga b6t ste quan trong trong vige bite 3 thuyit "bt Kha te", dng thi tée dung ldhuygin keh efe nh lhoa ge isu tim biéu es ii vot chat, g6p ph&in lam gidu Kho tang tri thie nhin ogi. Ney nay, hoa hoe ty mbiém, Khoa ge xi ii vi ‘nhin vin ngly cdg phéttxién vi nhing Khim phi mi cng khang djnh tinh ding dn ea quan nigm duy vot bign ching vé vit chit, ching t3 dinh nghia vat ct ci VL Lanin vin gid nguyen gid tri, va do dé, chit gis duy vot bign ching ngty cng khiing dinh vai tr a hat nn thé gidi quan, phuog php ludn @ing din cia efe koa Inge hign dai Y nghia phuong phép lug cia quan nigm vit chit cia trigt hoe Mie - Lénin Dinh nghia vit chit cia VL. Linin di gi quyét hat mat vin 48 os bin cia trigt hoe trén lap tring cia chit gla duy vt ign ching: exng exp nguyen te thé gidt 192 ‘quan vi phuong php lugn khos hee 48 du tran ehiing ‘chi nghfa duy tm, thuytt khing thé bet, chit nghia duy Ot situ hinh va moi bigu hign cba ching trong trie oe tut ain hign dpi vé pam tra nay. Teong ahgn the va thye tidn, 405 i com ngwdi phi quin trigt nguyén te Khdch quan, xult phat tig thye khéch quan, tn trong khich quan, ohn thie va van dung ding quy lugt khéch quan. Dinh ngha vat chat eta V.L Lénin i ed «8 khoa ge eho vie xe dinh vit chat trong link vye x hi, d6 1a ee digu ign sink hogt vat chit, hogt ng vt chit va ee quan he ‘vit chit x8 hi gta nguai wi ng, N6 cdn tgo li kt ita chit nghfa duy vat bia ching vi chi nghta duy vot ich eit thank mbt he thing Iy lugn théag nbs, gp phn ‘go nén néa ting ly lug Khoa hoe cho vige phn tich mot ‘ech duy vat bigm ching ede vin 46 ci chit nghta duy vat lich ai, trade het 1A cf viin 48 v8 su vim dng va phat ‘im cia phtong thie sin aust vit ct, v8 moi quan he sida tn tai xa hai va § tite xf i, wé mdi quan hé gia dquy lugt Whéch quan ei lich ot va hoot dng o6 ¥ thie ka con ng. Phuong the tdn tei aia vat chat Phuong thie tn tai cha vat chit tte 1 cch thie tin ‘gi vi hink thie tn tg cia vt chit. Chis nga duy vat Dig ching Khing dink: Van dng 1a eéch thite tn tei, ng thai la hinh thie tn tai cia vet chat; Khong gin, ‘thdi gan 1a hin thie tn tai cia vet eh. 133* van dbo Sun toi ia thé gid ve chit hét ste phong pha vi phe tap. Vai er eich Ia mt KhSi nig tit hoe, vem (ong theo nghia chung nha 1a moi sw bid déi ndi chung, Ph, Angghen vit: "Win dng, bidu theo nghia chung nit, ~ tie duge iu A mgt phuong thie tn tei cia vat eh, 1a mgt the tinh oS hau ca vit chit, ~ thi bao gém tite gi sy they di va moi qua trink didn ra trong wh tr, kb tivow thay déi vit don gin cho din tu dy”. = Van dng Ia phuong tht thn tsi cia vat hit ‘Trude hit, vgn dng Ma tube tinh of hu eda vat bt, hing 8 du va § not no Ini eb thé c6 vat ehft khong vin jog, Se tn ti oa vt cht Ia tn ti Ding ech vn dng, tie a vat chi dud ee dang thite ca n6 ud lun trons qué tri bin déi Khdng nglmg. Cée dang tén tei ey thé cia vat chit khong thé khtng ef thufe tinh van déng. The di vit chit, tit ming thin thé king 1 dn ning hates bin v6 edng nh ti ii vd edn gi tu c, st hin tum ‘it nhién ia hign tung x4 fi, tt cd dé 3 trang tha ‘eking ngting vin ding, bia Ai 88 af mh vay lav, Bat sy vét, hin tugng ndo cong 1a mgt thé thing mbt eb ket cou lift dinh git of nbn #8, efe Khuynh hung, che B® phn khée nhau, 48 1gp nhau. Trong hé thing 6, ching In tae ding, an hung Min nhau va chin sy Anh hun, tie ng qua Ini Hin nhau fy gy a sy bign Afi n6i chung, 1.6. Mae wt Ph, Angghen: Tia tp, Std £20, 818 14 ‘ate I vgn dng. Nhu th, vim dng eda vt chit thn ‘vin ding va mang tinh phi ign Vat chit chi 06 ehé tin ti bing eich vin dong va thong qua vin dong ma bigu hign ay tn tai ca n6 vi ee hhinh dang phong ph, muén vé, v6 tam. Do 46, con ng chi nha the duge au sf ay vAt, ign tugng bing cfch xem xét ching trong qué tinh vin ding. Nhin thie su ‘yin ding cia mt eu vot, mot him tugng chinh 1 nhn the bain than ex vet, ifn tugng 46. Nhigm vu cia moi ikhoa hye, suy dén cng va