Advanced Training on Chemical Tanker

Operations

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Safety Regulations
 Leave building immediately in case of alarm
 Meeting point - car parking (do not use elevator)
 Fire-extinguishers located in halls
 First Aid Kit located at reception desk
 Designated smoking area – balcony
 Switch Mobile Phones off or put the silent mode on
 Be interactive and focused
 Water/Coffee is available during breaks

Chemical Tanker Advanced

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

STCW Requirements

Advanced Training on Chemical Tanker Operations:

This course provides training to candidates to be duly

qualified in accordance with section A-V/1-1, paragraph 3 of
FLAG STATE the STCW Code and with specific duties for loading,
unloading and care in transit of chemical tanker cargoes. It
comprises an advanced training programme appropriate to
their duties, including chemical tanker safety, fire safety
measures, pollution prevention, safe operational practices
and obligations under applicable rules and regulations.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Latvian Maritime Administration

FLAG STATE

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties of Cargoes

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Three states of the matter:

States of the matter:
• Solid - Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed
volume and shape, with component particles
(atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed
FLAG STATE into place.
• Liquid - Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed
volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit
its container. Its particles are still close together but
move freely.
• Gas - Matter in the gaseous state has both variable
volume and shape, adapting both to fit its
container. Its particles are neither close together nor
fixed in place.
Chemical Tanker Advanced
Physical and Chemical Properties

Triple point - point of the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas,
liquid, and solid) of the substance can coexist.

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

• The melting point (or, rarely,

liquidification point) of a solid is the
temperature at which it changes state from
solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
• When considered as the temperature of the
reverse change from liquid to solid, it is
FLAG STATE referred to as the freezing point or
solidification point.

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
• The boiling point (or
evaporation) of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid
and the liquid changes into a
vapor.
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• Condensation is the change of the
physical state of matter from gas
phase into liquid phase, and is the
reverse of evaporation.

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Sublimation is the transition of a

substance directly from the solid to
the gas phase without passing
through the intermediate liquid phase.
• The reverse process of sublimation is
desublimation or deposition, in
FLAG STATE which a substance passes directly
from a gas to a solid phase.

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
In a mixture of gases, each gas has a
Partial pressure: partial pressure which is the hypothetical
pressure of that gas if it alone occupied
the volume of the mixture at the same
temperature.
The total pressure of an gas mixture is the
FLAG STATE sum of the partial pressures of each
individual gas in the mixture, measuring
unit is Pascal (Pa).
Ptotal = PgasA + PgasB + PgasC

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Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Vapor pressure:
Chemical Tanker Advanced
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the
equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its
liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of
the vapor resulting from evaporation of a
liquid (or solid) in a closed system.
A substance with a high vapor pressure at
normal temperatures is often referred to
as volatile.
Standard measuring unit of vapor
pressure - millimeters of mercury
(mmHg) at standard temperature of 20C
and standard atmospheric pressure of 760
mmHg.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Volatility of substances:
Volatility is the tendency of a
substance to vaporize. Volatility is
directly related to a substance's vapor
pressure. At a given temperature, a
substance with higher vapor pressure
vaporizes more readily than a
substance with a lower vapor pressure.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Enthalpy:
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) and the product of pressure and volume (PV) of
the substance.
When a liquid vaporizes the liquid must absorb heat from its surroundings to replace the energy
taken by the vaporizing molecules in order for the temperature to remain constant. This heat
required to vaporize the liquid is called enthalpy of vaporization.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Density and Specific gravity:

• Density of a substance is its mass per unit
volume. The density of a material varies with
temperature and pressure. It is expressed in gram
per milliliter (g/ml) at standard temperature of
20°C. Different substances usually have different
densities.
• Specific gravity means the ratio of the density of
a liquid to the density of water. Water has a
specific gravity equal to 1. Materials with a
specific gravity less than 1 are less dense than
water, and will float on the pure liquid;
substances with a specific gravity more than 1
are more dense than water, and will sink.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Vapor density:
Vapor density is a weight of a
vapor or gas compared to an equal
volume of air (air = 1 ). If greater
than 1.0, the vapor or gas is heavier
than air and will concentrate in the
low places. If less than 1.0, the
vapor or gas will rise.
Important because most vapors from
toxic materials and many flammable
materials are heavier than air and
will accumulate in low lying areas.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Viscosity:

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's

resistance to flow. It describes the
internal friction of a moving fluid.
A fluid with large viscosity resists
motion because its molecular
makeup gives it a lot of internal
friction. A fluid with low viscosity
flows easily because its molecular
makeup results in very little friction
when it is in motion.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Viscosity:
• Measuring unit of Viscosity is Pascal-
second (Pa·s). This is the SI unit of
viscosity, equivalent to newton-
second per square metre(N·s m–2). It
is sometimes referred to as the
“poiseuille” (symbol Pl). One
poiseuille is 10 poise or 1000 cP,
while 1 cP = 1 mPa·s.
• The temperature dependence of
liquid viscosity is the phenomenon
by which liquid viscosity tends to
decrease (or, alternatively, its fluidity
tends to increase) as its temperature
increases.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Surface tension, Cohesion & Adhesion:

