Electrical Machines

Laboratory Manual

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Submitted By:
Name: ___________________________________

Roll No:__________________________________

BS Electrical Engineering
Session (2019-2023)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Government College University, Lahore

1
 List of Experiments
EXP # EXPERIMENT TITLE

1 To Perform No-Load Test or Open Circuit Test of a single phase

transformer
2 To Perform Short Circuit Test of a single phase transformer
3 To Perform Efficiency Test of a single phase transformer
4 To Perform Voltage Regulation Test of a Single Phase
Transformer
5 To Perform Parallel Operation on Two 1-Phase Transformers
6 To Find & Plot Load – Speed Characteristics of a DC Shunt
Motor
7 To perform speed control of a DC Shunt Motor
8 To find and plot load Characteristics of a DC Series Motor
9 To find and plot Magnetic Characteristics of a DC Shunt
Generator
10 To find and plot load Characteristics of a DC Series Generator
11 To perform speed control of Induction Motor by changing
frequency
12 To find and plot the characteristics of Synchronous Generator

2
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

To Perform No-Load Test or Open Circuit Test of a single phase transformer

OBJECTIVES
To measure following parameters at no-load:
(1) Iron or magnetic losses
(2) No-load power factor
(3) No-load current
(4) No-load R, X and Z
APPARATUS
(1) Single phase transformer (1KVA)
(2) Wattmeter
(3) Voltmeter
(4) Ampere meter
(5) Connecting leads
THEORY REFRESHER
From this test we can determine core losses or no -load losses and no-load current (Io) of the
transformer. Low voltage winding is kept open and high voltage winding is supplied by its
normal rated voltage and frequency. A voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter are connected in high
voltage winding i.e. Primary winding in this case. As the secondary side of the transformer is left
open-circuited, so only a small amount of current will flow only in the primary side i.e.(Io), and
the wattmeter will indicate no-load power (Wo) i.e. Core losses or iron losses. As the value of (Io)
being very small as compared to the rated value of current so Cu. losses being proportional to
2
(I ) will be neglected. No load current is only (2---10%) of rated load current. From the
observations of Io, Wo and voltage, we can find other quantities by calculations as follows:

Wo = V Io Cosφo
Cosφo = Wo / V Io (No -load p.f.)
-1
φo = Cos (Wo / V Io) (angle)
(Iw) Iron loss component of (Io) = Io Cosφo
(Iμ) Magnetizing component of (Io) = Io Sinφo
no-load reactance (Xo) = V/ Iμ
no-load resistance (Ro) = V/ Iw
2 2
and, no-load impedance (Zo) = √ (Ro) + (Xo)
1.6
Hysteresis loss = Ph = K (Bmax) f v (Watts)
2 3
Bmax = maximum flux density (wb/m ), f = frequency (Hz), v = Volume (m )
K = Constant depending on type of transformer and material of the core.
2 2 2
Eddy current loss = Pe=K (Bmax) f t (watts), t = Thickness of core

3
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the circuit as shown in the Figure-1.
2. Connect a voltmeter, an ammeter and a wattmeter to the primary side as shown in the
Figure-1.

Wattmeter

C.C

P.C
AC Input
50 Hz V V E2 = V2
Auto
transformer

Figure-1

3. Apply rated voltage V with autotransformer at input of primary winding and

keep secondary side open-circuited.
4. Measure input power (W0) with wattmeter and write it down in Table-1. As there is no
output power, so input power appears in the form of iron losses of the core.
5. Measure primary input no-load current (I0) with an ammeter and write it down in Table-
1. The primary input no-load current must be 2-10 % of rated load current. Copper losses
will be negligible in primary side due this very small no-load current and zero to
secondary side. Hence wattmeter will measure only iron losses in the core.
6. Iron losses remain constant at all loads because all parameters like frequency, voltage,
volume and thickness of core remain unchanged at all load.
7. Calculate for the remaining columns of Table-1.
8. Apply voltage V and repeat steps 3, 4, 5 and 7.
9. Apply voltage V and repeat steps 3, 4, 5 and 7.
10. Use the data obtained in Table-1 and plot a graph between applied voltage (V) and iron
losses (W0) where applied voltage will be on x-axis and iron losses will be on y-axis.

