SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Grade 12

Philippine Politics and Governance

DIVISION ARALING PANLIPUNAN TOOLS

(DAPAT)
First Quarter - Lesson 4

POWER

Grade 12- Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences of power
(HUMSS_PG12- Id-13)
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Grade 12- Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences of power
(HUMSS_PG12- Id-13)
 Social Sciences – Grade 12
Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT)
Philippine Politics and Governance
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

by the Department of Education
Schools Division of Iloilo
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City

Section 176 of Republic Act 8293 states that: The Government of the
Philippines may not have any copyright in any work. However, the permission of the
government agency or office that prepared the work is required. Among the things that
can be done by the said agency or office is to set the corresponding fee.

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) or any part of it is published

for use by schools of the Department of Education especially the Schools Division of
Iloilo.

No part of this material may be reproduced or printed in any way without the
permission of the Department of Education, Schools Division of Iloilo. Its sale is strictly
prohibited.

Development Team of Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT)

Writer: Cary M. Dolendo

Illustrators: Armand Glenn S. Lapor

Patrick T. Lomigo

Layout Artists: Cary M. Dolendo

Armand Glenn S. Lapor
Roy John A. Montaniel

Division Quality Assurance Team:

Lilibeth E. Larupay
Liza A. Balogo
Armand Glenn S. Lapor
Andie P. Padernilla

Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo Dr. Nordy D. Siason, Jr.

Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque Lilibeth E. Larupay
Liza A. Balogo

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 Foreword

Welcome to Senior High School Social Sciences, Grade 12.

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was co-authored,

designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Department of Education,
Schools Division of Iloilo. This is done to guide the teachers who will be teaching the
subject to help the student achieve the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.

The purpose of the Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) is to guide

students in independent learning activities according to their ability, speed and time. It
also aims to help the students develop and achieve lifelong skills with consideration to
their needs and situations.

For the learning facilitator:

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was created to meet the
current needs of students in the country. To effectively assist the teachers, make sure
it is clear to the students how to study or answer the activities in this material.

For the students:

The Division Araling Panlipunan Tools (DAPAT) was created in response to

your need. Its main purpose is to help you with your studies while you are not in the
classroom. In this way you will have the freedom to study the entertaining activities
contained in this material. Read and understand the instructions.

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Grade 12- Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences of power
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 The following are important notes in using this module:
1. Use the module with caution. Do not mark any part of the module with any marks or
letters. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don't forget to answer the pre-test before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each exercise.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in carrying out tasks and in correcting answers.
5. Finish the current task before going to the next exercises.
6. Please return this module to your teacher or facilitator when you have completed all
the exercises.
If you find difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. You can also ask for help from your mother or father, or your elder
sibling or any of your housemates who are older than you. Always instill in your mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this module, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deeper understanding of relevant competencies. You can do it!

INTRODUCTION

Stories of superheroes became the interest of many people around the world.
Are you familiar with the Avengers? How about our local superhero, Darna? Do they
possess extraordinary powers? These characters are fictional yet their charisma is as
important as the power they possessed. Thus, they have left indelible marks in
people’s consciousness.
Superheroes have been a part of people’s homes. Their actions reflect
messages with social relevance to our culture, political controversy, and other social
issues that captured people’s hearts. Apparently, they had championed the defense
of those oppressed, neglected, and abused with the power they possessed.
In reality, the concept of power had occupied a position in line with politics.
Power can be considered as good and bad and it is best manifested on how
government works.
The module will help you explain the concept of power. This will introduce you
to the nature, dimension, types and consequences of power. It will also guide you in
understanding the meaning of power, how it is exercise and its sources.

YOUR TARGET

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences
of power (HUMSS_PG12- Id-13); and
• recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power
(HUMSS_PG12- Id-12).

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 •

CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Before we start on this journey, let us check what you already know about the
concepts that you are about to learn.

Task 1: EXPLAIN It!

Directions: Explain how power is exercised in the following situations. Write the
answers in your activity notebook.
Situation 1. a boy scout leader teaching knot tying in his troupe
Situation 2. a teacher assisting her class to work on their group task
Situation 3. a class president reporting the status of the class project
Situation 4. a mayor presiding a meeting of the Inter-Agency Task Force for Dengue
Prevention

Nature, Dimensions, Types,

and Consequences of Power

LEARN THIS

This time, set your mood to learn, explore and discover new ideas and
knowledge through this exciting activity.

Task 2: #SUPERHERO!
Directions: Choose one from the two activities below, and answer the questions
that follow. Write them in your activity notebook.

Activity A: Create your superhero costume using the available materials at home.
Take a selfie and post it in your Facebook account or paste it on your
notebook.

