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Scheduled monument
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Main page In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a nationally important archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change.
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The various pieces of legislation used for legally protecting heritage assets from damage and destruction are grouped under the term ‘designation’. The protection provided to scheduled monuments is given under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979,[1] which is a different law from that used for listed
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Random article buildings (which fall within the town and country planning system).[1] A heritage asset is a part of the historic environment that is valued because of its historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest.[2] Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have extra legal protection through designation.
About Wikipedia There are about 20,000 scheduled monuments in England representing about 37,000 heritage assets.[3] Of the tens of thousands of scheduled monuments in the UK, most are inconspicuous archaeological sites, but some are large ruins. According to the 1979 Act, a monument cannot be a structure which is occupied as a
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dwelling, used as a place of worship or protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
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Contents [hide]
Contribute The Protection of Wrecks Act
1 The legislation relevant to scheduled monuments 1973 is an Act of the Parliament of
Help Cranmore Castle in Devon is an Iron
2 History the United Kingdom which
Learn to edit Age earthwork. Like many scheduled
3 The process for designating a scheduled monument provides protection for designated
Community portal monuments, it blends into the
Recent changes 4 Heritage protection legislation for scheduled monuments shipwrecks. landscape, and may not be evident even
Upload file 5 The schedules to those crossing over it.
6 Criteria for scheduling
Tools
7 Legal protection for scheduled monuments
What links here 8 Management of scheduled monuments
Related changes
9 Examples
Special pages
9.1 England
Permanent link
9.2 Northern Ireland
Page information
Cite this page 9.3 Scotland
Wikidata item 9.4 Wales
10 See also
Print/export 11 References
Download as PDF 12 External links
Printable version 12.1 Searchable databases of scheduled monuments

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons The legislation relevant to scheduled monuments [ edit ]

Languages Scheduled monuments are defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.[1] In England, Wales and Scotland they are often referred to as a scheduled ancient monument, although the Act defines only ancient monument and scheduled monument. A monument can be:
Boarisch A building or structure, cave or excavation which is above or below the surface of the land; or on / under the sea bed within UK territorial waters (or a site that contains the remains of one).
Deutsch
A site comprising any vehicle, vessel, aircraft or other moveable structure (or contains the remains of one).[1]
Español
Français In Northern Ireland they are designated under separate legislation and are referred to as a scheduled historic monument (for those in private ownership) or a monument in state care (for those in public ownership).
Bahasa Indonesia
‫עברית‬
Português
History [ edit ]

The first Act to enshrine legal protection for ancient monuments was the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882. This identified an initial list of 68 prehistoric sites that were given a degree of legal protection (25 sites in England, three in Wales, 22 in Scotland and 18 in Ireland).[4] This was the result of strenuous representation by William Morris and the Society for the
3 more
Protection of Ancient Buildings, which had been founded in 1877. Following various previous attempts, the 1882 legislation was guided through parliament by John Lubbock, who in 1871 had bought Avebury, Wiltshire, to ensure the survival of the stone circle.
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The first Inspector of Ancient Monuments, as set up by the act, was Augustus Pitt Rivers. At this point, only the inspector, answering directly to the First Commissioner of Works, was involved in surveying the scheduled sites and persuading landowners to offer sites to the state.[5] The act also established the concept of guardianship, in which a site might remain in
private ownership, but the monument itself become the responsibility of the state, as guardian.[4] However the legislation could not compel landowners, as that level of state interference with private property was not politically possible. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900 extended the scope of the legislation to include medieval monuments. Pressure grew for
stronger legislation. In a speech in 1907, Robert Hunter, chairman of the National Trust, observed that only a further 18 sites had been added to the original list of 68.[6] 'Scheduling' in the modern sense only became possible with the passing of the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913.