4
 TABLE 1

S.No V Wo Io Cos o o Iw Iμ Ro Xo Zo
(V) (W) (A) (A) (A) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)

GRAPH BETWEEN IRON LOSSES & VOLTAGE

5
What do you observe from the graph drawn?
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What is working current and magnetizing current?

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Why is no load test conducted?

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Why iron losses are called constant losses?

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6
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

To Perform Short Circuit Test of a single phase transformer

OBJECTIVES
To measure following parameters of a transformer at short-circuit:
(1) Copper losses
(2) Short-circuit power factor
(3) Short-circuit voltage
(4) Equivalent resistance referred to primary side (R01)
(5) Equivalent reactance referred to primary side (X01)
(6) Equivalent impedance referred to primary side (Z01)
APPARATUS
(1) Single phase transformer (1KVA)
(2) Wattmeter
(3) Voltmeter
(4) Ampere meter
(5) Connecting leads
THEORY REFRESHER

From this test we can determine the copper losses of the transformer at desired load.
In the schematic diagram for this test the low voltage winding (secondary side) is short circuited
with the help of an ammeter or by a heavy conductor. Instruments are placed on High Voltage
side (primary side) of the transformer. While performing this test voltage are adjusted from zero
until the ammeter indicates the desired value of load current at which losses are to be measured.
The voltage applied for full load copper losses are only 5 to 10% of the normal rated value. As
the voltage value is very low, so the iron losses being proportional to the voltage can be
neglected, and wattmeter will indicate the copper losses of the transformer at desired value of the
2
load current. Copper losses will be directly proportional to I .
From this method following quantities will be determined:
Wc = Cu. losses
Eq. Impedance of transformer as referred to primary side Z01 = Vs / Is.

Vs = Short circuited voltage; Is = Short circuited (full load current)

2
Wc = Vs Is Cosφs = (I1) R01; Cosφs = Wc / Vs Is (Full load power factor)
R01 = Z01 Cosφs as Cosφs = R01 / Z01
2
Also R01 = Wc / (I1) and X 01= Z01Sinφs as Sinφs = X01 / Z01
2 2
And X01= √ (Z01) - ( R01)

7
PROCEDURE

1. Arrange the circuit as shown in Figure-1.

2. Connect a voltmeter, an ammeter and a wattmeter to the primary (HV side) and an
ammeter to secondary (LV side) in order to make it short-circuited as shown Figure-1 and
get it checked form instructor.
Wattmeter

C.C

P.C

AC Input V A

Figure-1
3. Increase input voltage (Vs) gradually from zero volts to V at primary (HV side)
until current Is flows in the ammeters.
4. Measure and record current (IS) in Table-1.
5. Measure input power (Wc) with wattmeter. As maximum current flows in secondary side
at very low applied voltage (2-5 % of rated voltage), therefore iron losses which depends
on voltage will be negligible and wattmeter will measure only copper losses.
6. Calculate for the rest of the columns in Table-1.
7. Apply voltage V as given in Table-1 and repeat steps 4, 5 and 6.
8. Apply voltage V and repeat steps 4, 5 and 6.
9. Apply voltage V and repeat steps 4, 5 and 6.
10. Apply voltage V and repeat steps 4, 5 and 6.
11. Plot a graph between current Is and copper losses (Wc).

8
 Table-1

S.No Vs Is Wc Cosφs Z01 R01 X 01

(V) (W) (A) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)

Wc

IS

GRAPH BETWEEN CURRENT COPPER LOSSES (Wc) & (Is)

9
What do you observe from the graph drawn?
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Why short circuit test of a transformer is performed?

