GRADE 7 FIRST QUARTER MATH EXAM - usually denoted by a capital letter

REVIEWER
Cardinality
Sets & Venn Diagram
- number of elements in a set
Introduction to Sets - denoted by n(name of set) = element
count
Set
n(A) = 3
- A well-defined collection of
Kinds of Sets
distinct objects
Finite Set
Well-defined
- set with a limited number of Elements
 clearly indicates that something
is a memebr of a specific group Infinite Set

Elements - set with an indefinite number of

elements
- distinct objects that makeup a set - cardinality = infinitely many
Distinct Unit Set
 clearly and noticeably unique - a set with only one element
Ways of Describing Sets - cardinality = 1

Listing Method/Roster Form Empty/Null Set

- Elements are listed, separated by a - set with no elements

comma, and enclosed in a pair of - {} or o
/
brackets Universal Set
“Set A contains the elements 1, 2, - The set of all definite elements in a
and 3” particular context or situation
A = {1,2,3} Subset
Rule Method/Set Builder Notation Form - A set that can be found inside another
- Stating a property that describes all the set
members of the set - If the all the elements of A are also
elements if B, A is a subset of B
A = {x/x is a house in Hogwarts}
U B
“Set A is the set of all x such as x is
a house in Hogwarts”
4 5
6 A
Terminologies on Sets
Elements 123
- denoted by a non-capital letter

∈ - element of a set

∉ - not an element of a set

Sets
Power Set Disjoint Sets
- The power of Set A or P(A) is the set - sets with no elements on common
that contains all the possible subsets of
Equal Sets
Set A including the null/empty set and
the set itself - sets that contain the exact same
- Formula: elements

 2n = 2 raised to the cardinality of A=B

≠ means not equal
the set
Equivalent Sets
n(A) = 3 - sets with the same cardinality
23 = 2x2x2 = 8 A~B
The number of subsets in P(A) is 8 ~ means not equivalent
/
Venn Diagram Set Operations
Visual representation of sets and their Intersection
elements
- common elements
Universal Set - A∩B
U - “intersection of A & B”

U A B

Subset
B
A Union
- Elements of both sets combined
- AUB
Proper Subset - “Union of A and B”
 contains at least one element that is
A B
not in B U
A⊂B
*An empty set is always a proper subset
Improper Subset
 contains the exact same elements
as the original
C⊆A

⊂ = subset
⊄ = not a subset
Joint Sets
Difference
- Elements in A but not in B
R
N
- A–B
- sets which have elements in common
- “A minus B”

U A B
 - numbers used to learn how to count

W Whole
- natural numbers + zero (0)

Z
Intergers

Complement - natural numbers + opposites + zero

All elements in the Universal Set except

Q Rational

Z
-
the elements in a given set - fraction of 2 integers
A’

P
-
- “the complement of Set A” Irrational

U A B
- cannot be expressed as a fraction
Non-Integers ’
- fractions
- decimals
- radicals
Solving Word Problems Using Venn Diagrams *some non-integers are rational, and some
Context Clues are irrational
RATIONAL IRRATIONAL
*Assume A & B are joint sets* Fractions -
Decimals Decimals
A ∩ B – and, both - terminating - non-repeating &
- repeating & non-terminating
A U B – or, either non-terminating  e=
2.718281…
 π=
A – B – only, but not 3.141592...

A’ - anything but, except, all but/except Radicals Radicals

- perfect root - non-perfect root
SETS & VENN DIAGRAM (Unit I) SUMMARY - perfect square  √7
Terms: Set Operations  whole number
well-defined union square roots
elements intersection - perfect cube
cardinality difference  whole number
finite vs infinite complement cube roots
unit, empty, universal
ways of describing sets
Set Relations: Hierarchy of Real Numbers
equal & equivalent
joint & disjoint
proper & improper
Hierarchy
- Arrangement according to importance
Real
Introduction to Real Numbers Numbers
Rational Irrational
Numbers Non-Integer Rational Integer Non-Interger Irrational

- word/symbol that represents a specific Whole Negative

amount or quantity Natural Zero

Real Numbers
- any number you can think of
Natural/Counting
Number Line A·B=B·A=C
- straight line containing real numbers Associative Property of Addition
with equal intervals and is infinite in
- changing the grouping of the addends
both directions
doesn’t change the sum
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = D

-1 0 1
Distributive Property of Multiplication
negative real origin positive real number Over Addition
number
Locating Points A · (B + C) = (A · B) + (A · C) = D
A
Distributive Property of Multiplication
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Over Subtraction

name A:2coordinate A · (B - C) = (A · B) - (A · C) = D
Identity Property of Addition
Absolute Value
- a number plus zero equals the number
- distance of a number from 0 (origin) itself
- -2 = 2 A+0=0+A=A
- 0 is an additive element
Estimation of Radicals
Identity Property of Multiplication
- J = √20
 √16 = 4 - A number times one equals the number
 √25 = 5 itself
× 25 – 20 = 5 A·1=1·A=A
× 20 – 16 = 4 - 1 is a multiplicative identity element
- 16 is closer to 20
Inverse Property of Addition
J
- a number plus its additive inverse
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Properties of Real Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 equals zero
A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0
Closure Property of Addition
Inverse Property of Multiplication
- if the addends are real numbers, then
the sum is also a real number - a number times its reciprocal
A+B=C (multiplicative inverse) equals one
1 1
Closure Property of Multiplication A· = ·A=1
A A
- if the factors (multiplicand & multiplier) Zero Property of Multiplication
are real numbers, then the product is
also a real number - any number multiplied by zero equals
A·B=C zero
A·0=0·A=0
Commutative Property of Addition
- changing the order of the addends
doesn’t change to sum
A+B=B+A=C
Integers
Commutative Property of Multiplication ADDITON SUBTRACTION
Case #1: Case #1
- changing the order of the factors Same signs Same signs
- get the sum - get the difference
doesn’t change the product - copy common sign - copy the common
 sign - remember that -3 has a higher value
Case #2 Case #2
Different signs Different signs than -4
- solve - solve
- get the sign of the - get the sign of the
addend with the number with the
higher absolute higher absolute
value value

Powers of Negative Integers

(-A)n
-A – negative number
n
– exponent
even number of exponents = positive
odd number of exponents = negative
Word Problems
Sea + Air
Sea level = origin
Above sea level = positive
Below sea level = negative
Temperature
Freezing point = origin
Above freezing point = positive
Below freezing point = negative
Directions
North & East = positive
South & West + negative
Money
Deposit, Credit, & Increments = positive
Withdraw, Debit, & Deductions = negative
Scientific Notation
To multiply, multiply coefficients and add
exponents
To divide, divide coefficients and subtract
exponents
When working with different exponents,
always convert to the higher exponent