Activity B: Identify your superhero and draw him or her on your notebook.

Questions:
1. Why did you choose that superhero?
2. What characteristic/s does he or she possess which makes him or her a
superhero?

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 Task 3: A DAY of a SUPERHERO!
Directions: You are now a superhero and you have your power. It’s time to unleash
this power by accomplishing your first mission. Answer the questions
below and write them on your activity notebook.
1. What will you do if you have power?
2. How will you use your power?
3. What are your top three (3) tasks to accomplish with the use of your power? Why?

DISCOVER

Task 4: The POWER of OBEYING

Awesome! You have finished another task! This time, you are about to read
some scenarios during the pandemic COVID-19. After reading, answer the questions
that follow.

The Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) Days

By Cary M. Dolendo
The town of Sara in the Province of Iloilo was placed in an ECQ status during
the COVID-19 pandemic. This action was initiated by the government to contain the
spread of the virus. On this ECQ status, the Department of Health issued protocols
such as social distancing, wearing facemask among others has been observed in
using public transportation, buying initial goods, paying bills, and doing other important
errands. Those with quarantine passes given by their respective barangays to the
heads of the family are allowed to do their transactions outside. Staying at home is
strictly implemented for senior citizen, pregnant women and minors.
Since the town is under ECQ, different kinds of gatherings were also
discouraged such as parties, sports, and recreational activities. Religious gatherings
were also suspended like the holding of daily mass, and fiestas celebration. Activities
such as weddings and funerals were regulated as long as social distancing is observed
and mandatory wearing of face mask by the limited number of the attendee. Pastor,
priests, imams, and other religious ministers were allowed to move for the purpose of
necrological or funeral rights.
The mentioned protocols, policies, and guidelines were strictly enforced by the
mayor of the said town. He ensured unity, cohesion, and order the implementation of
the said policies in the entire municipality. He required full cooperation and compliance
of the townsfolks. Violators were reprimanded or apprehended.

The above-mentioned scenarios showed different kinds of ‘power’. Analyze and

reflect from the situations on how ‘power’ has been exercised. After which, do the task
below. Write the answers in your activity notebook.
As a learner, why is there a need to obey the following persons?
1. Father/Mother
2. Town’s Mayor
3. The Leader of the Church

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 REMEMBER
THIS
To strengthen your ideas about power, read the following learning points and
prepare for the different activities that will test your knowledge and skills as you go
through the lesson.

Definition of Power
Power is a complex term that it is being defined from different perspectives.
Max Weber, a German Sociologist, defined it as “the possibility of imposing one’s will
upon the behavior of other persons.” It refers to the capacity of a person to influence
others, direct their behavior, and guide the flow and consequence of events.
Power concerns an individual’s ability to control or direct others. Kenneth E.
Boulding, an economist defined power as “our capacity to get other people to do things
that contribute to what we want.” It is the ability to achieve the desired outcome at the
expense of the others.
Hans J. Morgenthau viewed power as “may comprise anything that establishes
and maintains control of man over man and covers all social relationship which serves
that end, from physical violence to the most subtleties by which one mind controls
another.”
Power, according to George Schwarzenberger, is the capacity to impose one’s
will on others by reliance on effective sanctions in case of non-compliance. In this
definition, power is viewed as containing a threat or power relationship is marked by
the presence of threats. This threat is not present in influence but it is short enough
for the use of actual force.
Also, Charles P. Schleicher defines power as the ability to make others do what
they otherwise would not do by rewarding or promising to reward or by depriving or
threatening to deprive them of something they value. This particular definition points
out the presence of reward but failed not to mention the idea of a threat.

Nature of Power
1. Latent ➢ Power is something that people have and may or may not choose
to use it as a weapon or tool. It may never be used, and just having
it may make its use unnecessary.
2. Relative ➢ The power of one person over another depends largely on things
such as the expertise of a person to another.
3. Perceived ➢ Power is based on one person’s belief that another has certain
characteristics.
4. Dynamic ➢ Power relationships evolve over time as individuals gain or lose
certain types of power relative to others.

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 Dimensions of Power

Physical Informational Emotional

Power Power Power

• derived from • derived from • is using the emotion to get

physical advantage
• you have the control
over things
• comes from strength
and skill or in a form
of having weapons
• positive use of this
power is to defend
and not to harm
knowledge what you want
• the power to • can be manifested through
control the access to ones’ charm and appeal
of information to others
where others do • captivates others through
not have the way one speaks or
• positive use of this though body language
power is to inform • . Positive use of this power
and to teach is to comfort or nurture and
to respond to calls for help.