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10
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
To Perform Efficiency Test of a single phase transformer

OBJECTIVES
To measure the efficiency of a transformer at RL load.
APPARATUS

(1) Single phase transformer (1 KVA)

(2) Wattmeter
(3) Voltmeter
(4) Ammeter
(5) Connecting Wires
(6) RL Load
THEORY REFRESHER
The efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and power factor is defined as output
divided by the input, measured in the same units (either watts or kilowatts).
Efficiency = output / input
As we know that transformer is a highly efficient piece of equipment, having small losses hence
it has maximum efficiency with respect to all electrical machines. In a transformer the losses
comprise of copper and iron losses only. The copper losses depend upon the load current and
vary as square of the current (I).The iron losses mainly depend upon the voltage as frequency of
power system is constant.
Efficiency can be measured in two ways:
(1) By measuring input power and output power
(2) By determining the losses and then calculating the efficiency using formulae:
η = output / input
= output / (output + losses)
= output / (output + Cu. Losses + Iron losses)
= (Input – losses) / input
= 1 – losses/ input
It can be seen that the efficiency is based on power output in watts and not in VA although losses
are proportional to VA. Hence at any volt-ampere load the efficiency depends on power factor.
At unity power factor the efficiency is maximum.

11
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figue-1.
2. Connect voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter to the primary (HV side) and voltmeter,
ammeter and load to the secondary (LV side) as shown in Figure-1 and get the
connection checked from the instructor.

Digital Load
C.C Watt Meter
A A
P.C

V
V W

Transformer

Figure-1

3. Increase input voltage gradually from zero volts up to 220 volts.

4. Put 25 % load on secondary side of the transformer.
5. Measure secondary transformer current (I2) and secondary transformer voltage (V2) and
record it in Table-1.
6. Measure input power (Pin) and output power (Pout) of transformer at this load and
calculate efficiency of the transformer and fill in the table-1 accordingly.
7. Increase the load up to 50 % and repeat steps 5 and 6.
8. Increase the load up to 75% and repeat steps 5 and 6.
9. Increase load up to 100% and repeat steps 5 and 6.
10. Increase load up to 105% and repeat steps 5 and 6.
11. Plot a graph between secondary current (I2) on x-axis and efficiency (ƞ) on y-axis.

12
 Table-1

S.No I2 V2 Pout Pin ℅ƞ

(A) (V) (A)

GRAPH BETWEEN CURRENT EFFICIENCY (ƞ) & (I2)

13
What do you observe from the graph drawn?
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Define efficiency of a transformer?

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What is the effect of increasing frequency, voltage and load on the efficiency of

transformer?
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What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?

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14
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

To Perform Voltage Regulation Test of a Single Phase Transformer

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OBJECTIVES
To measure voltage regulation up/down of a single phase transformer at resistive loads.
APPARATUS
(1) Single phase transformer (1KVA)
(2) Voltmeters
(3) Ampere meters
(4) Variable resistive load
(5) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER
When the secondary of a transformer is loaded, the secondary terminal voltage falls. This fall in
the voltage increases as p.f. decreases i.e. lagging. This fall in the secondary terminal voltage in
%age is called regulation of the transformer. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the
secondary no-load voltage (Es). The fall in the voltage is due to (1) resistance of the winding and
(2) reactance of the winding. The resistance drop is in phase with the current while reactance
drops lead the current.
For full load condition, voltage regulation is given by,
% age Voltage Regulation = {(Es - Vs) / Es} × 100
Typical values of voltage regulation of transformer at 0.9 p.f. lagging are 3% in small
transformers and (1…1.5%) in 50 KVA or larger transformers.

Voltage Regulation Up:

If the voltage drop is divided by V2,L, then the voltage regulation is known as voltage regulation
up.
% age V R Up = [V2,NL _ V2,FL] x 100 / V2, L

Voltage Regulation Down:

If the voltage drop is divided by V2, NL, then the voltage regulation is known as voltage
regulation up.
% age V R Down = [V2,NL -V2,FL ] x 100 / V2,NL

15
PROCEDURE

1. Arrange the circuit as shown in Figure-1.

2. Connect voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter on primary (HV side) as in Figure-1.
3. Connect voltmeter, ammeter and load on secondary (LV side) as in Figure-1.
Wattmeter

