The previous session covered the changes in the environment surrounding the diesel engine and described the

ECD
system (ECD-V series) and the common-rail system. This session describes the types of systems in the ECD-V series
and their system configurations.

1 Types of Systems in ECD-V Series

1-1 ECD-V Series
The V1 is the first of the ECD-V series, which appeared
in 1982. The V3, a swirl-chamber type diesel injection
system, appeared in 1985.
The V3, which adopted a solenoid spill valve to control
fuel injection, enabled the control of the injection volume
on a cylinder-by-cylinder basis.
Depending on the type of final injection volume
correction and the solenoid spill valve that are used,
three types of ECD-V3 are available: ECD-V3, ECD-V3
(ROM), and ECD-V3 direct-acting valve.
The V4 direct-injection diesel fuel injection system for
small trucks and SUVs appeared in 1998.
The V4 system, which uses an inner cam pumping mechanism, enables high-pressure injection at 1,300 bars.
The V5 direct-injection diesel fuel injection system for passenger vehicles appeared at about the same time. The
V5 system uses pilot injection to reduce the combustion noise of the engine.

1-2 Injection Pump for ECD-V3

Although the injection pump has the same basic construction as the distribution type pump, the ECD-V3 includes
the parts listed below due to the adoption of electronic control.
• Solenoid spill valve (SPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An actuator that controls the injection volume
• NE sensor (NE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A sensor that detects the cam position of the pump
• Fuel temperature sensor (THF) . . . . . . . . . . . . A sensor that detects the temperature of the fuel
• Correction resistor or ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A part that corrects the injection volume and injection timing
• Timing control valve (TCV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An actuator that controls the injection timing

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 1-3 Injection Pump for ECD-V4
The ECD-V4, which is based on the ECD-V3, is an electronically controlled distribution type pump that has
adopted a completely new construction. The combustion performance of the engine with the ECD-V4 has been
improved (by atomizing the fuel into finer particles and optimizing the rise rate of the injection pressure), and
providing the injection volume and injection timing with a higher level of precision and freedom. With respect to the
major changes that have been made from the ECD-V3, an inner cam mechanism, a highly responsive solenoid
spill valve and EDU, and a correction ROM have been adopted.

1-4 Injection Pump for ECD-V5

The ECD-V5, which is based on the ECD-V3, is a distribution type, electronically controlled fuel injection pump that
offers higher injection performance and functionality. It provides pilot injection to reduce the combustion noise of the
engine.

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 2 Outline of System Configuration
The configuration of the ECD-V series system can be broadly classified into the following three systems: 1 Intake
air system, 2 Fuel system, and 3 Control system.
1 Intake air system . .This system, which draws the air that is necessary for combustion, consists of the areas
from the air cleaner to the intake manifold.
2 Fuel system . . . . . .This system, which injects the fuel that is necessary for combustion into the cylinders,
consists of the areas from the fuel tank to the injection pump and the nozzles.
3 Control system . . . .This system, which controls the fuel injection volume and injection timing, consists of
sensors (detectors), computers, and actuators.

2-1 Outline of Intake Air System

After being filtered through the air cleaner, the intake air travels through the turbocharger and the venturi, passes
through the intake manifold, and enters the cylinders.
The venturi consists of a "main valve" and a "sub valve". The main valve opens and closes in unison with the
accelerator pedal to draw the amount of air that is necessary for driving.
The sub valve, which is located parallel to the main valve, is opened and closed by the diaphragm in order to
restrict the intake air volume in accordance with the conditions of the engine.

2-2 Outline of Fuel System

The fuel from the fuel tank travels to the fuel filter & sedimenter where it is filtered and its moisture is removed.
Then, it is drawn into the injection pump.
As the fuel fills the injection pump, it lubricates and cools the moving parts in the injection pump. After the fuel is
pressurized, it is injected into the engine cylinder by the injection nozzle. The excess fuel travels from the overflow
valve to the return pipe and returns to the fuel tank.

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 2-3 Outline of Control System
The engine ECU uses various types of sensors to detect the engine speed, accelerator position, and switch signals.
These pieces of information are used for the engine ECU to determine the operating conditions of the engine and the
driving conditions. Then, the engine ECU calculates the fuel injection volume and the injection timing that are
necessary for operating the engine in an optimal state, and actuates the valves.
The control system can be broadly classified by their electrical components into the following three systems:
1 Sensor system, 2 ECU, and 3 Actuator system.

1 Sensor system . . . .Detects the engine conditions and driving conditions and converts them into electrical
signals.
2 ECU . . . . . . . . . . . .Performs calculations based on the signals received from various sensors and sends
signals to the actuators in order to operate the engine in an optimal condition.
3 Actuator system . . .Operates in accordance with the control signals received from the engine ECU.

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