Table of Contents

Statistics

 Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 2

 Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 8

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ..........................................................................................12

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ........................................................................... 15

 Answer Key ....................................................................................................................................... 18

 2 STATISTICS

STATISTICS

1. INTRODUCTION : n
 fi x i
f x  f x  ....  f n x n
An average or a central value of a statistical series in the x 1 1 2 2  i 1
n
f1  f 2  ...f n
value of the variable which describes the characteristics of  fi
i 1
the entire distribution.
The following are the five measures of central tendency.
f  x  A
(1) Arithmetic Mean (ii) Short cut method : Arithmetic mean x  A
f
(2) Geometric Mean
Where A = assumed mean, f = frequency and x - A = deviation
(3) Harmonic Mean of each item from the assumed mean.
(4) Median (3) Properties of arithmetic mean
(5) Mode (i) Algebraic sum of the deviations of a set of values from
their arthmetic mean is zero. If xi/fi, i = 1, 2, ..., n is the
2. ARITHMETIC MEAN :
frequency distribution, then
Arithmetic mean is the most important among the n
mathematical mean.  fi  x i  x   0, x being the mean of the distribution.
i 1
According to Horace Secrist,
(ii) The sum of the squares of the deviations of a set of
“The arithmetic mean is the amount secured by dividing the
values is minimum when taken about mean.
sum of values of the items in series by their number”.
(1) Simple arithmetic mean in individual series (Ungrouped (ii) Mean of the composite series : If x i (i = 1,2,...,k) are the
data) means of k-component series of sizes ni, (i = 1, 2, ..., k)
(i) Direct method : If the series in this case be x1,x2,x3,...., xn respectively, then the mean x of the composite series
then the arithmetic mean x is given by obtained on combining the component series is given by

Sum of the series x  x 2  x 3  ...  x n 1 n n

x ,i.e., x  1   xi ni xi
Number of terms n n i 1 n x1  n 2 x 2  ....  n k x k i
the formula x  1  1 n
n1  n 2  ...  n k n
(ii) Short cut method i
i 1

d

Arithmetic mean x  A 
n
, Where, A = assumed mean,
3. GEOMETRIC MEAN:
d = deviation from assumed mean = x - A, where x is the
individual item, d = sum of deviations and n= number of If x1, x2, x3, ...xn are n values of a variate x, none of them being
items. zero, then geometic mean (G.M.) is given by
G.M. = (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ....x n) 1/n  log (G.M.)
(2) Simple arithmetic mean in continous series (Grouped
data) 1
  log x1  log x 2  ...  log x n  .
(i) Direct method : If the terms of the given series be x1, x2, 2
....xn and the corresponding frequencies be f1, f2, f3...fn, then In case of frequency distribution G.M. of n values x1, x2, ..., xn
the arithmetic mean x is given by,, of a variate x occuring with frequency f1, f2,..., fn is given by
1


G.M.  x1f1 .x f22 ,....,fnn  N , where N = f1 + f2 + ... + fn.
STATISTICS 3

Where l = Lower limit of the median class

4. HARMONIC MEAN :
f = Frequency of the median calss
The harmonic mean of n items x1,x2,...., xn is defined as N = The sum of the all frequencies
n i = The width of the median class
H.M. 
1 1 1 C = The cumulative frequency of the class precending to
  ...... 
x1 x 2 xn median class.
(b) For series in descending order
If the frequency distribution is f1, f2, f3,......,fn respectively,

f1  f 2  f3  .....  f n N 
ten H.M.   C
 f1 f 2 f   2  i
 .......  n  Median = u  , where u = upper limit of the
  f
x
 1 x 2 x n 
median class.
Note : A.M. gives more weightage to larger values whereas
n
G.M. given more weightage to smalle. M   fi
i 1
5. MEDIAN :
As median divides a distribution into two equal parts,
Median is defined as the value of an item or observation similarly the quartiles quantiles, deciles and percentiles
above or below which lies on an equal number of observation divide the distribution respectively into 4, 5, 10 and 100
i.e., the median is the central value of the set of observations equal part. The j th quartile is given by
provided all the observations are arranged in the ascending
or descending orders.  N 
 j 4 C
(1) Calculation of median Qj  l    i; j  1, 2,3.Q1 is the lower quartile, Q2 is
f
 
