A Beam Theory for Anisotropic

Materials
0. A. Bauchau
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, N.Y. 12181
Beam theory plays an important role in structural analysis. The basic assumption is
that initially plane sections remain plane after deformation, neglecting out-of-plane
warpings. Predictions based on these assumptions are accurate for slender, solid,
cross-sectional beams made out of isotropic materials. The beam theory derived in
this paper from variational principles is based on the sole kinematic assumption that
each section is infinitely rigid in its own plane, but free to warp out of plane. After a
short review of the Bernoulli and Saint- Venant approaches to beam theory, a set of
orthonormal eigenwarpings is derived. Improved solutions can be obtained by
expanding the axial displacements or axial stress distribution in series of eigen-
warpings and using energy principles to derive the governing equations. The im-
proved Saint-Venant approach leads to fast converging solutions and accurate
results are obtained considering only a few eigenwarping terms.

1 Introduction
Timoshenko beam theory is well known by structural
designers and is widely used as a first approximation in
numerous structural applications. For solid cross-sectional
beams made out of isotropic materials, this theory gives
accurate predictions for aspect ratios L/h a 5 (L is the span of
the beam and h its height). Because it is based on the
assumption that cross sections remain plane after defor-
mation, the theory predicts a linear distribution of axial
strains. However, additional axial strains are induced by
warping incompatibilities generated either by specific loading
or boundary conditions, or by the occurrence of nonuniform
torsion or bending. According to Saint-Venant's Principle
these additional strains tend to decay away from the per-
turbation that created them. The decay length 8 is defined as
the distance it takes for these strains to decay to a neglectible
value. For solid cross-sectional beams made out of isotropic
materials, this decay length is of the order of the height of the
beam, i.e., 8 — h. A physical meaning of the validity range of
the theory is found by rewriting it as L/55:5, stating that the
span of the beam must be large compared to the perturbed
zone 8.
In the case of thin-walled box beams, it was recognized
early that beam theory was only a poor approximation,
because warping and shear lag effects are significant for those
structures. Von Karman and Chien [1] gave a solution to this
problem using a system of orthogonal states of stress. Argyris
and Dunne [2] derived solutions for more general problems
and showed the existence of fast converging series based on a
similar system of orthogonal stress states.
More recently, with the increasing use of composite
materials, Saint-Venant's principle has been investigated
theoretically for anisotropic elasticity [3, 4], The decay length
5 was found to be proportional to V£/G {E is the longi-
tudinal Young's modulus and G the shear modulus). This
means that for highly anisotropic materials the decay length
can be much larger than for isotropic materials. Goetschel [5]
calculated these decay length for different beams made out of
composite materials. For a thin-walled rectangular cross-
section 8 is found to be Ih, and for an / cross section 5= I5h.
Beam theory can still be applied if L/5&5, i.e., L/h^35 and
75, respectively. Needless to say, such a restriction makes
beam theory inapplicable to practical structures.
The purpose of this paper is to derive a beam theory that
can be used when only the geometric condition L/h>5 is
satisfied.
2 Geometry Assumptions
Thin-walled box beams with closed cross sections will be
considered (see Fig. 1). The contour of the section (denoted f)
is a parametric function of the variable s, while the variable z

Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division for publication in the

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS.
Discussion on this paper should be addressed to the Editorial Department,
ASME, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y.
10017, and will be accepted until two months after final publication of the
paper itself in the JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received by
ASME Applied Mechanics Division, April, 1984; final revision, August, 1984. Fig. 1 Geometry of a typical cross section