C.C

I1 I2

A A

P.C
AC Input
V1 V V2 V LOAD

Figure-1
4. Get your circuit checked from the instructor.
5. Increase input voltage gradually from zero volts up to 220 volts.
6. Put resistive load of 00 A (i.e. no load) on secondary side of the transformer.
7. Measure voltage on secondary side (VS) of the transformer. This voltage is Secondary no
load voltage (Es) as mentioned in Table-1 and would be the same for all loads.
8. Calculate voltage regulation of the transformer and write it down in
9. Table-1.
10. Put a resistive load of 2.25A i.e. increase input voltage gradually until a current of 2.25A
flows through the secondary side ammeter.
11. Note down the secondary no-load voltage as given in Table-1 and calculate the voltage
regulation.
12. Repeat the steps 7 and 8 for different resistive loads of 4.50A, 6.75A and 9.09A and
complete Table-1 accordingly.
13. Plot a graph between different load currents (IS) and voltage regulation.

16
 Table-1
S.No Es Is Vs % age Voltage Regulation = {(Es -
(V) (A) (V) Vs) / Es} × 100

VR

IS

GRAPH BETWEEN % VR & IS

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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17
Define efficiency of a transformer?
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18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
To Perform Parallel Operation on Two 1-Phase Transformers

OBJECTIVES
To connect two 1-phase transformers in parallel for load sharing.

APPARATUS
(1) Two single phase transformer (1KVA)
(2) Wattmeter
(3) Voltmeter
(4) Ampere meter
(5) Connecting leads
(6) Variable resistive load

THEORY REFRESHER

When an existing transformer‘s rating becomes under sized to supply additional

amount of load, then a second transformer may be connected in parallel with the
existing one. This operation is known as parallel operation of transformers. This
operation is also performed to give rest (for maintenance purpose) to a transformer
when many transformers are running in parallel to supply a load. There are certain
conditions, which should be met before connecting two transformers in parallel.

(1) The voltage ratings (voltage levels of both primary & secondary) should be same.
(2) While connecting two or more transformers in parallel it is essential that
their terminals of similar polarities are connected together. There are some
additional definite conditions which should be satisfied in order to avoid any
local circulating current.
(3) The %age Z should be equal in magnitude and should have same X/R ratio.
(4) If transformers have different KVA ratings then their equivalent impedances
should be inversely proportional to the individual KVA rating.
Condition # 2 i.e. polarities should be same is absolutely essential otherwise
parallel operation with incorrect polarities will result in a dead short circuit.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the two single phase transformers in parallel as shown in the Figure-1.
2. Connect the load as shown in the Figure-1.
3. While connecting in parallel, it should be kept in mind that the voltage
rating of both the transformers should be same.
19
 4. Their terminals of same polarities must be connected together.

Figure-1
5. Connect ammeters on the secondary sides of both the transformers.
6. Vary the load and record the load current as well as individual secondary
current contributions from both the transformers and write them down in
Table-1.
7. Write down the conclusion of this experiment based on your observation.
Table-1

What is the need of connecting transformers in parallel?

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20
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
To Find & Plot Load – Speed Characteristics of a Shunt DC Motor

OBJECTIVES
To find load –speed characteristics, Back EMF and efficiency of a dc shunt motor.
APPARATUS
(1) D.C. shunt motor
(2.1 KW, 220 V, IA = 13 A, RF = 0.95 Ω A, RA = 1.8 Ω , 3500 r.p.m.)
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Variable load
(6) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER
A shunt motor is connected to power supply as shown below. The field windings are connected
in parallel (shunt) with the armature windings. The circuit for a shunt motor is shown in figure.

Once you adjust the speed of a dc shunt motor, the speed remains relatively constant even under
changing load conditions. One reason for this is that the field flux remains constant. A constant
voltage across the field makes the field independent of variations in the armature circuit. If the
load on the motor is increased, the motor tends to slow down.
The performance of a dc motor is judged from its characteristics or curves.
Speed – load characteristic is the curve between speed and armature current of a d.c. motor.
The speed of a d.c. motor is given by,
NαEb/Ф
N α (V – I a R a) / Ф
As flux is constant, therefore N α (V – I a R a)
As I a ↑, then I a Ra ↑, then (V-I a Ra) ↓, then N ↓ and hence N α 1/ I a

21
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the circuit as shown in Figure-1.