Types of Power
In 1959, John French and Bertram Raven described five types of power:
1. Legitimate Power. This power is relative to the power of the position and duties
of the holder of the position within an organization, which makes it known as
“positional power.” It is received by the person as a result of his/ her position in the
formal hierarchy of an organization. Also called “formal power,” it is a formal
authority delegated to the holder of a position. It acts as a formalized way of
ensuring that there is someone to make a decision and that someone is
responsible. Example, a policeman can arrest a citizen, a teacher can give grades,
and a boss can assign a project.
2. Reward Power. This power depends on the ability of the power holder to confer
something of value. It refers to the degree which a person can give others a reward,
such as increase in pay, benefits, desired gifts, responsibility, promotion, or praise.
It tends to accompany legitimate power and is significant when the reward is scarce
but also ineffective if abused.
3. Expert Power. This power is derived from the power holder’s specific skills or
expertise and the need of the organization for those skills and expertise. It is
extremely specific and limited to the area in which the expert is trained and
qualified.
4. Referent Power. This power comes from the power holder’s ability to persuade
others, influence them, and build loyalty. It is based on possession by an individual
of desirable resources or personal traits and is built on the charisma and
interpersonal skills of the power holder.
5. Coercive Power. This power stems from the power holder’s ability to punish or
apply negative influences. It includes the ability to withhold rewards and relies on
threats, bullying, and “or else” language. It refers to the power to take something

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 away or punish someone for non-compliance. It works through fear and forces
people to do something that ordinarily they would not choose to do, which often
leads to fear, dissatisfaction, and resentment.
Consequence of Power
It refers to the effects of the exercise of power and may result in either progress
or moral and cultural decline in society. This is a function of either positive and negative
use of power. For instance, the exercise of power in accordance with the
implementation of the law.
The intent of the positive use of power is by helping others or used it to protect
and nurture. This is based on prosocial values. On the other hand, power may exercise
in violation of the law. This may use to harm other people without any concern. This is
based on greed and selfish desire.
Below are the terms associated in the Consequence of Power.
1. Compliance. Refers to the situation where a person is too willing to obey a
legitimate and polite request which is perceived to be within the scope of power of
a leader. It is attained if the requests are made in a clear and concise manner.
Otherwise, it will be rejected if the request is tedious, dangerous, or unpleasant. It
is also the state of being willing to do what other people want. Reward and
legitimate powers produce compliance.
2. Commitment. Refers to the trust and emotional pledge that produces desirable
outcome. Expert and referent powers produce commitment.
3. Resistance. It is most likely the result when coercive power is employed by the
leader. Coercion is difficult to use and would result to undesirable effects such as
anxiety and resentment

YOUR LEARNINGS

Task 5: POWER VIBEs

The usual idea of power is the ability for influence and that influence is based
on the control of resources cherished and wanted by others. It means that the basis
of power is dependence. Others presents power as based on persuasion, authority,
and coercion. For you to be able to evaluate the nature dimensions, types,
deployment, and consequences of power, read the following article.

Focus on Power: The Case of Steve Jobs

By Leah Sheppard
In 2007, Fortune named Steve Jobs the “Most Powerful Person in Business.” In
2009, the magazine named him “CEO of the Decade.” Jobs, former CEO of Apple Inc.
(NASDAQ: AAPL), transformed no fewer than five different industries: computers,
Hollywood movies, music, retailing, and wireless phones. His Apple II ushered in the
personal computer era in 1977, and the graphical interface of the Macintosh in 1984 set the
standard that all other PCs emulated. His company Pixar defined the computer-animated
feature film. The iPod, iTunes, and iPhone revolutionized how we listen to music, how we
pay for and receive all types of digital content, and what we expect of a mobile phone.