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 runs along the span of the beam. The basic assumption is that The location of the shear center K was chosen to decouple
each section is infinitely rigid in its own plane, but free to bending and torsion by setting
warp out of plane. This assumption has two important im-
dx [ dy
„
plications: (0 the inplane displacements of the section are (10)
fully represented by three rigid body modes u(z), v(z), 8(z), Aqqik — ds=\cAggrk=~ds =0
respectively, the two translations and the rotation of the This gives a pair of linear equations for the coordinates xk, yk
section, and (/'/) any applied transverse load only induces of the shear center. The Bernoulli solution is obtained by
membrane stresses in the structure, specifically an axial stress minimizing (9) with respect to the functions X, Y,u,v, 6, Z
flow n, and a shear stress flow q. For thin walled beams these
two stress flows are uniform across the thickness and the (IxxX'+IxyY')" = -px,
other stress components are assumed to be neglectible. (IxyX'+IyyY')" = -py (11a)
Finally, we must specify the stress-strain relations: the [Axx(X+u') + Axy(Y+v')]' = -px,
materials is either isotropic or curvilinear orthotropic with the
axes of orthotropy parallel to the axis of the beam and the [Axy(X+u') + A„(Y+v')]' = -py (11.6)
tangent to the cross-sectional curve, so that: (Ip6')' = -m, (SZ')'=Q (ll.c)
n=A„ (1) This solution takes into account shearing deformations
Q=Aq rY (2) (11.6), it is sometimes referred to as Timoshenko beam
theory. The solution to equations (11) is summarized here
A„„ and Aqq are the elastic coefficients (see Appendix B); e is with a subscript "b":
the axial strain, and y the shear strain. They are related to the
displacements by wb=Z+(x-x„)X+(y-y„)Y, ub=u
dw nb=Am(Z' +{x-x„)X' +(y-y„)Y'], vb = v (12)
dz (3)
qb=Aqq\{(x+u')~ +(Y+V')~ +0'T>], eb=e.
dw dx dy_
7= +u + v' + 6'Tk (4)
Us ds
where w is the axial displacement, rk(s) is the distance from
the center K to the tangent to the cross-sectional curve (see 4 The Saint-Venant Solution
Fig. 1), and ( ) ' means derivative with respect to z. The absence of out-of-plane warpings in the Bernoulli
approach results in poor accuracy of the solution. In a first
attempt to correct this situation Saint-Venant's approach is
3 The Bernoulli Solution considered now. The assumption here is that the axial stresses
Bernoulli's beam theory is based on the additional are linearly distributed, i.e.,
assumption that cross sections remain plane after defor- n(s,z) = A,m[A{z) + (x-xn)B(z) + (y-y„)C(z)\, (13)
mation, implying a linear axial displacement:
in place of equation (5).
w(s,z) = Z(z) + (x-x„)X(z) + (y-yn)Y(z) (5) The Reissener Principle [6] will be used here to derive the
where Z(z) is a uniform extension of the section, X(z), Y{z) governing equations. With our notations the functional to be
are the rotations of the section, and x„, yn are the coordinates minimized reads:
of the neutral axis. + -,2
+ r,1
It is convenient to derive the equations of the problem from
energy principles; in this case we must minimize the total
^=Jc Lh ^4(£ £y dsdz

potential energy 7r,

(pxii+pyv + m)dz (14)
7r= ( A e2+A dsdz
•i:
2Joi - "" iiy^ ~\0 (PxU+Pyv + m&)dz{6)
Using the basic assumption (13) and the strain definitions (3)
where px, py are the applied transverse loads per unit span in and (4) it becomes
the x and y directions, respectively, and m is the applied
torque per unit span. *R =
\o \tlAnnlA + (x-x„)B+(y-y„)C}-^
Using the basic assumption (5) and the strain definitions (3)
and (4) we find, (dw dx dy „ \ 1 A r ,
e = Z'+(.x-x„)X'+(y-y„)Y' (7) + q{-fo +u' — +v' — +0,Tk)--Am[A + (x-x„)B