xét v6 thye chit 1 nghién eat su vin dng cba vot chét trong cée pham vi, link we, twin d9, It esa Khe nhau. Ph. Anggben hing anh: “Cit hin tide va efe dang kde nha eia vat chit chi 6 thé nhgn thae duge théng qua vin Ang; thuge tinh eta vit ehé hi bge Ip qua van déng; v6 mot vt thé Khong vin ng th Khang 06g ma ni phi nghia duy tim va ton giéo cho ring, 06 van dng rma khdng cé vit eh, te Ia o6 Ive hg phi vat chit va ‘ing ben ngodi thé git vot cht. Me sna duy tm dn via din cd nhiing thin tyu cia Khoa hoe hin dai dé sinh chimg cho quan diém cia nga duy nding ra dt a thé ig} XIX. Ho pil ehich méi quan b pu thule hau gia Khéi Ign, vA ning lugng thin sy bin i cia 1khdi Ido. than dng luyng phi vat eh. VL. Lénin cho ‘ng, quan nigm tri diy ela cée nha triét hge duy tim 1.6 Mae wi Ph, Angehon: Tota tp, 8,20, 12748, 135 ne rTnnEEEENEInEEIEEEEREEEEEEEpS SS SS cing qua chi la “chit dang thugt nga "m6 a8 nguy trang ‘ho hing sai lam 8 én thie nen" ‘Von ding 1a thude tink of au va 1k phuong thie tn ti cia vét cht; do 46, né Wn tai vinh vin, khong thé tao ra vit Khdng bi tit digt, Quan nig v8 inh king thé tao ra vi khong bj tiéu dift ofa van ding da due efe na Ikhoa hee ty nhign ching minh blng quy ludt bio ton va cuyén héa ning hugng, Theo quy lust nay, van dng ca vit chit dug bio tot cd v6 8 Iugng va chit Iugng. Blo ‘toin v8 lugng efia vin dng 06 nghia i ting 28 van dng cea vis try la Ichng thay dé, lugog von dng cla su vat ‘ny mat di eh cong ngang bing lung vin dng cis ccs v@t Khe nhgn dage, Bio totn vé chit cia vim ding Ia bio tod cfc hin thie vin dng va bio toin kha ning chuyén hha cb ef hinh thie vim. df Mi hinh thie ven dng cy thé thi 06 fh6 mat di é chuyén béa thinb hin thie ‘vin ding khée, on van Ging nbi chung tn tai vinh viém ‘gin Tin véi bn thn vat cht, = hing hinh thie van dng eo bin cia vat chit inh thde vin dng cia vit cht rit da dang, duge Diu bien ra wi ee quy m6, trinh d9 va tinh chit it sae lkhée nhau, Vige Khim phé va phn ehia cfc hinh thae vin ng cia vit chit dim ra cing véi ay phét triéa ohm thie eda con ngudi, Dya vito mhing thinh tyu Khos hye cia thoi qi minh, Ph, Angghen dit chia von dong cia 1 VELL: Tt tp, Sd, £38, 1.094, 136 vet cht thanh nfm inh thie ed bin: es hoe, vat If, hoa Ing, sink ge vit x boi. “Van dng trong khong gian va fy, vin ding og hoe ela efe vot thé tong déi nd trén rmét thin thé riéng bigt, chin dng phin tt dudi inh thie nhigt, dng diga, dong ti phé, phn gidi va hop ett ‘nda hee, sf afing hit os cho an efi ein phim cao nht cha nd 1 ec day” "Thong qua ofc hinh thde ed bin cia vin dng cho ‘hay, vt chit tn tai if ho du6i dang 18 moe dd tung cox hoe, hay vat If, hda hoe, sinh he hoge xi Chin vt vy, vn dng néi chung la mé¢ hinh tht tén tai cia vat chit, Co s8 eda sy phan chia d6 dya trén fe nguyéin the fe hinh hae van dng phi tuong ting voi trinh d@ nhst inh cia td che vet cht; ef hinh the van dng 06 méi ign be phat sinb, nghfa la binh thde van dng eao nay sinh trén eds cia nhitng binh thie van dng thip va bao bbim hin thie vgn dng tp; hinh thde van dag cao lehée w6 cht so vi inh thie wn dng thip va khong thé quy v6 hinh thite vin dng thi. Vige phin chia fe hin the vin dng os bin 66 $ nghia quan trong. AB véi vibe phan chia d6i tung vi xic dink méi quan hé gia cée nngioh lchoa hoe, déng thdi cing cho phép vech ra cic nguyén If de trig cho sit tung quan gia cc hinh thae vn dng cia v§t chit. Trong tong Iai, khos hye hign dai of thé 48 phit hign ra nang trinh a w6 che vat chit 1, C. Me va Ph Angaben: Taint, Sa .20, 883 1stani, vA do 46, fing 06 thé tim ra ning hink hae van dng mei, cho nén of thé va edn phi phat trién, bé sung cco of phn logi nd ten ca Ph Angyhen, mle di hing nguygn te cn ban eda sy phn Logi @6 van git nguyen iat Che hinh thie win dong tdn tai trong mbt lién he ching thé teh 18 nha. Gita hai ink thie vn dng ea0 ‘vA thip 6 thé of inh thge vn dng trung gian, 46 la rnhing