(i) Individual series : If the data is raw, arrange in ascending  
or descending order. Let n be the number of observations.
the median and Q3 is called the upper quartile.
th (2) Lower quartile
 n 1
If n is odd, Median = value of   item.
 2  th
(i) Discrete series : Q1  size of  n  1  item
If n is even, median  4 
th th
1 n n  
  value of   item + value of   1  item  N 
2  2 2    C
 4
(ii) Continous series : Q1      i
f
(ii) Discrete series : In this case, we first find the cumulative
frequencies of the variables arragned in ascending or (3) Upper quartile
descending order and the median is given by
th
 3  n  1 
 n 1
th (i) Discrete series : Q3  size of   item
Median =   observation, where n is the cumulative  4 
 2 
frequency. 3N
C
(iii) For grouped or continous distributions : In this case, (ii) Continous series : Q3    4 i
following formula can be used f

(4) Decile divide total frequencies N into ten equal parts

N 
  C
2
(a) For series in ascending order, Median = l    i N j
C
f
D j    10  i [j =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
f
 4 STATISTICS

A distribution which is not symmetric is called is skewed

N
C distribution. In a moderately asymmetric the interval between
If j = 5 then D5    2  i . Hence D5 is also known as the mean and the median is approximately one-third of the
f
interval between the mean and the mode i.e. we have the
median. following empirical relation between them
(5) Percentile divide total frequencies N into hundred equal Mean - Mode = 3(Mean – Median )  Mode = 3 Median - 2
parts Mean. It is known as Empirical relation.

Nk
C
Pk    100 i
f

where k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 99. Some point about arithmetic mean

6. MODE :
Mode : The mode or model value of a distribution is that
value of the variable for which the frequency is maximum.
For continous series, mode is calculated as, Mode
 f1  f0 
 l1   i
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
Where, l = The lower limit of the model class.
f1 = The frequency of the model class
f0 = The frequency of the class precending the model class
f2 = The frequency of the class succeeding the model class
i = The size of the model class.
Symmetric distribution : A symmetric is a symmetric
distribution if the values of mean, mode and median coincide.
In a symmetric distribution frequencies are symmetrically
distributed on both sides of the centre point of the frequency
Of all types of averages the arithmetic mean is most
commonly used average.
It is based upon all observations.
If the number of observations is very large, it is more accurate
and more reliable basis for comparison.
Some point about geometric mean
It is based on all items of the series
It is most suitable for constructing index number, average
ratios, precentages etc.
G.M. cannot be calculated if the size of any of the item is
zero is negative.
Some point about H.M.
It is based on all item of the series.
This is useful in problems related with rates, ratios, time etc.
A.M.  G.M.  H.M. and also (G.M.)2 = (A.M.) (H.M.)
Some points about median
It is an appropriate average in dealing with qualitative date,
like intelligence, wealth etc.
The sum of the deviation of the item from median, ignoring
algebraic signs, is less than the sum from any other point.
Some points about mode
It is not based on all items of the series.
As compared to other averages mode is affected to a large
extent by fluctuations of sampling.
It is not suitable in a case where the relative importance of
items have to be considered.
STATISTICS 5