Figure-1
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter and load as shown in Figure-1 and get checked form
instructor.
3. Armature shafts of both the sets (dc motor and generator) are already connected by
coupling as shown in Figure-1.
4. Excite motor field first and then gradually increase motor armature voltage up to 220 V.
5. Now generator is mechanical load on the motor and motor will draw current from line.
6. Excite generator field gradually and it will generate voltage. Now increase resistive
load on generator such that the armature current of the motor is as mentioned in Table-
1. The generator will draw current. Note that generator’s load will be actually on the dc
motor. DO NOT increase current on generator beyond the rated current of dc motor.
7. The reading for no-load is already provided in Table-1. Calculate only the back e.m.f
and percentage efficiency of the motor.
8. For the next reading, increase the armature current to the value as given in Table-1.
9. Measure and record armature voltage (VA) and speed (N) of the motor for different
values of motor armature current (IA) by varying the load.
10. Calculate back e.m.f (Eb) and percentage efficiency of the motor in each case.
11. Plot the load characteristics of DC shunt motor.

22
 Table-1

Sr # Va Vf Ia If N Eb=V-IaRa Pi Po η

Eb

Ia

GRAPH BETWEEN BACK EMF (Eb) & CURRENT (Ia)

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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23
What is back emf?
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What will happen if back emf is equal to original emf?

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24
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

To perform speed Control of a DC Shunt Motor

OBJECTIVES
To carry out speed control of DC Shunt Motor.
APPARATUS
(1) D.C. shunt motor
(2.1 KW, 220 V, IA = 13 A, RF = 0.95 Ω A, RA = 1.8 Ω, 3500 r.p.m.)
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER
Armature Voltage Control:

In this exercise the field winding current is kept constant. The voltage applied is changed but the field
winding current also changes so to make it constant the Shunt Regulator resistance is changed to keep
it constant.
Field Winding Current Control:

For field winding control method, the field current is changed by varying the Shunt Regulator
added in series with the field winding and the milli ampere meter. The field current is changed
from 0 A to the some value where the speed changes with respect the current values.

PROCEDURE

Figure-1

25
 1. Connect the circuit of a shunt motor as shown in Figure 1.
2. Increase the applied voltage so that speed is nearly 1400 rpm.
3. Start increasing the applied voltage from the PSU (power supply unit) which will increase the
applied armature voltage but will also increase the field current, so to make it constant change
the shunt regulator.
4. Take at least five readings at appropriate interval until the speed has nearly reached 3000 rpm.
5. Draw the graph with applied voltage on the x-axis and the speed on the y- axis.
6. In field winding control, adjust the applied voltage to the motor and then changes the field
current for varying the speed of the motor.
7. Take at least five readings with appropriate intervals.

Table-1
Armature Voltage Control
Sr No. Armature voltage Field Voltage Speed

Table-2
Field Voltage Control
Sr No. Armature voltage Field Voltage Speed

26
GRAPH BETWEEN SPEED & APPLIED VOLTAGE (For Armature Voltage Control)

GRAPH BETWEEN SPEED & APPLIED VOLTAGE (For Field Voltage Control)

27
What do you observe from the graph drawn?
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What can be other methods to change the speed of DC shunt motor?

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28
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
To find and plot Torque speed characteristics of a DC Series Motor

OBJECTIVES

To find torque –speed characteristics of a dc series motor.