mit Khu chuyén tigp trong qué tri chuyén oa lin nheu eda ee binh thde vim dng. Tuy mhién, nhing et eu vot chit ge thd bao gid ctng duge de trang bai imgt hinh thae vén dng es bin nit dh va khi 46 ef Ihinh thée vin dng kh bi tn tai nhut mhang nbn 86, rnhing v@ tinh efa hink thie van déng co bin. Vi wy, vita phi ehty méi lién bg gia ede hinh the vin ding, vita phi phn bigt eke nhau vé chit cia ching Cie nha trie hge duy vot th kj XVI va XVITT, do quan nigm sigu hinb, 44 quy mei hinh thie vin dng thanh mt hinh thie duy mbit la vin ang eo oe. Ho eat hhogt ding cia gi ty nhién va ea cd con ngui khéng st Ikhée ham la boat ddng cba mt ef may. Vige quy hin thle ‘vin dng phie tgp thinh hinh thie vin dng gin don Auge go la chi nghfa ed gi. Quan nigm sai lim cia chit gia co gidi Ia nguyén nhin din dé bé te trong vige If sid nheng bin di cba the gi sinh vat va x8 hg, én gia thé kj XIX, ahitng ngui theo chit nga Dcuyn x4 hi, moe bike tudng cia chi nghta oo gi, Le 138 ‘guy vin dng xi hoi thimh vin dng sinh oe, coi con ‘nguti nu la me sink vet thud ty, Ho cho wing, su t6n ‘gi, phi triém cd x i JA qu trink chon loc tu nhign, trong a6 con nui ein x6, tb digt Hin nhau 48 sinh tn, ké nho mank,thich ting duge th tn tq, nguge ai 88 bi tidu digt. RB rang, thuyét tim ha cia Darwin @Aeuyn) 1a sgt khoa hee chin chinh; ebm cht: nghfa Diicuyn x8 hi Ia sai Mm, bja gt vn ha con nui xing hing con vat. Su a dBi ofa chi nghia Décuyn xf hoi e6 nguéin ge nhin ‘he, nhung chi yu 1a do nguyén nbin gia ei. NO TA os 8 1 lug cho ay p dat trot eg tu bin, bign bp cho chink sich xm luge cia eh nghia a6 quée. VI Lénin cho ring, a vo hing Ki nim nhu “au tran sinh tn’, “ng ‘aa, “aj hoa" th 08 khng hidu gi v6 Whoa hoe xX hpi, vt 0 6 Wing thé din nha higu “sinh vgt ge” 16a nhtng nig tugng x hi nb khiing hoding kink #6 ech meng xi Ingi va dia tranh iol op. Bai vay, nghian cau ey thing abit va khée nhau eia efe inh thie vin dong cia vat chit vita 1A viin 48 of § nghla phuong phép lufn quan ‘wong, dng thai IA vin 48 e6 $ nghia thye tin eau se, ip ching ta dé phing vi Khe phue nitng sai lfm trong ‘agi eu hoa ge va thye ti x8 i = Van ding va cing im Su vin ding king ngiing cla v9t chit khOng nbiQng hong logi tric ma tei lai cdn bao him trong a6 sy dang im twang a8, "Theo quan didm cia chi nghia duy vot bign ching, rg in 1 trang thi Gn dn 6 eat oy vt, hid bag 139trong nbang moi quan hg va didu kign oy thé, 14 inh thite Digu hign oy tn tai thue sy ea ofc ay vit, bign tong va 1a diu kign cho sv van dong chuyén héa cia vet chit [Nhu vay, ding im ehi c6 tinh tam tha, cbf xdy ra trong mgt méi quan hé abit dink che khong phi trong moi méi quan hf cing mat thoi dim, ch xy xa voi mot hin the ‘th dong nlo dé, 3 mbt hie nto 46, chi khong phi cing mgt lie d&i véi mei hinh thie van dng. Hon nda, ating im ‘ch A agbidu hign cia moe trang théi van ding - vin dng trong thing bing, trong sy dn dinh twang i. Noi eich ‘hie, ding im Ta mgt dang cha van dng, trong a6 eu vat chua thay ii cin bin v6 chit, né cén la n6 chit chun chuyén hon thin eft kh ‘Van dang ef bigte6 xu hung hinh thanb, duy tr ow tn tsi én dinh cia mot sy vit, hifm tong ndo 46, Nhung, vin ding néi chung, te Ia sy tée dng qua lei cia vo 96 cc su vat, hign tugng, lai lam cho tae céc sf vt hig tug ng ning big Ai, cho ném ang im ch twang 646i, tam thai. Ph. Angghen vide “vn dong ring bigte6 xu Ibuing chuyén thank efn bing, vn dng todn bp Tal phit hoa ay etn bing ving iat” Mie dd mang tinh chat tong &6i tam thi, nhung ang im Iai “ehtng thy” cho fn the tn tai thu su cba vat chal, Ia iu kif cho sy van Ang chuyén ha cia vat chit. Khong o6 ding im thi khong e6 syn dnb ofa su vat 1. ©. Mev Ph Angohen: Tm dp, Sad, 1.20, 740 140 vv con ngudi cing khing bao gid nn thie duge ching. ‘Khong 06 ding im th ou vét, hifa twang eting khong thé thye hign duge ey vin dng chuyén hoa tigp theo, Van ong va ding im tgo nén sy