When Pitt Rivers died in 1900 he was not immediately replaced as Inspector. Charles Peers, a professional architect, was appointed as Inspector in 1910 in the Office of Works becoming Chief Inspector in 1913. The job title 'Inspector' is still in use.[7]

The process for designating a scheduled monument [ edit ]

Scheduling offers protection because it makes it illegal to undertake a great range of 'works' within a designated area, without first obtaining 'scheduled monument consent'.[8] However, it does not affect the owner's freehold title or other legal interests in the land, nor does it give the general public any new rights of public access. The process of scheduling does not
automatically imply that the monument is being poorly managed or that it is under threat, nor does it impose a legal obligation to undertake any additional management of the monument.[9]

In England and Wales the authority for designating, re-designating and de-designating a scheduled monument lies with the Secretary of State for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The Secretary of State keeps the list, or schedule, of these sites.[2]

The designation process was first devolved to Scotland and Wales in the 1970s and is now operated there by the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government respectively. The government bodies with responsibility for archaeology and the historic environment in Britain are: Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, and Historic Environment Scotland in
Scotland. The processes for application and monitoring scheduled monuments is administered in England by Historic England; in Wales by Cadw on behalf of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament);[10] and in Scotland by Historic Environment Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Ministers.

In Northern Ireland, the term "Scheduled Historic Monument" is used. These sites protected under Article 3 of the Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. The schedule contains over 1,900 sites, and is maintained by the Department for Communities.[11]

Heritage protection legislation for scheduled monuments [ edit ]

There is no positive distinction yet for a single method of registering sites of heritage. The long tradition of legal issues did not lead to a condensed register nor to any single authority to take care of over the course of the last 130 years.

The UK is a signatory to the EU Valletta Treaty which obliges it to have a legal system to protect archaeological heritage on land and under water.[3] The body of designation legislation used for legally protecting heritage assets from damage and destruction is complex, and dates back to 1882.[12] There have been many revisions since, and the UK government states
that it remains committed to heritage protection legislation reform,[13] even though the draft Heritage Protection Bill 2008,[14] which proposed a single 'register' that included scheduled monuments and listed buildings, was abandoned to make room in the parliamentary legislative programme for measures to deal with the credit crunch.[15]

The scheduling system has been criticised by some as being cumbersome.[15] In England and Wales it also has a limited definition of what constitutes a monument. Features such as ritual landscapes, battlefields and flint scatters are difficult to schedule; recent amendment in Scotland (see below) has widened the definition to include "any site... comprising any thing,
or group of things, that evidences previous human activity".[16]

The wide range of legislation means that the terminology describing how historic sites are protected varies according to the type of heritage asset. Monuments are "scheduled", buildings are "listed", whilst battlefields, parks and gardens are "registered", and historic wrecks are "protected". Historic urban spaces receive protection through designation as "conservation
areas",[17] and historic landscapes are designated through national park and Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) legislation.[18] In addition, there are areas in the UK are also protected as World Heritage Sites.

To add to the confusion, some heritage assets can be both listed buildings and scheduled monuments (e.g. Dunblane Cathedral). World Heritage Sites, conservation areas and protected landscapes can also contain both scheduled monuments and listed buildings.[3] Where a heritage asset is both scheduled and listed, many provisions of the listing legislation are dis-
applied (for example those relating to building preservation notices).

In England, Scotland and Wales, protection of monuments can also be given by another process, additional to or separate from scheduling, taking the monument into state ownership or placing it under guardianship, classifying it as a guardianship monument under the terms of Section 12 of the 1979 Act (as amended by the National Heritage Act 1983 in England, and
by the Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011) (e.g. St Rule's Church in St Andrews). The latter meaning that the owner retains possession, while the appropriate national heritage body maintains it and (usually) opens it to the public. All monuments in guardianship on the passing of the 1979 Act were automatically included in the 'schedule'.

Scheduling is not usually applied to underwater sites although historic wrecks can be protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973,[19] although three maritime sites have been designated as scheduled monuments. In Scotland new powers for protection of the marine heritage, better integrated with other maritime conservation powers, have been given by the
Marine (Scotland) Act 2010.[20] It is intended that the marine scheduled monuments will be protected by this new Act. The Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act, which amended the 1979 Act, was passed into law in 2011.[21]

Wider areas can be protected by designating their locations as Areas of Archaeological Importance (AAI) under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.[1] As of 2011, only five city centres in England have been designated as AAIs (Canterbury, Chester, Exeter, Hereford and York).[22] This part of the 1979 Act was never brought into effect in
Scotland.