7. MEASURE OF DISPERSION :  xM

Mean deviation 
n
The degree to which numerical date tend to spread about an
average value is called the dispersion of the data. The four Where |x - M| means the modulus of the deviation of the
measure of the dispersion are variate from the mean (mean, median or mode). M and n is
the number of terms.
(1) Range (2) Mean deviation
(ii) Mean deviation from continous series : Here first of all
(3) Standard deviation (4) Square deviation we find the mean from which deviation is to be taken. Then
(1) Range : It is the difference between the values of extreme we find the deviation dM = |x - M| of each variate from the
items in a series. Range = Xmax - Xmin The coefficient of mean M so obtained.
x max  x min Next we multiply these deviation by the corrsponding
range (scatter)  x frequency and find the product f. dM and then the sum
max  x min
fdM of these products.
Range is not measure of central tendency. Range is widely Lastly we use the formula, Mean deviation
used in statistical series relating quality control in
production. f x  M fdM
  , where n = f
(i) Inter-quartile range : We know that quartiles are the n n
magnitudes of the items which divide the distribution into (3) Standard deviation : Standard deviation (or S.D.) is the
four equal parts. The inter-quartile range is found by taking square root of the arithmetic mean of the square of deviations
the differenc between third and first quartiles and is given of various values from their arithmetic mean and is generally
by the formul. denoted by read as sigma.
Inter-quartile range = Q3 - Q1 (i) Coefficient of standard deivation : To compare the
Where Q1 = First quartile or lower quartile and Q3 = Third dispersion of two frequency distributions the relative
quartile or upper quartile. measure of standard deviation is computed which is known
as coefficient of standard deviation and is given by
(ii) Percentile range : This is measured by the following
formula. 
Coefficient of S.D. = , where x is the A.M.
Percentile range = P90 - P10 x
Where P90 = 90th percentile and P10 = 10th percentile (ii) Standard deviation from individual series
Percentile ragne is considered better than range as well as
inter-quartile range. 2
x  x

(iii) Quartile deviation or semi inter-quartile range : It is one- N
half of the difference between the third quartile and first
where, x = The arithmetic mean of series
Q3  Q1
quartile i.e., Q.D.  and coefficient of quartile N = The total frequency.
2
(iii) Standard deviation from continuous series
Q3  Q1
deviation  Q  Q . 2
3 1 f1  x i  x 

Where, Q3 is the third or upper quartile and Q1 is the lowest N
or first quartile.
where, x = Arithmetic mean of series
(2) Mean deviation : The arithmatic average of the deviation
xi = Mid value of the class
(all taking positive) from the mean, median or mode is known
as mean deviation. fi = Frequency of the corresponding xi

(i) Mean deviation from ungerouped data (or indiviadual N = f = The total frequency
series)
 6 STATISTICS

Short cut method Variance of the combined series : If n1; n2 are the sizes, x1 ; x 2

2
the means and 1 ; 2 the standard deviation of two series,
2
fd 2  fd  d 2  d 
(i)     (ii)    
N  N  N  N 1
2
then      
 n1 12  d12  n 2  22  d 22 
n1  n 2  
where, d = x – A = Deviation from the assumed mean A
f = Frequency of the item n1x1  n 2 x 2
Where, d1  x1  x, d 2  x 2  x  .
N = f = Sum of frequencies n1  n 2
(4) Square deviation
(i) Root mean square deviation

1 n 2
S  fi (x  A)
4 i 1 Range is widely used in satistical series relating to quality
control in production.
where A is any arbitrary number and S is called mean square
Standard deviation  Range i.e., variance (Range)2.
deviation.
Empirical relation between measures of dispersion.
(ii) Relation between S.D. and root mean square deviation :
If be the standard deivation and S be the root mean square 4
deviation. Mean deviation = (standard deviation)
5
Then S2 = 2 + d2.

Obviously, S2 will be least when d = 0 i.e. x  A 2

Semi interquartile range = (Standard deviation)
3
Hence, mean square deviation and consequently root mean
square deviation is least, if the deviations are taken from the
5
mean. Semi interquartile range = (mean deviation)
6
8. VARIANCE : For a symmetrical distribution, the following area relationship
hold good.
The square of standard deviation is called the variance.
Coefficient of standard deviation and variance : The X covers 68.72% items
coefficient of standard deviation is the ratio of the S.D. to
X covers 95.45% items

A.M. i.e., . Coefficient of variance = coefficient of
x X covers 99.74% items

 n2 1
S.D. 100  100 . S.D. of first n natural number is .
x 12

Range is not the measure of central tendency.