théng mbit bign ching cia ce mat abi Ipp trong sy phit sinh, tén tg va phat tridn cia moi su vit, ign tung, nhung vin dong la tuygt abi, cin ding im la tuong a8, Si vet, hifa tugng Khe nhau, hose cing mgt sy vét, hign tugng abung trong cfc méi quan h@ Ehée nau, & fe iu kign Khée nhau, thi ding im cing khée nhau. ‘Ve du: dag im cia mot nguyén tt 9€ khée ding im cia rot hinh thai kinh ta hoi; ding im ea mot x8 hoi v6 mgt ch te] 68 ke ding im vé mt kinh ¢6.. Vi vay, ‘vin a8 Kg cht dehd lhdng dink tinh tuy@t Abeba vin ‘dong va tinh tuong ati eta ding im ma phat nghign edu ‘svn dng va ding im eta ey vt, hign tugng v0; quan én ch sit, eu thé. ‘Quan nigm eta phép bin chang duy vat vé vin dng coin vat chit d2i hdi phi quin trigt quan diém vin ding vio nbn thie va thye ifn. Quan digm van dng dBi ii phi xem xét, nh gi sx wit, him ugng trong qué trinh ‘vin ding, ddng thi kh tin hin of to ex vit, hig bang phai théng qua nbiing hinh thie vin ding vin ef, dic ‘rung cle ching. Nhin thie cée hinh thie vin dng ea ‘vt cht thye cht 1a nh the bin thn th gi vt cat. * Khong gian va thi gian Dye trén nbing thin tyu cia khoa hoe vi thye ‘in, chi neha duy vot bign ching d& khdng dink tinh uM a‘kuch quan ela khéng gian va thai gian, xom khong gian ‘vi thoi gian Ia hinh thst tén tai cia vat cht vam dng; ‘rong dé, khdng gian 18 inh thie tén tai ia vat hat xét ‘v6 mit quang tinh, sy cing tén tei, brat ty, két ef va at ‘4c dé Hin nb, Thai gian la inh thie tén ta cia vat bit vgn dang x6t vé mat af dai dif biGo, sk tip cia fe qua trinh. ‘Khong gian va thai gian 1A nhing hinh tht tn tal ka vit chit vin déme, due con ngudi khéi quét khi albgn ‘hice thé gid. Khong o6 khong gian va thd gian thudin ty ich ri vit eh vin dng. V.I. Lnin vid: “Trong thé sii, Khong ogi ngodi vit chit dang vin ding va wat chat dang van dng king thé vin ding & déu ngoai Khong gian va hai ian” ‘Khéng gian va thi gian Ja hat thufe tinh, hai hinh thie tn tai Rie nhau ob vat cit vin dng, nung ching ing téch ri nhau. Khing e6 svat, hign tang nfo tn to trong khéng gian ma lei khong eé mbt qué tein didn bin ea n6. CBing king thé of a vot, hign tung nio © ‘hai gian tn ta mi Ta King 06 quing tinh, kt ei nbt inh. Tinh cht cia khong gian va sy bin afi ea n6 bao ‘8 cling gin ln vi tio chit vh oy bid di ca thd gian ‘vA nguge Ini Do 46, vé thu chit Khong gian va thai gian Id inge thé théng abit hong gian - tii glan. Vat chit ef ba cu king gian va mt chia thi gian 1 VEL Lenin: Tom tp, S18, 300-210. 42, ‘Sip tid ea trite vit koa ge De bd quan ifm sai Mim ef Newton vé mét khing gian, thii gian ‘thudn ty, ding nbat, Bye bigt, nbing he qua rat ra ti thuyet tong asi ea Albert Kinstzin 4a ching minh ving [khong gian,théi gian 6 tinh Kh bin, phy thuge vio te 5, Kadi lugng, tring hp din ei cic di tugng vat chit ‘ice qua trinh vat ct Khe nha. Do véy, vét chit vin ng quy inh Khong gian, thoi gian eh khong phi khong gion 1 oi “thing ring”, efi “chung cing" bet bin chia dy vt chit bén trong nhw quan nifm efa nbting gui may méc,siéu hin King gian va thai gian cia vot chit néi chung Ia v6 in, x6t v8 el pam vi Hin tin chat. Khoa hoe hign dai a8 cing minh ring trong thé gidi hing @ dau o6 ton cing v6 King gian, cing ahi Khing 3 dis 06 ngung dong, khong bigh di hofe king 06 sx tip ni cia fe qué ‘rink. Khong gian va thoi gan cia mot sy vt, hign tuoog coy thé A. tan cdg va hu hen. ‘Quan nigm ding dfn va khoa hoe trim dy ce eis ghia day v9t big ching v6 khéng gian va thi gian @& ‘bée bi quan nigm eta chit nghla day tm chit quan eoi khong gian va thi gion Ih hinh thie trye quan tién nghidm, la 6 sip xp cée cm gife ma con ng thu duge theo md tnt ty nh dink (quan nifm eda Kent), hote chi Ta thong lim it chit chs cia nbting chubi cim gio, do ‘on ngui sinh va (quan nigm cia B, Mach). Khi ph teh thye chit cia nbimng quen nigm nay, VL. Lenin eho ring: us —“po 18 mgt dia v6 19 duy tom 26 gt ny sinh xa mgt