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 How did he do it? Jobs drew on all six bases of power: legitimate, expert, reward,
information, coercive, and referent. His vision and sheer force of will helped him succeed
as a young unknown. But the same determination that helped him succeed had a darker
side—an autocracy and drive for perfection that made him, at times, tyrannical. Let’s take
each of these in turn.
1. Legitimate power. This is power imbued by the organization. For example, a manager has
legitimate power over his or her subordinates. As CEO of Apple, Jobs enjoyed
unquestioned legitimate power.
2. Expert power. This is power that comes from having unique or specialized expertise or
skill. Jobs was renowned for being able to think of markets and products for needs that
people didn’t even know they had.
3. Reward power. This is the power to reward others, for example through bonuses or
promotions. As one of the richest individuals in the United States, Jobs had reward power
both within and outside Apple.
4. Information power. This is power that comes from having information that others need.
Jobs was able to leverage information in each industry he transformed.
5. Coercive power. This is the power to punish others, should they not comply with what you
ask. Stanford social psychologist Roderick Kramer, called Jobs one of the “great
intimidators.” Specifically, Robert Sutton noted while Jobs was still alive that “the degree
to which people in Silicon Valley are afraid of Jobs is unbelievable.” Jobs was known to
berate people to the point of tears. Coercive power should be relied on infrequently;
forcefulness is helpful when tackling large, intractable problems.
6. Referent power. This is power that comes from being liked and respected. Employee Andy
Herzfeld, the lead designer of the original Mac operating system, said Jobs imbued
employees with a “messianic zeal” and could make them feel that they were working on
the greatest product in the world.
Those who worked with him said Jobs was very hard to please. However, they also
say that this meant that Apple employees worked hard to win his approval. Cordell Ratzlaff,
who worked closely with Jobs on OS X for 18 months, said. “I learned a tremendous amount
from him.” Jobs’s ability to persuade and influence was called a “reality distortion field.” As
Bud Tribble put it, “In his presence, reality is malleable. He can convince anyone of
practically anything.” Hertzfeld described his style as “a confounding mélange of a
charismatic rhetorical style, an indomitable will, and an eagerness to bend any fact to fit the
purpose at hand. No other high-tech impresario could walk into the annual sales meeting of
one of his fiercest rivals and get a standing ovation,” which is what Jobs got in 2002 from
Intel Corporation (the ally of Apple archrival Microsoft in the partnership known as Wintel:
Windows + Intel).
Jobs’s power was not infallible—he was ousted from his own company in 1987 by
the man he hired to help him run it. But he returned in 1997 and brought the company back
from the brink of failure
(Based on information from Schlender, B. (2007, November 27). The power of Steve Jobs. Fortune, 117–118; Sutton, R.
(2007). The no asshole rule. New York: Warner Business Books; Kahney, L. (2008, March 18). How Apple got everything
right by doing everything wrong. Wired. Retrieved January 4, 2008, from http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-04/bz_apple;
Hertzfeld, A. (1981, February). Reality distortion field. Retrieved January 4, 2008, from http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?story t )

Directions: Answer the questions and write them on your activity notebook.
1. Who is Steve Jobs? How would you describe him?
2. What are the bases of powers of Steve Jobs?

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 THINK AND REFLECT

Task 6: POWER WRITING

I learned that…
I realized that…
If given a chance, I will…

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Congratulations! You have finally reached the last part of the module.
Task 7: Power Test!
Directions: If you are the president of the country how will you use your power in the
situations listed below? Identify what type and dimension of power will
you used. Choose one situation and write the answers in your activity
notebook.
1. New People’s Army (NPA) attacked an Army headquarter
2. China occupied an island in the West Philippine Sea
3. Country faced a pandemic that threatens people’s lives

References
1. Asian Development Bank. Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints and Opportunities. 2009
2. Peñaflor, Lito A, and Karlt O Peñaflor. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE. MANILA: LIBRARY SERVICE &
PUBLISHING INC. , 2017.
3. De Leon, Hector S. Textbook on the New Philippine Constitution, (Manila, Philippines, Rex Book Store,
Inc.)
4. Peñaflor, Lito A, and Karlt O Peñaflor. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE. MANILA: LIBRARY SERVICE &
PUBLISHING INC. , 2017.
5. Terryl Daluz. How to Become a Successful Businessman. wikiHow. February 28, 2020
https://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Successful-Businessman
6. Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari, Nurulkamal Masseran, Kamarulzaman Ibrahim. (2019) On the
identification of extreme outliers and dragon-kings mechanisms in the upper tail of income
distribution.
7. Journal of Applied Statistics 46:10, pages 1886-1902.
8. JOHN ANGLE. (2012) The Inequality Process Versus the Saved Wealth Model: Which Is the More Likely
to Imply an Analogue of Thermodynamics in Social Science?. The Journal of Mathematical
Sociology 36:3, pages 156-182.
9. John Angle. (2002) The Statistical Signature of Pervasive Competition on Wage and Salary
Incomes. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 26:4, pages 217-270

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 Answer Key
Task 1: EXPLAIN It!
Answer may vary.

Task 2: #SUPERHERO!
Answer may vary.

Task 3: A DAY of a SUPERHERO!

Answer may vary.

Task 4: The POWER of OBEYING

Answer may vary.

Task 5: POWER VIBEs

Answer may vary.

Task 6: POWER WRITING

Answer may vary.

Task 7: Power Test!

Answer may vary.

RUBRIC FOR SCORING

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS OBTAINED
Practicality Ideas are very practical which can 5
be really applied in real life
situation.
Relevance The ideas are relevant and clearly 5
stated.
Discussion Shows a deep understanding & 5
mastery of the topic. Points are
well developed.
TOTAL SCORE 15

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