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System an vous Ti
2. Explain the structural and functional divisions 13. Define synapse. Distinguish between electrical
of the nervous system. and chemical synapses by structure and by the
way they transmit information.
Histology of Nervous Tissue
14. Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory
3. List the types of neuroglia and cite their
postsynaptic potentials.
functions.
classes of neurotransmitters.
5. Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, and
between a nucleus and a ganglion. Basic Concepts of Neural Integration
6. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath 17. Describe common patterns of neuronal organi
and describe how it is formed in the central zation and processing.
and peripheral nervous systems. 18. Distinguish between serial and parallel process
7. Classify neurons structurally and functionally. ing.
247
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 251
9. Tn bousendsof~th~e~~~~~~~
Column A Column B
3. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
4. Figure 11.2 is a diagram of a neuron. First, label the parts with leader lines on
the illustration. Then, choose different colors for each of the structures listed
below and color the illustration. Finally, draw arrows on the figure to indicate
the direction of impulse transmission along the neuron's membrane.
Figure 11.2
262 Study Guide for Human Anatomy & Physiology
5. In Figure 11.6, identify by coloring the following structures, which are typically
part of a chemical synapse. Also, bracket the synaptic cleft, and identify the
arrows showing (1) the direction of the presynaptic impulse and (2) the
direction of net neurotransmitter movements.
Figure 11.6
6. Using the key choices, select the phase of action potential generation described
in the following statements. Write the correct key letter in the answer blanks.
Key Choices
A. Depolarizing phase C. Repolarization, J, in Na+ permeability E. Resting state
7. On Figure 11. 7, several types of chemical synapses are illustrated. Identify each
type, using the key choices. Color the diagram as you wish.
Key Choices
A. Axoaxonic B. Axodendritic C. Axosomatic D. Dendrodendritic
Figure 11.7
B~sic Con n
i
2. Refer to Figure 11.8, showing a reflex arc, as you complete the following exer
cise. First, briefly answer the following questions by writing your answers in
the answer blanks.
Next, select different colors for each of the following structures, and use them
to color the diagram. Finally, draw arrows on the figure indicating the
direction of impulse transmission through this reflex pathway.
Figure 11.8
The Central Nervous System
Student Objectives 15. Compare and contrast the stages and categories
of memory.
When you have completed the exercises in this 16. Describe the relative roles of the major brain
chapter, you will have accomplished the folluwing structures believed to be involved in declarative
ubjectives: and procedural memories.
The Brain Protection of the Brain
1. Describe the process of brain development. 17. Describe how meninges, cerebrospinal fluid,
2. Name the major regions of the adult brain. and the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS.
3. Name and locate the ventricles of the brain. 18. Describe the formation of cerebrospinal fluid,
and follow its circulatory pathway.
4. List the major lobes, fissures, and functional
273
276 Study Guide for Human Anatomy & Physiology
3. Figure 12.2 is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. First,
match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the
appropriate letters in the answer blanks. Then, select different colors for each
of the areas of the brain with a color coding circle and use them to color the
diagram. If an identified area is part of a lobe, use the color you selected for the
lobe but use stripes for that area.
o
2. Parietal lobe 8. Central sulcus
-+--..,....-~:----....;:.,.,.....----- C
L ----.,:--,,.:..----'0:==-.....
K -----.
H-----~~
Figure 12.2
Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System 277
4. Figure 12.3 illustrates a lisee-through" brain showing the positioning of the ven
tricles and connecting canals or apertures. Correctly identify all structures hav
ing leader lines by using the key choices provided below. One of the lateral ven
tricles has already been identified. Color the spaces filled with cerebrospinal
fluid blue.
Key Choices
A. Anterior horn D. Fourth ventricle G. Lateral aperture
_--Lateral
ventricle
Figure 12.3
278 Study Guide for Human Anatomy & Physiology
5. Figure 12.4 shows a left lateral view of the brain with some of its functional
areas indicated by numbers. These areas are listed below. Identify each cortical
area by its corresponding number on the diagram. Color the diagram as you
wish.
Figure 12.4
Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System 281
9. Figure 12.5 is a diagram of the sagittal view of the human brain. First, match
the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appro
priate letters in the answer blanks. Then, color the brain stem areas blue and
the areas where cerebrospinal fluid is found yellow.
ABC D
Figure 12.5 L K J H
Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System 291
1. Figure 12.9 shows a frontal view of the meninges of the brain at the level of the
superior sagittal (dural) sinus. First, label arachnoid villi and falx cerebri on the
figure. Then, select different colors for each of the following structures and use
them to color the diagram.
Scalp -+------..
Bone of skull
Superior
sagittal
sinus
Gray matter
of cerebral
cortex
Figure 12.9
2. Referring again to the structures in Figure 12.9, identify the meningeal [or
associated) structures described here. Write the correct terms in the answer
blanks.
2. Figure 12.10 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal cord. First identify the areas
listed in the key choices by inserting the correct letters next to the appropriate
leader lines on parts A and B of the figure. Then, color the bones of the
Key Choices
A. Central canal E. Dorsal root I. Ventral horn
On part A, color the butterfly-shaped gray matter gray, and color the spinal
nerves and roots yellow. Finally, select different colors to identify the following
structures and use them to color the figure.
--.,..::;~,....- ----
~ Spinal
cord
Figure 12.10 B