STATISTICS 7

9. SKEWNESS : (1) Distribution : There are three types of distributions.

(i) Normal distribution : When = 0, the distribution is said
“Skewness” Measures the lack of symmetry. It is measured to be normal. In this case Mean = Median = Mode
(ii) Positively skewed distribution : When  1 > 0, the
3
  xi    distribution is said to be positively skewed. In this case
by 1  3 and is denoted by .
  Mean > Median > Mode

 x i  
2
 2

  (iii) Negative skewed distribution : When  < 0, the
distribution is said to be negatively skewed. In this case
The distribution is skewed if, Mean < Median < Mode.
(i) Mean Median  Mode (2) Measures of skewness
(ii) Quartiles are not quidistant from the median and (i) Absolute measures of skewness : Various measures of
(iii The frequency curve is stretched more to one side than skewness are
to the other. (a) Sk = M - Md
(b) Sk = M - MO
(c) Sk = Q3 + Q1 - 2Md
Where, Md = median , MO = mode, M = mean
Absolute measures of skewness are not useful to compare
two series, therefore relative measure of dispersion are used,
as they are pure numbers.
 STATISTICS 8

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1 : Example 3 :

If the mean of the distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is If the mean of the set of number x1,x2, x3, ...,xn is x , then the
mean of the number xi + 2i, 1  i  n is
Variate x :1 2 3 4 5
Frequency f of x: 4 5 y 1 2 (a) x  2n (b) x  n  1
(a) 24 (b) 13 (c) 8 (d) 3 (c) x  2 (d) x  n

n
n  xi n
 fi x i Solution (b) : We know that x  i 1
i.e.,  x i  nx
i 1
Solution (c): We know that, Mean  n
n i 1
 fi
i 1
n n n
  x i  2i   xi  2 i nx  2 1  2  ...n 
 i 1
 i 1 i 1

n n n
1 4  2  5  3xy  4  1  5  2
i.e. 2.6  or 31.2 + 2.6y = 28
4  5  y 1 2
n  n  1
nx  2
+ 3y or 0.4y = 3.2  y = 8  2  x   n  1
n
Example 2 :
Example 4 :
In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys whose average
The harmonic mean of 4, 8, 16 is
marks in a subject are 75. If the average marks of the
(a) 6.4 (b) 6.7 (c) 6.85 (d)7.8
complete class are 72, then what are the average marks of
the girls.
3 48
(a) 73 (b) 65 (c) 68 (d) 74 Solution (c): H.M. of 4, 8, 16    6.85
1 1 1 7
 
4 8 16
Solution (b) : Let the average marks of the girls students be x,
then Example 5 :

The average of n number x1, x2, x3, ... xn is M. If xn is

70  75  30  x
72  (Number of girls = 100 - 70 = 30) replaced by x’, then new average is
100
nM  x n  x '
(a) M - xn + x’ (b)
n
7200  5250
i.e.,  x,  x  65.
30
 n  1 M  x ' M  x n  x'
(c) (d)
n n

x1  x 2  x 3 ...x n
Solution (b): M  i.e.,
n
 STATISTICS 9

Example 8 :
nM  x1  x 2  x 3  ...x n 1  x n
nM  x n  x1  x 2  x 3  ...x n 1 The median of a set of 9 distinct observation is 20.5. If
nM  x n  x'  x1  x 2  x 3  x n 1  x ' each of the largest 4 observation of the set is increased by
2. then the median of the new set.
n n
(a) Is increased by 2
(b) is decreased by 2
nM  x n  x '
 New average  (c) Is two times the original median
n
(d) Remains the same as that of the original set
Example 6 :

Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three items  9 1 th
which should have been 60, 70, 80 were wrongly read as Solution (d): n = 9, then median term     5 term. Since
 2 
40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is
last four observation are increased by 2.
1  The median is 5th observation which is remaining
(a) 48 (b) 82 (c) 50 (d) 80
2 unchanged.
 There will be no change in median.
Solution (c):
Example 9 :
Sum of 100 items = 49 × 100 = 4900
Sum of items added = 60 + 70 + 80 = 210 Compute the median from the following table
Sum of items replace = 40 + 20 + 50 = 110
New sum = 4900 + 210 - 110 = 5000 Marks obtained No. of students
0-10 2
5000 10-20 18
 Correct mean=  50
100 20-30 30
30-40 45
Example 7 : 40-50 35
50-60 20
The following date gives the distribution of height of 60-70 6
students 70-80 3