The schedules [ edit ]

It is a legal requirement to maintain the 'schedule' of monuments. In England the Department for Culture, Media and Sport keeps a register, or schedule, of nationally important sites which receive state protection. The National Heritage List for England now includes about 400,000 heritage sites, including scheduled monuments.[23] This online searchable list can be
found on the Historic England web site. The list of Scottish monuments can be searched on the Historic Environment Scotland website, or through Pastmap.[24] For Wales, the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW), has an online database called "Coflein" which contains the national collection of information about the historic environment of Wales.

Criteria for scheduling [ edit ]

To be eligible for scheduling, a monument must be demonstrably of (in the terms of the 1979 Act) "national importance". Non-statutory criteria are provided to guide the assessment. In England these are:[3][25]

Period – meaning the length of time it remained in use; significant sites are often multi-period
Rarity – monuments with few known comparators are more likely to be scheduled
Documentation – information from earlier investigations at a site can inform on its significance
Group value – where a monument forms part of a wider geographical landscape of important sites
Survival/condition – the degree to which the surviving remains convey the size, shape and function of the site
Fragility/Vulnerability – threats to the site from natural agencies, tourism or development can lead to a monument being scheduled for its protection
Representivity – how well the monument represents diverse similar types and/or whether it contains unique features
Potential – its ability to contribute to our knowledge through further study.

The Scottish criteria were revised after public consultation between 2006 and 2008.[26]

There is no appeal against the scheduling process and adding a monument to the schedule may be a process requiring a great deal of research and consideration. The process can be accelerated for sites under threat, however. In England, Historic England gathers information on a site, defines a boundary around it and advises the Secretary of State for Culture,
Media and Sport of its eligibility for inclusion on the schedule. In Wales Cadw is part of central government and act on behalf of the relevant ministers. In Scotland, since October 2015, Historic Environment Scotland has been a non-departmental public body advising Scottish Ministers.

Legal protection for scheduled monuments [ edit ]

The 1979 Act makes it a criminal offence to:

Destroy or damage a scheduled monument

Do any "works" which would demolish, damage, remove, repair, add or alter it (including agriculture, forestry, flooding and tipping) without previous permission from the Secretary of State or devolved equivalent, given through formal written "scheduled monument consent"
Use a metal detector without prior consent
Remove any historic or archaeological object from the site without prior consent.[1]

Despite perceptions to the contrary, only a very small proportion of applications for scheduled monument consent are refused. In Scotland in the ten years from 1995 to 2005, out of 2,156 applications, only 16 were refused.[26] Development close to a scheduled monument which might damage its setting is also a material
consideration in the planning system. Loughbrickland Crannog is a late
Bronze Age man-made island.

Management of scheduled monuments [ edit ]

Historic England, Historic Environment Scotland and Cadw monitor the condition of scheduled monuments. They encourage owners to maintain scheduled monuments in good condition by using sympathetic land uses, for example restricting stock levels or controlling undergrowth which can damage archaeology below
ground.[27]

Historic Environment Scotland, Cadw, Historic England and Natural England also offer owners advice on how to manage their monuments. There are some grant incentive schemes for owners, including schemes run by Historic England and by Natural England for farmers and land managers.[28]

Historic Environment Scotland,[29] Historic England[30] and Cadw,[31] occasionally award grants to support management agreements for monuments, and in some cases can help with major repairs.