efch tit mbit hoe thuyét noi ving vat thé Ta nhing phite dngp cm gle Quan nifm cia chi nghia duy vat bitn ching vé bn gian va thai glam Ia e9 9 ly lun khos hoe dé du tanh chéng Tei quan nigm duy tm, sidu hinh tie rt khong gian va thai gian voi vot chit van dong. Quan nig &6 abi di ph&i quén trift nguyen te phuang phép udm vé tin lich sit - ey thé trong nh thie va hoot ng the tid Tinh thtng nba vat bit ea the gti in tai eia thé gi Ia tin dB cho su thing nb cia the i "Trong quan nigin v6 ay ehting nh eda thé gidt phi My vie tha nha ay tin tai eta né lim tin 4. Khong thon nbn ay tn 19 ea the gid thl Khong thé n6i ti vide snhgn thet th gi ‘Trong vige ablin thie thé gi, win a6 dit tin nay sinh dai vi duy trigt hoe lac ThE gidi quan ta e6 thye hay chi I sin phim thufn bay ca tu duy con nga? Hon ita, mg a vt, ign tug ma ta di iét duge khong phit avinh vido, vay o6 thé ni ti ay thn tai ea ching va suy rong ra o6 thé néi wé sy thn toi cia thé gidi hay khong? [Néua khding inh 1 6, th tn tol Ag? 1. WA Kain Td, 844,18 212, ua "Theo nghia chung nhét, tn tai Ja pham tra dang aé ‘hi tinh e6 thye ela thé gidixung quanh con nguti. King inh oy tén toi IA gat bb nhiing nghi ng v6 tinh khong ‘hye, ay hue 6, tt 18 gg bd eng tn a Su tn toi cia thé gif Ia ht ste phong phi vé dang, Jogi C6 tén tai wat chit va tén toi tinh thin, C6 tin tat Ikhéch quan va tn tgi chit quan. Cé tin ti cia ty hién ‘vi tn tg cba xf gi... Nhumg quy ludt pt trig ei leh ‘tt tung triét hoe vita cho phép lei vita dBi héi con i hg thé dng la 8 vige khing dinh hay phi ink tn tg n6i chung, mA phi di én quan nigm vé ban est cia tn tg. Thoo dé, inh thinh hal trvdng phéi ati gp hau trong vige gi quydt vin 4€ miy, Chit nga duy vat Diu sy tn tai cia thé gidi nh mgt chinh thé ma bin int cia né i vat cht. rdi Is, ee nha tithe duy tm Ikhding dinb ci of thé git tinh thn mei tdn tai nm bin ct cia tn tai efing Ma tinh thd, ‘iing la thé edi quanb ta tn tai, nhung hin thie tn tai cia thé gi la hit ede da dng. Vi thé, tin gi eda the sid tifm 8 cho oy thing nt cia thé gd. Song, tinh ‘hing nt ea the gi khéng phii doy tén tei ea n6. Sy Khe nha v8 nguyn te gia quan nim duy vét va quan nif duy tim king phii 8 vige 06 tha nhgn hay khéng ‘thita nhdn tinh thing mbit cb thé gid, ma la @ ebb chit raga duy vit cho ring, od 68 ea ay ehing nist eda the i IA tinh vat chat cha ns, a5* The gia ting nad inh vat che Can et vio dai sng thye tin va a phat trign law dai ciia trie ge vi ehoa bee, chi nga duy vit bign ching hing dinh bin chat cia thé gidi 1a vat chat, thé jit théng nhl 6 tinh vat chat, Diba 46 duge th hig 8 nbtng Aida es bin sau day: = Chi mgt thé gidt duy mbit va thing mht 1a thé git ‘vit cht. Thé giti vot bit t6n tei Khéch quan, o6 trude 1a dde Tap wi the con ngwdi, duge ¥ thie com ng phin én. ~ Moi bj phn cia the gi6i ob mth quan be vit chit ‘théng nh voi nha, bidu hign @ ebb ching dua nhiang ddgng eu thé cba vat chit, 18 sin phiim cia vat chit, ching chau ny chi pica ning quy Tudt Kbéich quan, ph big cba the ii vat ct. "Th gidt vt chit khong do al sinh ra va cong Khdna tug mit di, tn tai vinh vil, v8 han va v0 tn. Trong eé ‘di, ede oy vit, hign tugng Iuén Tubn vin dng, Dim Ai Ikhéng ngting va chuyén én Vin nau, 1a nguén ate, ‘guyéa mhdn va kit qui ela hau, vé thye chit, df rnin qué tein wot chit. ‘Quan nigm trim déy ofa chit nghia duy vat bigm chhitng 4 duge eufe e8ng hign thye ela con nguti vA ton bp ay phi tin cis khos he xi dinh. Con ng khong ‘thé bing § thie eda minh si sinh ra duge eée 461 tums Ot chit, mt chi o6 thé cdi bin thé gidi vot chit trén oo si nfm ving nog thuge tinh Khéch quan vén ob cia 4s fe dang vat chit va nhtng quy lust van dong ofa thé sii vat eh, ‘V6i ey phat tridn ea thign vin ge, quang phé hoe, vi try. ge, new ta khling dinh ring: Khing h€ c6 mot thé fii sifu nhién mho ngodi tri dit. Hoa hoe hign dai €a ching minh ring, gi hou ee khéng o6 bi