Height (in cm) 160 150 152 161 156 154 155
Number of students 12 8 4 4 3 3 7
(a) 36.55 (b) 35.55
The median of the distribution is (c) 40.05 (d) None of these
(a) 154 (b) 155 (c) 160 (d) 161
Solution (a):
Solution (b): Arranging the data in ascending order of magnitude,
Marks obtained No. of Cumulative
we obtain students Frequency
0-10 2 2
H eig h t (in c m ) 150 152 154 155 156 160
N u m b er o f stu d e nts 8 4 3 7 3 12
10-20 18 20
C u m u lativ e 8 12 15 22 25 37 20-30 30 50
freq u en c y 30-40 45 95
40-50 35 130
Here, total number of items is 41, i.e., an odd number. Hence, 50-60 20 150
41  1 60-70 6 156
the median is th i.e. 21st item 70-80 3 159
2
For cumulative frequency table, we find that median i.e., n =  f = 159
21st item is 155. Hence n = 159, which is odd.
(All items from 16 to 22nd are equal each = 155)
 10 STATISTICS

1 1 Example 12 :
Median number   n  1  159  1  80, which is in In a series of 2n observations, half of them equal a and
2 2
the class 30-40 (see the row of cumulative frequency 95, remaining half equal -a. If the standard deviation of the
which contains 80). observations is 2, then |a| equals

Hence median class is 30-40. 2 1

(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d)
 We have l = Lower limit of median class = 30 n n
f = Frequency of median class = 45
C = Total of all frequency precending median class = 50 Solution (c): Let a, a, ...., n times -a, -a, -a, ---- n time i.e. mean = 0
i = Width of class interval of median class = 10 2 2
n  a  0   n  a  0 
 Required median and S.D.=
2n
N 159
C  50
2  i  30  2
295 na 2  na 2
 l  10  30   36.55 2  a 2  a. Hence |a| = 2.
f 45 45 2n

Example 10 : Example 13 :

A batsman scores runs in 10 inning 38, 70, 48, 34, 42, 55, If  is the mean of distribution (yi, fi), then fi(yi - ) =
63, 46, 54, 44, then the mean deviation is
(a) M.D. (b) S.D. (c) 0 (d) Relative frequency
(a) 8.6 (b) 6.4 (c) 10.6 (d) 9.6
Solution (c): We have fi(yi - ) = fiyi – fi = fi – fi = 0
Solution (a): Arranging the given data in ascending order, we
have  fi yi 
  
34, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 63, 70  fi 

46  48 Example 14 :
Here median M   47
2
What is the standard deviation of the following series
( n = 10, median is the mean of 5th and 6th items)
Measurements 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
 Mean deviation
Frequency 1 3 4 2
 xi  M  x i  47 13  9  5  3  1  1  7  8  16  23 (a) 81 (b) 7.6 (c) 9 (d) 2.26
   8.6
n 10 10
Solution (c):
Example 11 :

S.D. of data is 6 when each observation is increased by 1, Class Frequency y1 yi  A f1u1 f1u12
i  , A  25
then the S.D. of new data is 10
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 8 0–10 1 5 –2 –2 4
10–20 3 15 –1 –3 3
Solution (c): S.D. and variance of data is not changed, when each 20–30 4 25 0 0 0
observation is increased (OR decreased) by the same 30–40 2 35 1 2 2
constant. 10 –3 9