7 = ( * + « ' ) — +(Y+v')-^ +6'Tk (8)

ds ds + {y-yn)Q2-^ ^-}dsdz-\ (pxu+pyv + md)dz (15)
^ Aqq •> J0
The total potential energy (6) now becomes Minimizing first with respect to w and q the following dif-
1 <-L ferential system is found:
*=\\ isz" + I^X' 2 2
+IyyY' 2
+ 2IxyX' Y'
2 Jo dq
= -A„„[A' + (x-x„)B' +{y-y„) C]
+ Axx(X+u')2+Ayy(Y+v')2+2Axy(X+u')(Y+v') ds
2
+ Ip6' ]dz-\ (pxu+pyv + md)dz (9)
dw , dy dx
Tk (16)
where S=\t A„„ ds is the axial stiffness; Ixx = \$ Ann(x dw dz '-dj
—x„)2ds is the bending stiffness (similar definitions for Iyy The detailed integration of this system is described in Ap-
andlxy), Axx = \{ Aqq(dx/ds)2 is the shear stiffness (similar pendix A. The solution {A 15) is then replaced in the Reissener
definitions for Ayy and Axy), and / p = Jf AqqT2k ds is the functional, and the variations on the remaining function u, v,
torsional stiffness. d,A,B, Cyield the complete solution:

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 X' = ixxMx + ixyMy, Y' = ixyM,x. + iyyMy
TT= | j Q j (AmW2F'2+AqqY2F2)dsdz (23)
u' ---UxTx + UyTy -x, v' = VXTX+ V T (17)
T Vy l y
J6' == MJC, SZ =N This functional can be first minimized with respect to F, to
find
where
F"-lx2F=0 (24)
Mx= \ n(x—x„)ds is the bending moment (similar defini- 2
where /J. is a yet unknown separation constant. Using this
Jf
tionforM,), relation the energy principle becomes:

I a
dx
ds
ds is the shear force (similar definition for Ty), W=
\ [\o ^dz] [-^2\fAnnW2ds+ \(AqqT2ds] (25)

This functional is now minimized with respect to the function

Mk = l q rkds is the torque at the shear center K, W and the parameters U, V, and S. This leads to an eigen-
value problem for JX2 , that can be written in the form of a
N= \ n ds is the axial force, Rayleigh quotient
2
/dW, dx dy _ \
J= \ Qi rkds is the torsional stiffness
/*? =
IM^*"'^*"^* ' aiTkJ ds
(26)
ixx, iyy, ixy is the inverse tensor of bending stiffnesses.
AmWjds
Here again the location of the shear center K has been chosen !,
to decouple bending and torsion by setting
W;(s) are the eigenwarpings of the problem. A set of or-
(18) thonormality relationships is associated with this problem:
j GiT*rfs=j Q 2 T>«&=0.

This results in a pair of linear equations for the coordinates of \ AmW,Wjds = 6Ut \ Awrtrjds=n26„ (27)
the shear center xk, yk. The Saint-Venant solution is now
summarized with a subscript "sv":

ww = Z+ (x-x„)X+ (y-y„)Y+ WxTx+WyTy + Wr 6 Improving the Bernoulli Solution

nsv =A„„[ — + [ixx(x-xn)
+ [ixy (x-x„)
J '
The Bernoulli solution will be improved by adding to the
+ixy (y-y„)]Mx basic assumption (5), a series expansion in terms of eigen-
warpings, and by correcting the other displacements com-
ponents accordingly (see equation (20)):
+ iyy (y -yn) ]Myj ,
w(s,z) = wb + J}wi(s)F,(z) (28.a)