chit thé bf, ch bigt vet gidt v0 ox mA dge fu tgo tir nhtng thn phn v5 od, phat tridn tir gidi v6 ea; sy he mau gita ching cht 8 kt ofa va trinh dp 6 cht, gia eluing 6 thé vi tit yu ehuydn és sang nheu trong nhiing iu kign nt dja theo quy lugt hich quan eta thé gi vat chit. ‘Si phat trién cia sinh vt ge, 1 nhtng ph hig vé Whi, tin b6a lun ota Darwin cho dn If thuyét wé gem, v6 ofc phin tit ADN va ARN di cho ching ta bigt chée chin ving thye v@t, dng v4t, od thé con nud du 06 thanh phiin v6 od, 06 ofu trie va phan héa W bio nh inhau, 06 cdng ea edu di truydn oy ang, IA fe bge thang trong qua tinh tin ha ela thé gidi vit chit. Diu a6 chitng U3 su phong ph eda thé gi khéng dng ngha vot ting 86 fe bia 6 nga nhign, kh6ng phi la ou bay ra 1pm xn ofa ofc ay vat, higm tugng, khéng phi Ist sing go ra mat eich thy tim eta mot lye lugng situ mhign nto rma 1A mt chink thé thing nb, trong 46 ede su vt, big ‘uugng Tut 06 moi lign he tt yu vet nhau, Ta dia kidn ‘tn tai cho nou, luda duge sinh ra, phat trig va mat di ‘theo mg légich nha din, theo nhing quy lust Khich quan wn o6 ca the gi ve eb urSu phét trién cia dinh lugt bio toin va chuytin hoa nang hugag cing nb ee quy lust v6 vat cit van dng u ching mink ving, wot et khdng ty mbién sink ra vi ‘chong mit di, ma Iudn ebuydn hoa th dang nay sang dang kkhée, Nang thin tyu moi nb v6 thién vin hoe, €3 boe Iudng ti, thu mg dB ctng vi sy pt inva hat vi tng, hat va phim bet, efng nh koa ge thye nahin A tao ra Auge ef phn nguyén t, gid ma duge bin ab gen ng. cng cho ching ta they x0 khéng o6 thE gidi phi vat cbt, Khdng os gi han eudi cing cia vit chit ni chung ei vé quy m6, tinh chit, Ket efx va thuge tinh ‘Gang vai ay phi trién cia Khoa hoe va thye tién, con nevi ngly cing phét biga ra nhiéu mit Whdu trung gian trong agi day chuyén vin dng v0 tan ci vit chit, va ‘eninh digu fy cho phép cing ta khding inh tinh in tye, thiog nit ela cfc qué teinh, eée tn 49 phi trign et ‘hip din cao ca vit chit. Khong 06 bit ot sy vt, hign ‘utgng nao lk hit vb bay sinh ra tt ut vo mb chi 06 eB ey ‘it, hign tong vat chit 6 ngubn g6e wit eh ‘4 hi lod ngudi any cho cing edng Ih eip 9 de bist cia t6 chide vat ct via 18 ep 49 eno nh cha cfu tric vat chit, Trong x8 hoi 46, tay nhan t6 owt dg 18 hing con gui c6 $ thie, song khng lim mit di tinh vit chit, khéeh quan cia ii ing x8 hei, ei ede quan ‘hg vat chat 2 hi. XA hpi cong 1A mgt bp phan eta thé sid vot cht, 06 nén ting vat chit, of Két eu va quy luat vin dong khéch quan Khong If thuge vio § thie efia chin ue con ng. Nbng quan hi vt cbt x8 hoi tn tai eh «quan, nung Iai 18K qui cd hogt dbng Cay tén cia con nga. Con ng vai ted ning ng, sng t90 to on trong thE gift vt chit, cha hota toan Khsag bé bet lye tube 6, [Ne vy, tigi bao gém coy mht vx, vé bin clue 1a vt ch, ehng mbt tin vot cht. Ph. Angrhen tugs “Pad tog nb eye ay cia thé gi a 3 inh ‘Bt chit cha nd, va tinh wht chit my duge ching mink ‘dng phi blog vai 1 eho Io ca lam to ‘th ma bing mts phit edn Iau dBi va kbs khan ea ‘nit hg veo et hit 2. Nguén g6e, bin chit va két edu eta 9 thite ¥ thite Th moe trong hai pham tn co bin duge cfc trudng pha tithe quan tm ng ety, nut ty theo feh If gidi Khe nhaw ma o6 nhitng quan nim rit Khe sha, 1A ox ad dé hinh thank ofc tring phi tilt hoe ke shan, hai dung Ii es bin dai gp nau Ta chi nghta duy Ot vA chi: nga duy tm. Dang ving trén lap trun cia hit nghta duy vat bign ching, Khai quét nbiang thank nu sméi nit cia Khon hoe t nin va bm sét ehye tim xa ‘i trigt hge Mic ~ Linin da gop phan lam sing t3 vin 48 9 thie, moi quan he gia vt et va thie, 1.C. Mic va Ph, Angghen: Tn fp, SA, 120, 1267 149a) Neuln gle oia 9 thae * Quan diém eda chit nga duy tm hi If gidi nguéin ge ra di eta ¥ the, efe nha tit be duy tm cho ring, # thie la nguyén thé du tien, tn tai vinh vign, Ia nguyéa nbn sinh thin, chi phi sy tén tai, big déi ca totn bg thé gid vbt bt. Chi nga duy ‘tam