 f u 2  f u 2 2
2 2 
  c  i i  i i  
 f i  f 
  i  
 STATISTICS 11

Example 16 :
2
 9  3  2 
 10       90  9  81    9
10  10   ax  b
The S.D. of a variate x is  . The S.D. of the variate
c
Example 15 :
where a, b, c are constant, is
In an experiment with 15 observation on x, the following
a a
resultswereavailablex2 = 2830, x = 170. On observation (a)    (b) 
that was 20 was found to be wrong and was replaced by c c
the correct value 30. Then the corrected variance is
 a2 
(a) 78.00 (b) 188.66 (c) 177.33 (d) 8.33 (c)  2   (d) None of these
c 
Solution (a): x = 170, x2 = 2830
Increase in x = 10 then x1 = 170 + 10 = 180 Solution (b):
Increase in x2 = 900 - 400 = 500, then x’ = 2830 + 500 = 3330 ax  b a b
Let y  i.e., y  x  i.e. y = Ax + B, where
2 2 c c c
1  x '  3330  180 
Variance  x '2        222  144  78
n  n  15  15  a b
A ,B 
c c

 y  Ax  B

2 2
yy  A xx  yy     
 A2 x  x 
2 2
   y  y   A 2   x  x   n.2y  A.n2y  2y  A 2 2x

a
  y  A x   y  x
c

a
Thus, new S.D.  .
c
 12 STATISTICS

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

7. The number which indicates variability of data or
1. The mean of a set of observation is x . If each observation
observations, is called
is divided by  0 and then is increased by 10, then
the mean of the new (a) measure of central tendency
(b) mean
x x  10 (c) median
(a) (b)
 
(d) measure of dispersion

x  10 8. Mean deviation about the median for the data 3, 9, 5, 3,

(c) (d) x  10 12, 10, 18, 4, 7, 19, 21 is

(a) 4.27 (b) 5.24
2. If the arithmetic mean of the numbers x1, x2, x3,...........,xn is
(c) 5.27 (d) 4.24
x , then the arithmetic mean of numbers ax1 + b, ax2 + b,
9. The mean deviation of the data 3, 10, 10, 4, 7, 10, 5 from
ax3 + b, ......, axn + b, where a, b are two constants would be
the mean is
(a) x (b) nax  nb (a) 2 (b) 2.57

(c) a x (d) ax  b (c) 3 (d) 3.75

10. When tested, the lives (in hours) of 5 bulbs were noted
3. The number of observation in a group is 40. If the average
as follows
of first 10 is 4.5 and average of remaining 30 is 3.5, then
the average of the whole group is 1357, 1090, 1666, 1494, 1623
The mean deviation (in hours) from their mean is
1 15
(a) (b) (a) 178 (b) 179
5 4
(c) 220 (d) 356
(c) 4 (d) 8
11. Following are the marks obtained by 9 students in a
4. Mean of 100 observations was found to be 45. It was later Mathematics test.
found that two observations 19 and 31 were incorrectly
50, 69, 20, 33, 53, 39, 40, 65, 59
recorded as 91 and 13. The correct mean is
The mean deviation from the median is
(a) 44.0 (b) 44.46
(a) 9 (b) 10.5
(c) 45.00 (d) 45.54
(c) 12.67 (d) 14.76
5. The average weight of students in a class of 35 students
is 40 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the 12. The mean deviation of the data 2, 9, 9, 3, 6, 9, 4 from the
mean is
1
average rises by kg; the weight of the teacher is (a) 2.23 (b) 2.57
2
(c) 3.23 (d) 3.57
(a) 40.5 kg (b) 50 kg
13. The variance of the data 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is
(c) 41 kg (d) 58 kg
(a) 6 (b) 7
6. The A.M. of n observations is M. If the sum of n–4
(c) 8 (d) None of these
observations is a, then the mean of remaining 4
observations is 14. If the standard deviation of 0, 1, 2, 3,......9 is K, then the
standard deviation of 10, 11, 12, 13, ..... 19 is
nM  a nM  a
(a) (b) (a) K (b) K + 10
4 2
(c) K  10 (d) 10 K
nM  A
(c) (d) nM + a
2
STATISTICS 13