Qsv = QxTx + QyTy + Qr ^

M„
«'=«'6 +E t W z ) . v'=v'„ + 'EvlFl(z),
usv = u, vs„ = v, dsv = 9. (19)
where the different functions are solutions of the system (17)
and Wx, Wy, W, as well as Qx, Qy, Q, are defined in Ap- 0'=06 + EE,F,(Z) (28.6)
pendix A. It is interesting to note that this solution satisfies all
the equations of the problem, except the stress strain relation Note that arbitrary axial displacements can be represented
(1). with the preceding series expansion (28.a), so no assumption
is made on axial displacements distribution. However, the
5 Eigenwarpings assumption of infinite inplane rigidity of the section is
In the Bernoulli solution (12) all warpings are ignored, and required to express the inplane displacements (28.b) as
the Saint-Venant solution (19) only considers specific warp- functions of z only.
ings (Wx, Wy, Wt). In this section a set of orthonormal The strains corresponding to this displacement field can be
warpings is derived. They will be used later for a series ex- used to evaluate the potential energy (6), and taking into
pansion of the exact solution. Eigenwarpings are derived from account orthonormality relations (27) it reads:
the principle of minimum potential energy (6). An
homogeneous problem is considered (i.e., no loading is ap- "•=** + ?5 0 L [\(F;2 + ^M)-d]dz (29)
plied) and a solution of the following form is assumed:
w{s,z)=W{s)F(z), u'(z)=UF(z), where wb is the potential energy for the Bernoulli solution (9),
and
v'(.z) = VF(z), fl'(z) = HFU) (20)
F(z) and W(s) are unknown functions of z and s, respec- d^T^ + TyVi+M^ (30)
tively, U, V, and H are unknown parameters. These
assumptions result in expressions for the strains where the Expression (29) shows the Bernoulli solution to be
variables are separated: decoupled from the corrective terms F, and the different
corrective terms decoupled from each other. Minimizing 7r6
t=W(s)F'(z) (21) will render the Bernoulli solution (12) and minimizing the
(dW . rrdx . T dy „ corrective terms with respect to F: gives:
7= + U-^ + V-f+2,Tk)F(z)=T(s)F(z) (22)
U ds ds / Fr-rfF^-d, (31)
The energy principle (6) now reads: This differential equation is solved readily and yields the

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 640mm

/ A nn = 274 I0 6 N/m fj.2 -- 59.5

40mm 6
A qq = 20.8 I0 N/m U=0. V = 0. 0 = 0.039
U=l
160 mm
Fig. 2 The thin-walled, rectangular cross-sectional beam analyzed in
the numerical example

solution of the problem as a series expansion of eigen-

warpings:

yuz = 99.5
U = 0. V = 0.007 9=0.
n = nb + YlAn„WiF; v = vb + '£viFi (32)

Q = Qb + TtAtiqriFi 6' =e„' + £E,F,

When infinite series are used, equations (32) give the exact
solution of the problem under the sole assumption of infinite
inplane rigidity of the section.

7 Improving the Saint-Venant Solution

Following a similar procedure, the Saint-Venant solution is {J,- = 162
improved by adding to the basic assumption (13) a series U = 9.3 I0" 4 V = 0. 9 = 0.
expansion in terms of eigenwarpings. Fig. 3 A few eigenwarpings of the rectangular section

n (s,z) = nsv + Y^An„ W-, (s)Kj (z) (33)

The Reissener principle (14) is used here again to derive the For infinite series, equation (36) give the exact solution to the
solution. The system of two differential equations resulting problem, again under the assumption of infinite inplane
from the variations on w and q is integrated as previously for rigidity of the section. Solution (32) is based on an assumed
the terms pertaining to the basic Saint-Venant solution (see displacement approach and yield a lower bound of the strain
Appendix A). The remaining terms of the system can be energy if a truncated series expansion is used. On the other
identified as the Euler equations of the functional (25) which hand, solution (36) is based on an assumed equilibrating stress
are satisfied by all eigenwarpings. The complete solution to field yielding an upper bound of the strain energy for trun-
this system is then placed into the functional (15) which cated series expansion.
becomes
\K?_ 8
Numerical Examples
Tfl - TTRs, dz (34)
•HJo V 2 M 2 ' A specific example is treated here, using the different
where -KRSU is the Reissner functional for the Saint-Venant approaches described in the previous sections. Figure 2
solution (15). Here again the basic solution is decoupled from depicts the thin-walled, rectangular cross-sectional beam to be
the corrective terms, as are the different corrective terms from analyzed. The aspect ratio L/h=4. The first step is to
each other. Minimization of -KRS„ will render the Saint-Venant calculate the eigenwarpings W,- and the associated eigenvalues
solution (19) and minimization of the corrective terms with IXj. The eigenvalue problem (26) can be solved using a finite
respect to K, gives element technique where the function Wis discretized over the
section. Then, a standard subspace iteration method allows
Kr-riK,= -d! (35) the calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenwarpings. For this
The solution of this simple differential equation gives the example, 36 nodal points were used to model the section and
solution of the problem as 24 eigenwarpings were extracted. The first few modes are
shown in Fig. 3. If the beam is subjected to a uniform loadp 0
W, U, in the y direction, the differential equation (31) to be solved
w=w„,+ . K\
for the improved Bernoulli approach is