APPARATUS
(1) D.C. series motor
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER

The circuitry of this motor includes as armature in series with an inductive field winding. The
relationship between speed and torque for a dc series motor can be given

This relationship shows that a high torque is obtained at low speed and a low torque is obtained
at high speed. This is special characteristic feature of DC Series Motor. Due to this feature DC
Series Motor are used in such applications where large starting torque is required. It is also
notable in this motor that

This means that the toque in the motor is proportional to the square of its armature current. DC
Series Motor produces unidirectional torque both for AC and DC supply. Thus it is a universal
motor which can be operated both on DC as well as AC Supply. DC Series Motor has a
dangerously high starting current if it is directly connected to the DC Power Supply because of
very low emf at start. The starting current is limited either by inserting a resistance or by using a
low DC Terminal Voltage at start.
DC Series Motor has a very poor speed control as it is very slow for heavy load and fast for
lighter loads. If no load is applied, the motor may over speed and destroy itself. This feature
makes this motor unsafe for using with belts for a brake in belt may cause motor to be destroyed.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure-1

29
 Figure-1
2. Set the applied DC voltage to a constant value from 80 to 220 V.
3. Varying the applied voltages and note the values of armature current and
speed. In this way at least observe the six readings.
4. Calculate the torque in N.M using the formula.
5. Draw the graph between speed and torque where speed will be on y-axis and
torque will be on x-axis.

Table 1

Sr Applied Armature Speed Torque

No. Voltage Current (RPM) (N.M)
(V) (A)

30
 GRAPH BETWEEN TORQUE & SPEED

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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Why DC series motor is known as a universal motor?

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Why do we never run a DC series motor without load?

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31
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9
To find and plot magnetic Characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator

OBJECTIVES
To find magnetic characteristic of a dc shunt generator
APPARATUS
(1) D.C. shunt generator
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Separate D.C. variable power supply unit
(6) Variable load
(7) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER
A shunt generator is also called self excited generator as field is connected across the armature so
that armature voltage can supply the field current. Some residual magnetism must exist in the
magnetic circuit of the generator. Because of this residual magnetism small voltage appears
across the armature terminal even when the field current is disconnected.
On the connecting field, armature voltage increases which in turn increases the field current
which again builds up the voltage, so this process continues until a specific voltage is reached. In
actual cases, this build up follows approximately the magnetization curve. Field circuit resistance
is important for voltage stabilization. If the resistance slope coincides with somewhat linear
portion of the magnetization curve it results in unstable voltage situation. If resistance is greater
than this, build up is insignificant and for lower values of resistance, generator will build up
higher voltages. Shunt generator uses a field having suitable impedance across the armature such
that the armature voltage supplies the necessary field current, although in some cases, separate
external voltage may also be applied.

For no-load condition we have speed relation as

32
Thus speed varies inversely with field current. Speed also varies inversely with load and for load
T we have the following relation.

i.e

PROCEDURE

Figure-1

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure-1.

2. The DC Motor acting as prime mover for the DC Generator is DC Shunt
motor with speed of 1500 rpm.
3. Power up the circuit with rheostat (Load Resistor) at its maximum.
4. Wait for voltage and current to settle down before taking the readings.
5. For next reading slowly decrease the resistance which decreases the
current and increases the voltage.
6. In this way at least observe seven readings of ascending voltages.
7. Now start decreasing the voltage step by step and note the corresponding
current and voltage values..
8. Now draw the graph between voltage and current, both for ascending and
descending voltages on same graph. Voltage on the y-axis and field current on the x-axis.

33
 Table 1

Sr No. Field Voltage Field Current Voltage Generated (Ascending)

Vf If VG

Table 2

Sr No. Field Voltage Field Current Voltage Generated(Descending)

Vf If VG

34
 GRAPH BETWEEN GENERATED VOLATGE VS FIELD CURRENT

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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What are the important characteristics of a DC shunt generator?

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35
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10
To find and plot the Load Characteristics of a DC Series Generator

OBJECTIVES
To find load characteristic of a dc series generator

APPARATUS
(1) D.C. series generator
(RSE=1Ω, RF = 0.95 Ω A, RA = 1.8 Ω)
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Separate D.C. variable power supply unit
(6) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER

In series generator, the field winding provides the flux in the machine when armature current
flows through it. Load characteristics are also termed as performance characteristics. It gives
relation between terminal voltage and the load current. This curve lie below the internal
characteristics curve because it takes into account the voltage drop over the armature circuit
resistance. The values of V are obtained by subtracting IaRa from corresponding values. This
characteristic is of great importance in judging suitability of a generator for a particular purpose.
It may be obtained by making simultaneous measurements with a suitable voltmeter and
ammeter on a loaded generator. This gives the relation between induced emf E. Actually induced
in the armature and the armature current Ia. DC series generator has rising voltage characteristics
i.e with increase in load its voltage is also increased. But at high loads, the voltage starts
decreasing due to extensive demagnetization of armature due to armature reaction. In fact
terminal voltage start decreasing as load current is increased.