In England, the condition of scheduled monuments is also reported through the Heritage at Risk survey.[3] In 2008 this survey extended to include all listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wreck sites and conservation areas.[32] The register is compiled by survey
by a range of heritage groups including Natural England, the Forestry Commission, local authorities, national park authorities, the National Trust, regional and local archaeological societies, Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison Officers, voluntary groups, property owners, land managers and farmers.
Rosslyn Chapel is an intact church,
though only the unused sections are
Examples [ edit ] protected by scheduling

England [ edit ]

Wymondham Abbey in Norfolk is a scheduled monument, a Grade I listed building, and lies in Wymondham Conservation Area.
Paston Great Barn, also in Norfolk, is a scheduled monument and a Grade II listed building. Because of the presence of rare bats, it is also on a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a candidate for Special Area of Conservation (SAC) European Union protective status.
Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England.
Cadbury Castle, Somerset, long thought by some to be the site of King Arthur's legendary castle Camelot.
Cranmore Castle a hillfort South East of Tiverton in Devon
High Bridge, Lincoln, built in the 12th century in Lincoln, England, is the oldest bridge in the United Kingdom which still has buildings on it.
South Norwood Country Park in Greater London, site of a medieval moated manor.
The Iron Bridge in Shropshire, dating from the Industrial Revolution period, was scheduled in 1934.
With a moat, this is the only scrap of
The cruise missile shelter complex (GAMA - GLCM Alert and Maintenance Area) at the former RAF Greenham Common was scheduled in 2003 as a key emblematic monument of the Cold War, with wider cultural significance as the focus of protest against the nuclear arms race.[33] masonry that remains of Sleaford
Castle.
Northern Ireland [ edit ]

Examples of scheduled historic monuments in Northern Ireland, as designated by the Department for Communities:[34]

Drumbo round tower, County Down

Dunluce Castle, County Antrim
King's Stables, County Armagh
Loughbrickland Crannog, County Down

Scotland [ edit ]

Examples of scheduled monuments in Scotland, as designated by Historic Environment Scotland:

Dunskey Castle, Portpatrick, Dumfries and Galloway[35]

Castle Tioram, Lochaber, Highland[36]
Ravenscraig Castle, Kirkcaldy, Fife[37]
Rosslyn Chapel, Midlothian (the basement of the chapel and surrounding structures are scheduled, although the parts of the chapel in ecclesiastical use are excluded)[38]
Cathcart Castle, seat of the McKendricks of Cathcart[39]
The Tinkers' Heart, Argyll and Bute[40]

Wales [ edit ]
Main article: Scheduled monuments in Wales Dunskey Castle

Examples of Scheduled Monuments in Wales, as designated by Cadw:

Conwy Castle, Conwy

Dolaucothi Gold Mines, Carmarthenshire
Pen y Bryn
Old Bridge, Pontypridd
Pill Priory (Chancel Arch and South Transept), Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire

See also [ edit ]

Conservation in the United Kingdom

List of scheduled monuments
National Monument (Republic of Ireland)
National Monuments Record (disambiguation)
Treasure Act 1996