V; Fr-riF,= -p0Vi(L-z)
1 Boundary conditions at z = 0 F,=Q; atz=LFf = 0
/ / A /
This equation is readily integrated to give the final solution
(32). In particular the tip deflection of the beam is found to
/ ri i Pi be:

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 Table 1 Numerical results for the different approaches
y. a
Tip deflection ~^j [10- 6 m] Tip twist — ^ [10" 6 ]
P0L f"oL

"Bernoulli" "Saint-Venant" "Bernoulli" "Saint-Venant"

Euler 3.29 3.29
Shear 0.734 1.57 91.70 143.3
A=19% A = 44%
1 st term 0.446 -0.160 20.65 -9.90
2nd term 0.104 -0.0176 10.05 -2.10
3rd term 0.0283 -0.00311 3.57 -0.463
4th term 0.00229 -0.000186 0.722 -0.067
Total 4.604 4.677 126.7 130
A=1.5% A = 3%

y
tip _
+ +
L
P0L« 8/ v 2LM, YW^ L ^L2
Po ^ - '
1 + iXjLshjXjL
(37)
lx}L2chiAjL }
ST-VENANT SOL. The first term represents the bending deflection, the second
IMPROVED SOL. term is the shearing deflection, and the summation represents
the corrective deflections due to the different eigenwarping
-40 terms. Alternatively the improved Saint-Venant approach
requires to solve equation (35),
Ki-riK,=p0V,
Boundary conditions at z = 0KI= —paLVj\ dAz=L K,= 0
-80 From the general solution (36) the tip deflection is now
1
PoL* 871 + 2L2
1 + iXjLsYijXjL '
1 (38)
-120 +Y W 2
' L ch/j,Z, J
Table 1 lists the numerical results for the two approaches. A
Fig. 4 Stress distributions in the upper skin of the beam (root section) comparison between the basic Bernoulli and Saint-Venant
under uniform transverse load p 0 solutions shows a discrepancy of 20 percent. After adding
three corrective terms this discrepancy is reduced to about 1
percent, showing that both solutions have converged. It is
important to note the excellent convergence rate of the Saint-
Venant approach in (l/j«.,L)4 versus (l//x,L) 2 for the Bernoulli
approach. Considering one term only in the improved Saint-
Venant approach leads to a solution acceptable for
600- engineering purposes. It should be noted here that according
to (26), the eigenvalues ^, are proportional to •4Aqq/A„„
Thus the magnitude of the corrective terms in the improved
400- Saint-Venant approach is proportional to (A„„/Aqq)2
resulting in large corrections for highly anisotropic materials.
If the beam is subjected to a uniform torque m0, the tip
200-
twist 0 tip /m o Z, 4 can be calculated in a similar fashion. The tip
q/m
oL'i. twist are \/2IpL2 and 1/2JL2 for the basic Bernoulli and
Saint-Venant approaches, respectively. The corrective terms
are identical to those in (37) and (38) except that K, is replaced
\
by E,. The results are summarized in Table 1 and show a 44
percent discrepancy for the basic solutions. The corrective
-200- terms reduce this discrepancy to about 3 percent. Again the
Saint-Venant approach shows a better convergence rate; two
corrective terms are necessary here to obtain an accurate
ST-VENANT SOL.
-400- solution.
IMPROVED SOL.
It is also interesting to compute the stress distribution at the
root of the beam. Figure 4 shows the distribution of axial
-600- stresses n/p0L2 and shear stess q/p0L2 in the upper face of
the beam under a uniform loading p0, using the improved
Fig. 5 Stress distributions in the upper skin of the beam (root section) Saint-Venant approach (36). Instead of the uniform axial
under uniform torque m 0 stress predicted by the basic theory, a large shear lag effect is