36
PROCEDURE

Figure-1

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure-1.

2. Run the shunt motor/series motor by increasing the applied voltage by varying the power
supply unit till speed is 1500 rpm.
3. Increase load on generator up to 200W.
4. Measure and record load Current and load voltage ( ).
5. Calculate induced voltage (E) by employing values of and which are fixed for a
generator.
6. Increase the load on the generator up to 400W and repeat step 5 and 6.
7. Increase the load on the generator up to 600W and repeat step 5 and 6.
8. Increase the load on the generator up to 800W and repeat step 5 and 6.
9. Increase the load on the generator up to 1000W and repeat step 5 and 6.
10. Increase the load on the generator up to 1200W and repeat step 5 and 6.
11. Draw the graph between load Current and terminal voltage ( ),where load Current
will be on x-axis and terminal voltage ( ) will be on y-axis.

Table 1
Sr. No. Load current Terminal voltage Induced Emf
IL Vt

1
2
3
4
5
6

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 GRAPH BETWEEN TERMINAL VOLATGE VS LOAD CURRENT

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 11
To Control the speed of Induction Motor by changing frequency

OBJECTIVES

To carry out the speed control of Induction Motor by changing frequency

APPARATUS
(1) Induction Motor (3 Hp,50 Hz,1430 rpm,4.9A,400/440v)
(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER

Having known the torque speed characteristic of the motor, its speed can be controlled in three
ways
1. Changing the number of poles
2. Varying the input voltage at fixed frequency
3. Varying both the input voltage and frequency accordingly

When a balanced set of three phase sinusoidal voltages is applied to the stator of an induction
motor, a constant amplitude flux is produced in the air gap which rotates with a constant speed
called the synchronous speed. For a p pole machine, the synchronous speed is given as

If we vary the supply frequency, we can change the speed of an induction motor.

Procedure

1. Set line voltage, VL

2. Now vary the frequency of AC supply from 45 to 55 Hz
3. Note down the values of speed of the motor.
4. Plot the graph between frequency and speed of the motor where speed will be on x-axis
and frequency will be on y-axis

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 Table No.1

Sr. No. Frequency f (Hz) Speed (rpm)

Frequency

Speed

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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What are the ways by which the speed of induction motor can be controlled?
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 EXPERIMENT NO. 12
To find and plot the characteristics of Synchronous Generator

OBJECTIVES

To find the characteristics of synchronous generator

APPARATUS

(1) Synchronous generator (2kw, 50hz, 1430rpm, 230v)

(2) Voltmeter
(3) Ammeters
(4) Speed indicator
(5) Connecting leads

THEORY REFRESHER

Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. They are
commonly used to convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas turbines,
reciprocating engines, hydro turbines and wind turbines into electrical power for the grid. They
are known as synchronous generators because f, the frequency of the induced voltage in the
stator (armature conductors) conventionally measured in hertz, is directly proportional to RPM,
the rotation rate of the rotor usually given in revolution per minute.
If the rotor windings are arranged in such a way as to produce the effect of more than two
magnetic poles, then each physical revolution of the rotor results in more magnetic poles moving
past the armature windings. Each passing of a North and South Pole corresponds to a complete
cycle of magnet field oscillation.

Procedure

1. Set the line voltage, VL.

2. Now vary the speed of rotation of the rotor of synchronous generator.
3. Note down the values of voltage generated by the generator.
4. Plot graph between speed and voltage generated by the synchronous generator where
speed will be on x-axis and voltage will be on y axis.

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 Table 1

Sr. No. Speed (rpm) Output Voltage (V)

GRAPH BETWEEN VOLATGE AND SPEED

What do you observe from the graph drawn?

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