15. Statement I The average marks of boys in a class is 52 21. The standard deviation of 25 numbers is 40. If each of the
and that of girls is 42. The average marks of boys and numbers is increased by 5, then the new standard
girls combined is 50. The percentage of boys in the class deviation will be
is 80%. (a) 40 (b) 45
Statement II Mean marks scored by the students of a
class is 53. The mean marks of the girls is 55 and the mean 21
(c) 40  (d) None of these
marks of the boys is 50. The percentage of girls in the 25
class is 64%. 22. The median of a set of 9 distinct observations is 20.5. If
(a) Only statement I is true (b) Only statement II is true each of the largest 4 observations of the set is increased
(c) Both statements are true(d) Both statements are false by 2, then the median of the new set is
16. The variance of the first n natural numbers is (a) increased by 2 (b) decreased by 2
(c) two times the original median(d) remains the same as
n2 1 n2 1 that of original set
(a) (b)
12 6 23. The mean age of a combined group of men and women is
25 yrs. If the mean age of the group of men is 26 and that
n2 1 n2 1 of the group of women is 21, then the ratio of men and
(c) (d)
6 12 women in the group is
17. If v is the variance and  is the standard deviation, then (a) 1 : 4 (b) 4 : 1
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
(a) v2   (b) v   2
24. The mean of five observations is 4 and their variance is
1 1 5.2. If three observations are 1, 2, and 6, the other two are
(c) v  (d) v 
 2 (a) 2 and 9 (b) 3 and 8
(c) 4 and 7 (d) 5 and 6
18. If each observation of a raw data whose variance is 2 ,
25. Consider any set of observations x1, x2, x3,....,x101; it being
is increased by  , then the variance of the new set is
given that x1 < x2 < x3 < ... <x101; then the mean deviation of
(a)  2 (b)  2  2 this set of observations about a point k is minimum when
k equals
(c)   2 (d)  2  2 (a) x1 (b) x51

19. If each observation of a raw data whose variance is 2 , x1  x 2  ....  x101

(c) (d) x50
is multiplied by  , then the variance of the new set is 101

(a)  2 (b)  2  2 26. Statement I The mean and variance for first n natural

(c)   2 (d)  2  2 n 1 n2 1
numbers are and , respectively..
2 12
20. If the variance of observations x1, x2, ....... xn is  2 , then
Statement I The mean and variance for first 10 positive
the variance of observations ax1, ax2, ......, axn, a  0 is multiples of 3 are 16.5 and 74.25, respectively.
(a)  2 (b) a2 (a) Only statement I is true (b) Only statements II is true
(c) Both statements are true(d) Both statements are false
2 27. The standard deviation of the data 6, 5, 9, 13, 12, 8, 10 is
(c) a 2  2 (d)
a2
52 52
(a) (b)
7 7

(c) 6 (d) 6
 14 STATISTICS

28. Variance of the data 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 17 is 23.33. Then, variance Further, another set of 15 observations x1, x2......,xn (also
of the data 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 34 will be n 15
(a) 23.33 (b) 25.33 in seconds) is now available and we have  x i  279
i 1
(c) 93.32 (d) 98.32
15
29. The mean of 100 observations is 50 and their standard 2
and  x i  5524. The standard deviation of all 40
deviation is 5. The sum of squares of all observations is i 1

