GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Summary of algorithm for management of

Management of adult patients with DKA hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
If uncontrolled (HbA1C >= 7%) move promptly to
Complete initial evaluation. Start IV fluids: 1.0 L of 0.9% NaCl per hour initially (15 – 20 ml/kg/hr). next level of therapy

IV Fluids Insulin Potassium

Assess Need for
Bicarbonate Lifestyle modifications

Determine hydration status

pH <6.9 pH 6.9 – 7.0 pH >7.0
IV Route
Uncontrolled
If initial serum K+ is <3.3
mEq/L hold insulin and
Hypovolaemic Mild Cardiogenic give 40 mEq K+ per hr.
shock hypotension shock (2/3 KCl and 1/3 KPO4) NaHCO3 NaHCO3 No
Insulin: until (100 mmol) (50mmol) HCO3 Add
Regular 0.15 K >= 3.3 mEqL dilute in dilute in SU / MF
units/kg as IV 400ml DW*. 200ml DW*.
Administer Hemo- Infuse at Infuse at
bolus
0.9% NaCl dynamic
200ml/hr 200ml/hr
(1.0 L/h) monitoring
and/or plasma Uncontrolled
expander If initial K+ >= 5.0
0.1 units/kg/h
mEq/L do not give K+, Repeat HCO3
IV insulin
+1 but check K+ every 2hr administration every 2hr
Evaluate corrected serum Na infusion Add Add Add
until pH > 7.0. Monitor SU / MF Basal TZD
serum K+ Insulin

Serum Na Serum Na Serum Na low

high normal If serum glucose Uncontrolled
does not fall by 50 If initial serum K+ is
– 70 mg/dl in first >=3.3 mEq/L but <5.0
hour mEq/L give 20 – 30 mEq
0.45% NaCl 0.9% NaCl K+ in each liter of IV
Add Add Intensify Add Add
(4 – 14 (4 – 14 fluid (2/3 as KCl and 1/3
TZD basal Insulin basal SU / MF
ml/kg/h) ml/kg/h) as KPO4 ) to keep serum Insulin Insulin
depending on depending on K+ at 4.5 mEq/L
hydration hydration
state Double insulin infusion
state
hourly until glucose Uncontrolled
falls by 50 – 70 mg/dl

Further intensify Insulin or add

When serum glucose reaches 250 mg/dl basal Insulin + metformin +/- TZD*

Check electrolytes, BUN, creatinine and glucose every 2 – 4 h until

Change to 5% dextrose with 0.45% NaCl at 150-250 ml/h with
adequate insulin (0.05 – 0.1 units/kg/h IV infusion or 5 – 10
units SC every 2h) to keep the serum glucose between 150
and 200 mg/dl until metabolic control is achieved.
stable. After resolution of DKA, if the patient is NPO, continue IV
insulin and supplement with SC regular insulin as needed. When the
patient can eat, initiate a multidose insulin regimen and adjust as
needed. Continue IV insulin infusion for 1 – 2 h after SC insulin is
begun to ensure adequate plasma insulin levels. Continue to look for
precipitating cause(s).
Key:
SU = sulphonylurea
TZD = thiazolidinedione
* TZD with insulin may worsen Cardiac Failure