ANCIENT HISTORY

Define the following terms and explain the importance of each term using your knowledge.
India is a South Asian republic. It is the world's second most populous nation, the seventh largest
by land area, and the world's most populous democracy. The word India has the Biblical sense of
praise and law.

1. Age set system

If groups of men born within a specified period of time, or groups of men who are otherwise
described as being of the same age, an age-set system is present in a society. Collective, instead
of person, ceremonies are being used to establish age. Young people develop strong bonds with
people who are not related to them. Age aids in the identification of life stages. Each stage of life
has its own function.

2. Lineage
a group of people descended from a common ancestor, especially one whose common ancestor is
regarded as the group's founder. The lineage of a person's ancestors can be a valuable source of
knowledge for you. It not only gives you more information about your ancestors, but it also helps
you with genealogy by allowing you to discover the death and birth rates in your family.

3. Timbuktu
Timbuktu served as the starting point for trans-Saharan camel caravans carrying goods north.
Timbuktu was renowned for producing important scholars who were well-known throughout
Islam. Timbuktu was well-known among Mediterranean merchants as a market for purchasing
African goods and products south of the desert.

4. African Kingdoms
African empires are a term used in African studies to refer to a group of pre-colonial African
kingdoms that had multinational systems that incorporated different populations and polities into
a single body, typically by conquest.

5. Gold and Salt Trade

People living in the North African desert could easily mine salt, but not gold. They yearned for
the precious metal, which would enhance their personal opulence and reputation. Long-distance
trade routes connecting very different cultures were developed as a result of these shared needs.

6. Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was the tenth Mansa of the Mali Empire, an Islamic West African state. His
military title meant "conqueror" or "emperor." He has been referred to as the richest individual in
human history. Cities like Timbuktu and Gao became important cultural centers as a result of his
efforts. He also commissioned architects from the Middle East and Africa to create new
structures for his cities. Mansa Musa transformed Mali into a sophisticated learning center in the
Islamic world.

7. Ghazis
Is a Muslim warrior in particular. The Ghazi is God's sword, as well as the guardian and shelter
of believers.

8. Devshirme System
In the late 14th century, the devshirme system was developed. To represent the Ottoman
government, Christian boys were forced to be recruited. The boys were mostly taken from
Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and then subjected to a battery of tests to ascertain their
intellect and capabilities. The children were coerced into being Muslims and slaves. Despite their
servitude as slaves, some of the converts rose to positions of influence and wealth.

9. Janissaries
The Janissaries were a strong political force within the Ottoman state in the 15th and 16th
centuries, and were well-known for their military prowess. During peacetime, they were used to
guard border towns and police Istanbul's capital. They were Europe's first modern-day standing
army.

10. Shah Jahan

Shahjahan, the most important figure in Moghul art and architecture, constructed magnificent
monuments in Fatehpur Sikri and Agra. At Agra, Shahjahan constructed the Akbari Mahal, Taj
Mahal, Jahangir Mahal, and a fort. In Lahore and Allahabad, he built forts similar to the one in
Agra.

11. Suleyman the Lawgiver

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566, who not only led ambitious military
campaigns to expand his kingdom, but also oversaw the growth of what became known as
Ottoman civilization's most defining achievements in law, literature, art, and architecture.
Suleiman's achievements as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire were much more than just military
expansion. He was a great leader who helped the Ottoman Empire become a global economic
powerhouse. He overhauled the legal system and established a single legal code.

12. Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was significant in uniting almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one
rule, bringing the subcontinent's regions closer together through improved overland and coastal
trade networks. It was also noted for its architectural achievements and cultural influence (most
famously, the Taj Mahal).

13. Akbar the Great 

The most powerful of India's Mughal emperors. From 1556 to 1605, he ruled over the majority
of the Indian subcontinent, extending Mughal influence. Akbar introduced initiatives to win the
allegiance of the non-Muslim communities of his domain in order to maintain the stability of his
empire.