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b c d e f "Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 8. ^ "Scheduled monuments" . DCSM. Archived from the original on 16. ^ "Designation Policy and Selection Guidance" . Historic 26. ^ a b "Scottish Historic Environment Policy" (PDF). Historic 34. ^ "Scheduled Historic Monuments 1st April 2017" (PDF).
1979" . Retrieved 6 June 2011. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. Environment Scotland. Retrieved 30 June 2020. Scotland. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October Department for Communities Historic Environment Division. Retrieved
2. ^ a b "Protecting the Historic Environment" . Department for Culture, 9. ^ "Scheduling FAQs" . English Heritage. Archived from the original 17. ^ "Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990" . 2012. 20 September 2017.
Media and Sport. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 7 June 27. ^ "Guidance for owners & occupiers" . Historic Scotland. Archived 35. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Dunskey Castle (SM2017)" .
Retrieved 7 June 2011. 10. ^ "Ancient Monuments Wales SI 2001 No. 1438 (W.100)" (PDF). 2011. from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
3. ^ a b c d e "Scheduled Monuments" (PDF). Department for Culture, Retrieved 7 June 2011. 18. ^ "How are landscapes protected?" . Natural England. Archived 28. ^ "Thousands of historic monuments saved through Environmental 36. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Castle Tioram & Eilean Tirim
Media and Sport. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11. ^ "Historic monuments" . Department for Communities. 27 August from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Stewardship" . Natural England. Archived from the original on 16 (SM955)" . Retrieved 25 February 2019.
4 December 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011. 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2017. 19. ^ "Protection of Wrecks Act 1973" . Retrieved 7 June 2011. October 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2011. 37. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Ravenscraig Castle (SM2496)" .
4. ^ a b Hunter, Robert (1907). "Appendix A" . The Preservation of 12. ^ "Scheduled Monuments" . English Heritage. Archived from the 20. ^ "Marine (Scotland) Act" . Scottish Government. March 2010. 29. ^ "Ancient monument grants" . Historic Scotland. Archived from Retrieved 25 February 2019.
Places of Interest or Beauty. Manchester University Press – via original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. 38. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Rosslyn Chapel, burial ground,
Wikisource. 13. ^ "Heritage Protection Bill" . Directgov. UK Government. Archived 21. ^ "Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011" . 30. ^ "Grants Given | Historic England" . historicengland.org.uk. buried remains of nave and remains of St Matthew's Church, Roslin
5. ^ Bowden, Mark (2000) "Lieutenant-General A.H.L.F. Pitt Rivers from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2021. (SM6458)" . Retrieved 25 February 2019.
Archived 1 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine", Past - 14. ^ "Draft Heritage Protection Bill" (PDF). Department for Culture, 22. ^ "Planning Consultation" . Canterbury Archaeological Trust. 31. ^ "Ancient monuments grant" . Cadw. Archived from the original 39. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Cathcart Castle (SM2105)" .
Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society, 34 (April) Media and Sport. April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
6. ^ Hunter, Robert (1907). "The Preservation of Places of Interest or 12 January 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2011. 23. ^ "National Heritage List for England" . English Heritage. Archived 32. ^ "What is Heritage at Risk?" . Historic Environment Local 40. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Tinkers' Heart, Scottish Travellers'
Beauty" . The Preservation of Places of Interest or Beauty . 15. ^ a b Mascall, Roger (18 December 2009). "The Heritage Protection from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011. Management. English Heritage. Retrieved 7 June 2011. commemorative monument 820m E of Ardno (SM13615)" .
Manchester University Press – via Wikisource. Bill: Fundamental reform for England and Wales?" . 24. ^ "Pastmap" . RCAHMS. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 33. ^ Historic England. "Cruise missile shelter complex, Greenham Retrieved 25 February 2019.
7. ^ Iain MacIvor & Richard Fawcett (1983)'Planks from the shipwreck of BuildingConservation.com. Cathedral Communications. Archived 25. ^ "What can be scheduled?" . English Heritage. Archived from the Common Airbase (1021040)" . National Heritage List for England.
time: an account of Ancient Monumentry, then and now', in M from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
Magnusson (ed) 'Echoes in Stone', p 9-27
^ a b "Scottish Historic Environment Policy" (PDF). Historic

External links [ edit ]

Scheduled Monuments page , Historic England Wikimedia Commons has

Scheduled Monuments page , Cadw media related to Scheduled
Ancient Monuments.
Scheduled monuments page , Historic Environment Scotland
Historic monuments page , Department for Communities (Northern Ireland)
Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Areas Act 1979
O. Davis 2011 'Where to Draw the Line: Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Historic Landscape Characterisation in Wales', Internet Archaeology 29.

Searchable databases of scheduled monuments [ edit ]

National Heritage List for England , Historic England

Cof Cymru - National Historic Assets of Wales , Cadw
Heritage Portal , Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Map Viewer , Department for Communities

Categories: Scheduled monuments Archaeology of the United Kingdom Historic England Heritage registers in the United Kingdom Historic Environment Scotland Protected areas of the United Kingdom Town and country planning in the United Kingdom

This page was last edited on 13 January 2022, at 04:33 (UTC).

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