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 observed. Figure 5 depicts the stress distributions when the which reduce the system (,42) to:
loading is a uniformly distributed torque m0. Here the
uniform shear stress distribution predicted by the basic theory dQ
Ann(X Xn)
is significantly altered and large axial stresses are generated ds
near the corners of the section.
dp Q „
— - — =0 (A4)
9 Conclusion ds Aqq
where
Two approaches for an improved beam theory have been
developed, consisting both of a series expansion of the exact P(s) = W(s) + U(x-x„) + V(y-y„)+a (A5)
solution in terms of eigenwarpings. The Saint-Venant ap-
proach shows an excellent convergence rate and for a specific System 044) can be integrated now since s is the only variable
example two terms of the series were shown to give accurate left. Alternatively it is readily verified that 044) are the Euler
results. equations of the following functional
Instead of solving the differential equations (31) or (35)
Tl =
exactly, a finite element approach is possible. The energy l\(Aqq\~lt) ds
-\^A'"'(-x~x"S>Pids ^6>
principles (29) or (34) can be used to derive the stiffness
matrices for improved beam elements. The solution p{ minimizes 7rt, then successively
This theory is not limited to thin-walled box beams. In the dpi
case of solid cross sections, the concept of eigenwarpings can Q\(s)=Aqq (Al)
be extended as long as the basic assumption remains valid, ds
i.e., as long as the section can be assumed infinitely rigid in its and
own plane. Once the eigenwarpings are found, the solutions Wl(s) = pl-Ul(x-x„)-Vl(y-y„)-al
(32) or (36) remain valid. (A*)
Finally Wx is enforced to be a warping by setting
Acknowledgments
j A„„Wids=\j A,m(x~x„)Wtds
This research was supported by NASA and AFOSR under
NASA Grant NGL 33-018-003, Dr. M. Greenfield and Dr. A.
Amos are technical monitors, in the respective agencies. = \iA„„(y-y„)W]ds =0 (A9)

References these three relations are used to calculate au Uu and Vx.