• Surface tension is the elastic tendency of

liquids. At liquid-air interfaces, surface tension
results from the greater attraction of liquid
molecules to each other (due to cohesion) than
to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion).
• Cohesion or cohesive force is the property of
similar molecules sticking together.
• Adhesion or adhesive force is the tendency of
dissimilar molecules or to stick to one another.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Solubility:
The solubility of a substance is the
amount of that substance that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent. A
substance is said to be soluble if more
than 0.1 g of that substance dissolves in
100 mL solvent. If less than 0.1 g
dissolves in 100 mL solvent, the
substance is said to be insoluble.
Alcohol is soluble in water; when added
to water, it forms a clear solution. Oil is
insoluble in water; when added to water,
the two liquids form separate layers.
Chemical Tanker Advanced
Physical and Chemical Properties

Miscibility:
Miscibility is the property of substances to mix in all proportions, forming a homogeneous
solution. By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if a significant proportion does not form
a solution. Otherwise, the substances are considered miscible.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Diffusion:
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region
of low concentration.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Organic and Inorganic chemistry:

• Organic chemistry looks at
compounds based on carbon.
• Inorganic chemistry covers
everything else - for example, salts
and metals.
But, there are many areas where
these two branches of chemistry
overlap. For example,
organometallic chemistry looks at
compounds in which carbon -
normally studied by organic
chemists - bonds with a metal -
normally studied by inorganic
chemists.
Chemical Tanker Advanced
Physical and Chemical Properties
Structure of atom:
• Atoms are composed of three type of particles:
protons, neutrons, and electron. Both the
protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus.
Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have
no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in
orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative
charge (-).
• It is the number of protons that determines the
atomic number. The number of protons in an
element is constant, but neutron number may vary,
so atomic number (protons + neutrons) may vary.
• Atomic weight of an atom is given in most cases
by the mass number of the atom, equal to the total
number of protons and neutrons combined.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Hydrocarbon compounds:
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and
carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons found on Earth naturally occur in crude oil.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Hydrocarbon compounds:

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Saturated & Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Hydrocarbons, or molecules which
contain hydrogen atoms and carbon
atoms that are bonded to each other
and may or may not contain other
atoms, are classified into two
distinct categories: saturated and
unsaturated. Unlike saturated
hydrocarbons in which all
hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms
are bonded together with single
bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbons
have double or even triple bonds
between the carbon atoms.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Saturated & Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Aromatic hydrocarbons:
Aromatic hydrocarbons are those which contain one or more benzene rings. The name of the class
come from the fact that many of them have strong, pungent aromas.
Those hydrocarbons which do not contain a benzene ring are called aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Halogenated hydrocarbons:

Halogenated hydrocarbons are

derivatives of hydrocarbons (that is,
organic compounds that only contain
carbon and hydrogen atoms) which
include some halogen atoms within
their chemical structure. The most
commonly encountered halogens in
halogenated hydrocarbons are
fluorine and chlorine, but sometimes
bromine or iodine occur, or
combinations of any of these.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Paraffin hydrocarbons:
Paraffin hydrocarbon, also called alkane, any of the saturated hydrocarbons having the general
formula CnH2n+2. The paraffins are major constituents of natural gas and petroleum.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Alcohol compounds: Alcohol compounds, any of a class of
organic compounds characterized by one
or more hydroxyl (−OH) groups attached
to a carbon atom of an alkyl group
(hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols may be
considered as organic derivatives of
water (H2O) in which one of the
hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an
alkyl group.
Alcohols are among the most common
organic compounds. They are used as
sweeteners and in making perfumes, are
valuable intermediates in the synthesis of
other compounds.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Acids and Bases:
Chemical Tanker Advanced
• Every liquid you see will probably have
either acidic or basic traits. Water (H2O) can
be both an acid and a base, depending on how
you look at it. It can be considered an acid in
some reactions (process by which one or
more substances may be transformed into
one or more new substances) and a base in
others. Water can even react with itself to
form acids and bases.
• An acid is a chemical substance, whose
aqueous solutions, are characterized by a sour
taste.
• Bases are substances that, in aqueous
solutions, are slippery to the touch, taste
bitter.
Physical and Chemical Properties
pH scale of Acids and Bases:
Scientists use something called the pH scale to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. Although there
may be many types of ions in a solution, pH focuses on concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH-). The scale measures values from 0 all the way up to 14. Distilled water is 7
(right in the middle). Acids are found between 0 and 7. Bases are from 7 to 14.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties
Dangerous chemical reactions:

• Exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction

that releases energy by light or heat.
• Endothermic reaction describes a process or
reaction in which the system absorbs energy
from its surroundings.
• Polymerization is a process of reacting
monomer molecules together in a chemical
reaction to form polymer chains
• Chemical decomposition is the separation of a
chemical compound into elements or simpler
compounds.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Catalyst and Inhibitor:

• A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction.
With a catalyst, reactions occur faster and require less activation energy.
• A reaction inhibitor is a substance that decreases the rate of, or prevents, a chemical reaction.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Physical and Chemical Properties

Types of cargoes, that affected by dangerous reactions :

Strong inorganic acid causes heat, e g sulphuric acid plus caustic soda or water.
An Oxygen-rich compound like propylene oxide may react with an amine (e g
diethylamine) or an aldehyde (e g acetaldehyde). An ether (e g ethyl ether) may
react with oxygen and from a peroxide which is an explosive hazard.
Certain hydrocarbons compounds have a tendency to polymerize with time,
accelerated by heat, light, sometimes air or other matter such as rust. Most common
cargoes are monomers, which means that they, before any polymerization, consist
of single molecules.

Chemical Tanker Advanced

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Chemical Tanker Advanced