Khéch quan v0i nbitng dgi biu tiéu biéu mbu Plato, HHogel da tuyée di hoa vai trd ct If tinh, Khdng dinh thé sii" nig”, hay “Y nim tuygt a6” 18 in thé, sink ra ‘toio bp thé git ig the. Fthate cia con nui hi 1 sy “bi taing” v8 “nib, hay “by § the” Iai “f nigm tuys 46°, Ca chit nghia duy tm eh quan vei nhing di biéu inh G, Berkeley (G. Bécedl, E. Mach li tuyét di nda vai (x9 eda cfm gid, coi em gide I tn tai duy nb, “én ‘thién’, sin sinh ra th gigi vat cht. ¥ thie ea con ng 1 do ei gige sinh ra, nbung cim giée theo quan nigm fap ldhng phi J ey phitn dn thé gti eh quan mt bl TA fi vin o6 cb mdi cf nlhin tn tei tach rai it 14> Oi thé gidi bén ngodi. BS 1d nbimg quan nifm hét ste phitin dign, esi Im ei chi nghla duy tm, co 19 Tutn otha ton gio. * Quan didi ea ebi nghia dy v8 iu hin ‘Dai Igp vice quan nigm ea chi nghfa duy tm, ec ‘nha duy vt siéu hinh phi mbgn tinh chat sidu ty mhién cha $ hte, tinh thin, Ho xust phét tr thé gii him thy Ai Ig gidi ngun go ela J the. Tuy nbin, do tinh 150 phi tridn hoa hye ea thi dai 46 edn mhiGu gn chi va bj phuong php si@u hinh chi phot ném mbamg quan nigun v6 the con mae ahigu sai Mim. (Cac nh duy vat situ hinh di déng nh § thie wai vt ct, Ho ool the cing eh Id mt dang vt chat dge it, do ‘vt chat sin sin ra. Ching han ti thii of dai, Democritos ‘quan nigin § thie Ia do nhing nguyen tt de bigt Ghinh ‘edu, ube lin dng) lign kt v6i hau tgo thin. Cie nha uy vot tm Uhung thé ky XVIIT (Can Vogt (Phogto}, ‘cod Moleschott (Mls), Luding Buehne (Buykhane.., Ii cho rng: “Oc tg ra ¥ thie nhut gan tiét ra mau (Mt #8 nha duy vot Khe thuge phi *V§e boat Tuan” (ULB, Robinet, E. Hechken, Diderot) lei quan nim § thite 1 huge tinh ph bitin cba mei dang vit ehst - ti ii vo sinh dn gidt hu sinh, ma cao mbt 18 con ngubi. Theo, 6 ching a Khée nhsu gids eée ging, loi ch I 3 ep dO bidu hign ra bé ngoai bing ngén ngt hay khéng ma thoi. [Nha triét hge Php Diderot cho wing: em gic Ia dc tinh chung eda vot cht, hay IA sin phiim eba tinh t che a vat ent. [hing sai Im, han chs ca ei nghin duy tam wa eis ghia duy vit sige inh trong quan_nigm v6 § thie @ Auge ee gia ip bee It, thtng te trigt AB gk dung, ly #6 lam od sb If Iugn, cng eu én deh tinh thé qui ching Jao dng. 1. em VAL Lisi Tot hp, 8,28, 282. 181SESS SEtatEs econ e SETETES e SERraS SEES SEES * Quan didn cia chi nghts duy vt bifn ching ‘Trong lhi phé phn chi ngbia duy thm Khéch quan cho ring "9 nim’ e6 trube, sing tgo ra thé gidi, C. Mic ng thai khing djnh quan aidm duy vat bign ching v8 § thie: “§ nigm ching qua chi a vat ehst duge dom chuyén ‘to trong du 6 con ng wa die ei i di tong. 6. ya trén ning thanh tym mai cia khoa hoe ty nhién, ‘hit 1a sinh If hee - thin kinh hign dai fe nit kinh dign cia chit nghia Mae - Lénin Khiing dink ring, xé vé nguén ae ty mhidn, § thie chi la thuge tinh eda vat et; nhung khong phi cia mgt dang vit chit, ma Ta thude tinh cia mgt dang vat et ating 66 td chic cao mht la bp Ge ng Bp 6 nguii la Kf quan vit chit cia the ¥ hte TA che ning ci bp Ge nui, MB; quan bf gia bp Ge nguai boat 4gng binh thutng va § thie khéng thé tich rib 6e. Tit ce nhitng quan nif téch ri hoje ing nh thie voi be nud du din dn quan dim duy tam, thin bi hob duy vt tm thom. ¥ thie IA chite nding ca bg de nga hoat png binh thuting. Sinh If va § tite 1A hai mgt cia mgt ‘gud trinh ~ qué teh sinh If thin inh trong bp Ge ng mang ngi dung 9 thie, edng gidog mhu tin higu vit est mang nfi dung thong tn. ‘Tréi dat inh thinh tri qua qua trinh tin ha Mau Ai din in ey xslt hign con ngwti. BS cong la lich eit phat trién ning Iye phin nh cia thé gi vat chit i thtip 1.6 Maeva Ph. Angghon: Ton gp, 5,128, 26. 