In a second step we consider only the C" term in (16).
1 Von Karman, Th., and Chien, W. Z., "Torsion With Variable Twist,"
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 10, Oct. 1946, pp. 503-510.
Following the same procedure as in the foregoing, the
2 Argyris, J. H., and Dunne, P. C , "The General Theory of Cylindrical and solution p 2 is found from minimizing
Conical Tubes Under Torsion and Bending Loads," / . of Royal Aero. Soc,
7r2=
2~J/ w (^) 2 *"!/""° ;-> '" )/02 * {A10)
Vol. 51, 1947, pp. 199-269; 757-784; 844-930.
3 Horgan, C. O., "On Saint-Venant's Principle in Plane Anisotropic
Elasticity," J. of Elasticity, Vol. 2, 1972, pp. 169-180.
4 Choi, I., and Horgan, C. O., "Saint-Venant's Principle and End Effects in Q2 (s) and W2 (s) then follow like in (Al) and 048). In a last
Anisotropic Elasticity," ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS, Vol. 44, step, the 6' term in (16) is integrated. Following once again a
1977, pp.424-430. similar procedure, the system now reduces to
5 Goetschel, D. B., and Hu, T. H., "Quantification of Saint-Venant's
Principle for a General Prismatic Member," ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED dQ
MECHANICS, to appear. =0
6 Reissener, E., "On a Variational Theorem in Elasticity," J. of Math, and ds
Phys., Vol. 29, No. 22, July 1950, pp. 90-95.
7 Tsai, S. W., and Hahn, H. T., Introduction to Composite Materials, dp Q
Technonic, 1980. -Pk
ds Aqq
The equation can be integrated directly or show to be
equivalent to the minimization of
APPENDIX A
In developing the Saint-Venant theory, the differential
system (16) must be integrated. The solution for w{s,z)
consists of a linear part (identical to the Bernoulli solution) and finally
plus an additional warping function g(s,z):
Qt=Aqq(^+rk) (A 13)
w(s,z) = Z(z) + (x-x„)X(z) + (y-yn)Y(z) +g(s,z) (Al)
Considering at first the B' term only at the right-hand side of and
the system and introducing {A 1) gives
W, =Pt- U, (x-x„) - V, (y-y„) -a,
^L -A„„(x~xn)B' The complete solution of system (16) is obtained by adding
ds the different contributions:
q(s,z) = QiB'+Q2C'+Q,6'
[g+(x-xn)(u'+X) + (y-y„)(v' + Y) + Z]
ds w(s,z) = Z(z) + (x-x„)X(z) + (y-y„)Y(z)
+ W^B' + W2C + W,6'
q
=0 (Al) u' = UXB' +U2C + U,6' -X
The following type of solution is expected: v=VlB' + V2C + V,6' -Y (A 15)
q(s,z) = Q(s)B' g(s,z)=W(s)B' In later developments it will be convenient to use linear
u'+X=UB', v+Y=VB', Z = aB' (A3) combinations of these solutions, for instance

Journal of Applied Mechanics JUNE 1985, Vol. 52/421

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 Qx=ixxQl+i1(yQ2 (-416) where «, and e, are the stress and strain in the direction
tangent to the cross-sectional curve. The assumption of in-
Qy=ixyQl+iyyQ2 (A 16)
finite inplane rigidity of the cross section allows to set n, —6
Wx, Wy; Ux, Uy and Vx, Vy can be defined similarly. so that B\ reduces to:

(B2)
Ar
APPENDIX B
where
The inplane stiffness of an orthotropic laminate can be
A„„ =A i -A2l2/A22, A'qq
nn=A
—Ml -A\/A
-*66 _ 71
^ 26/^122>
written in matrix form as [7]:
A„Q=Ai6-Al2A26/A22 (53)
A 12 Ai6~ 6
when the material is isotropic, an orthotropic with the axes of
A2\ -422 A 26 e< (M) orthotropy parallel to the axis of the beam and the tangent to
the cross-sectional curve, we havey4 16 =A26 = 0 , thus ,4,^ = 0
A*, A 62 A66_ X and equations (32) are decoupled as (1) and (2).

.Readers Of
The Journal Of Applied Mechanics
Will Be Interested In:
MPC-Volume 25

Fatigue and Creep Characteristics of Materials for

Transportation and Power Industries

Editor: C.W. Lawton

Presented at The Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, December 9-14

Fatigue is an important design parameter in the development of equipment for the power and transportation industries. The pur-
pose of this Volume is to present to industry some of the data that has been developed under the guidance of Subcommittee 3 of
The Metal Properties Council and to provide a forum for the presentation of material property data on some materials that have
been exposed to service conditions at high temperature.
Specific topics include: Behavior of Notched Specimens in Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures, A Program for
Determining the Strain Control Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloys Used in the Transportation Industry, and Failure of 316
Stainless Turbine Valves in Long Term Elevated Temperature Service.

1984 Book Number G00281 213pp. $40.00 list $20.00 members

Descriptions of other volumes of interest appear on pages 252, 273, 280, 297, 318, 355, 388, 401.
Address Orders To:
ASME Order Department/22 Law Drive/Box 2300/Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 A M1 4 4

422/Vol. 52, JUNE 1985 Transactions of the ASME

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