152 4m coo va cao nh ld trink a9 phn énh - thie. Phin ‘inh 1a thuge tinh phi bin eta mei dang vat est, dvoe bidu hig trong ay lim he, te dng qua lai gida eae 46 fugng vat chat vOt nau, D6 1A sy ti tgo shang de didn cia mgt be théng vét chit may 8 mgt he thing vit chit che trong qua tinh tée dng qua lpi cia ching. S¥ phn fanh phy thufe vio vit tac ding vA vat nhin te ding ng thi luén mang noi dung thang tin ela vat tée dong. (Cc ket eu vat cht cing phat trio, bot thign thi ning Ive phn anh cia né cang eso. Nhung die trung oa bin via néu trén o6 git trj Khoa hee, cung ip 68 aé Tam Ging t ngudn ge ty nin eda § thd. ‘Lich sittin hon cua thé gi vat chit ding th a eh sit phat idm thuge tinh phiin dh eh vit chi. Gitt tx hin vo sinh o6 tofu vat che don gdm, do vfy tinh df phin dni dje tung cia ching Ia phin énh vet Ij, hoa Ingo. BS la twink dd phin dnh mang tinh thy dng, esa ‘dink budng, Iya chon. Gidi ty mhién hit sink ra divi 1k eu vat chit phe tap hon, do 46 thude tin phin nh cing phat tridn lén mot tvinh 9 mdi, khée vé chit so wi sdk mhign v6 sinh, DS 1A trinh aB phn db sinh hoe ‘rong efe eo thé otig e6 tinh dinh hudag, Iva ebon, giip cho efe oo thé sting thich nghi di moi trudng 48 tn ty ‘Trinh d@ phan nh sinh hye eba ef co thé afing eting bao 26m nhiéu hinh thie oy thé eno thip Khe nhau tay thuge ‘vio mie €9 hod thign, dj dim cau trie cia cée eo quan chuygn trich lam chie ning phn énbs 3 ehye vi —_—_—_—_—_—_—————_:.:. "eeeich thich; 8 ding vat 06 hg thin kinb, 18 sy phi xa; 3 ng vat ep cao 8 be, lh tam ‘Tam If déng vat lA trioh a8 phn dnb cao nhiit cia cit loki dong vat, bao gm ci phn x9 khéng of aiéu kign ‘vi 6 dia kign, Tuy nhiéo, tm ly déng vt hua pha 4 tht, ma 46 vin Ia trinh § phim anh mang tinh bin ning cla ofc loti dng vat bac eao, xu pit ti nu ed sinh Iy ty ubin, myo tip eda ea thé dng vit chi ph. Mac di 8 mgt 36 lodi dng vit bac eno, bude Alu 8 06 txt chon, tr nbd, bid “suy nghi” theo eich riéng cia ching, hung theo Ph. Angghen, dé chi Ta “eli tin si duy nhit ‘i # cho ching ta tim hiu “b) de e6 tut duy cin con gui” Af addi nhu th no. ‘BG de nga o6 ea trie de bgt ph tridn, ra inh vi ‘vi phi tap, bao gm khoding 14 - 15 et bao thin kinh. ‘Su phn Khu cba nto bg wah thing dy thén in itm ni Oi ede giée quan d€ thu nhan va xit If thing tin it che ‘di Khéch quan vio nfo bo, hin thinh nhiing phn xq ob i6u Kign va ling 06 digu kgm, didu kin ede hogt dong cea thé trong quan be wi thé gif bén ngoai. ¥ chit 1k Ininh thie phin émh age trung chi 66 3 con ngwbi vi lk hhinh thie phin dh eno nt cia the gid vat chit. € tha 1 si phan én thé di hi thus bai b de com ng. Nhe ‘hy, si xudt hig con ngubi v2 inh thnh 0 6 ea con ‘ngudi 06 ning Iye phiin amb hign thye khich quan la ‘Tuy vay, su ra di cba $ the Khdng phi chi 6 nguin 8 ty nhien ma cén do nguén ge xa hoi. Sy phat trién 154 cia gii ty nhim méitgo ra tién &6 vat chat 6 ming lye phan nh, chi 1A nguéin gc su xa cia 9 the. Hoat dng thye tin ea loti ngudi méi Ia nguén gd true tig quy6t inh aura i ela § thie. C. Mie va Pb. Angghen Khiing inh: Yeon ngudi cing 66 ei "Y thie” nda. Song 46 khong phi Ta m9t § thie bm sinh sinh ra da Ta 9 thie “thu ‘niy".- Do dé ngay ti du, § thie 48 ld mbt ain phd xB ‘ni, va vin Ta nha vy chimg no con ngudi cdn tén Su hinh than, phét tridn cia ¥ thie IA mit qué tin ‘thing nha khong tach rOi giaa ngudn gfe ty nhién va nguén gée x4 boi. Trong ce cOng teinh nghién eitu Khoa dhge cia minh, C. Mae va Ph. Angghen da nhiu Min chi 0 ving, § thie khong nhang e6 nguén g6e ty nhién ma cin 6 ngudn ge x8 hoi va IA mde hign tugng mang bin chit xa hi. ‘Dé thn tai, con nguti phi yo ra nhinng vat phim a ‘tha mn nhu elu eda mink, Host ding lao dng sng tg0 ‘cia Ioai nguii o6 nhidu ¥ nghia dge bigt. Ph. Angghen da chi 18 nhung ding lye x8 hai trye tip thie dy ay ra di ca ¥ thi: “Trude hét 18 Ino dng; seu lao dng va déng ‘thdi i Tao ding 18 mgm ng; da hai ste ich hich chit 76a da anh hung én bg 6e cia con vugn, lam cho b§ 6e 6 din dn big chuyén think bp 6e con nevi, Thing ‘gua boat dng lao dng cdi t9o thé gift Khdch quan ma 1. CMe va Ph, Anggon: Pda tgp, Ad, 18, tea 2.C-Mieva Ph Angghen: Tota ip, Sd 20, 606