(a) 50000 (b) 250000 observations is

(c) 252500 (d) 255000 (a) 2.87 (b) 4.87
30. Consider the first 10 positive integers. If we multiply each (c) 3.87 (d) 5.87
number by (-1) and then add 1 to each number, the 36. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each observation
variance of the numbers so obtained is is multiplied by 2, then the new variance of the resulting
(a) 8.25 (b) 6.5 observations is
(c) 3.87 (d) 2.87 (a) 23  5 (b) 22  5
31. If the coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60 (c) 2  5 (d) 24  5
and 70 and their standard deviations are 21 and 16 37. The mean and standard deviation of a group of 100
respectively, then their arithmetic means are observations were found to be 20 and 3 respectively. Later
(a) 35, 22. 80 (b) 32, 22. 80 on, it was found that three observations were incorrect,
which were recorded as 21, 21 and 18, then the mean and
(c) 35, 22. 85 (d) 32, 22. 85
standard deviation, if the incorrect observations are
32. Coefficient of variation of two distributions are 50 and 60 omitted, are
and their arithmetic means are 30 and 25 respectively.
(a) 21, 3.02 (b) 20, 3.02
Then, difference of their standard deviations is
(c) 21, 3.03 (d) 20, 3.03
(a) 0 (b) 1
38. Let a, b, c, d and e be the observations with mean m and
(c) 1.5 (d) 2.5
standard deviation s. The standard deviation of the
33. If the coefficient of variation is 45 and the mean is 12, observations a + k, b + k, c + k, d + k and e + k is
then its standard deviation is
(a) s (b) ks
(a) 5.2 (b) 5.3
(c) s + k (d) s/k
(c) 5.4 (d) None of these
39. Let x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 be the observations with mean m and
34. Coefficient of variation of two distributions are 50 and 60 standard deviation s. Then, standard deviation of the
and their standard deviations are 10 and 15, respectively. observations kx1, kx2, kx3, kx4 and kx5 is
Then, difference of their arithmetic means is
(a) k + s (b) s / k
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) ks (d) s
(c) 5 (d) 6
40. Let x1, x2 ......, xn be n observations. Let i  x i  k for
35. The mean and standard deviation of some data (in
seconds) for the time taken to complete a tests, calculated i = 1, 2,.........,n, where l and k are constants. If the mean of
with the following results : xi’s is 48 and their standard deviation is 12, the mean of

Number of observations = 25, i ’s is 55 and standard deviation of i ’s is 15. The values

Mean = 18.2, of l and k should be

Standard deviation = 3.25 (a) l = 1.25, k = -5 (b) l = –1.25, k = 5

(c) l = 2.5, k = -5 (d) l = 2.5, k = 5
 STATISTICS 15

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys whose average 6. In a frequency distribution, the mean and median are 21
marks in a subject are 75. If the average marks of the complete and 22 respectively, then its mode is approximately
class is 72, then what is the average marks of the girls ? (2005)
(2002) (a) 20.5 (b) 22.0
(a) 73 (b) 65 (c) 24.0 (d) 25.5
(c) 68 (d) 74 7. Let x1 ,x 2 , ........ xn be n observations such that
2. In an experiment with 15 observations on x, the following
results were available.  xi2  400 and  x i  80. Then a possible value of n
among the following is (2005)
 x 2  2830,  x  170
(a) 18 (b) 15
One observation that was 20 was found to be wrong and (c) 12 (d) 9
was replaced by the correct value 30. Then the corrected
8. Suppose a population A has 100 observations 101, 102,
variance is (2003)
......., 200, and another population B has 100 observations
(a) 188.66 (b) 177.33
151, 152, ....., 250. If VA and VB represent the variances of
(c) 8.33 (d) 78.00
the two populations, respectively, then VA / VB is
3. The median of a set of 9 distinct observation is 20.5. If
each of the largest 4 observations of the set is increased (2006)
by 2, then the median of the new set (2003) (a) 1 (b) 9/4
(a) is decreased by 2 (c) 4/9 (d) 2/3
(b) is two times the original median 9. The average marks of boys in class is 52 and that of girls
(c) remains the same as that of the original set is 42. The average marks of boys and girls combined is 50.
(d) is increased by 2 The percentage of boys in the class is (2007)
4. Consider the following statements : (a) 80 (b) 60
(1) Mode can be computed from histogram (c) 40 (d) 20
(2) Median is not independent of change of scale 10. The mean of the numbers a, b, 8, 5, 10 is 6 and the variance
is 6.80. Then which one of the following gives possible
(3) Variance is independent of change of origin and scale.
values of a and b ? (2008)
Which of these is/are correct ? (2004)
(a) a = 3, b = 4 (b) a = 0, b = 7
(a) only (1) and (2) (b) only (2)
(c) a = 5, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b = 6
(c) only (1) (d) (1), (2) and (3)
11. If the mean deviation of numbers 1, 1 + d, 1 + 2d, ....... 1 +
5. In a series of 2n observations, half of them equal a and 100d from their mean is 255, then the d is equal to
remaining half equal – a. If the standard deviation of the
(2009)
observations is 2, then |a| equals (2004)
(a) 20.0 (b) 10.1
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) 20.2 (d) 10.0

1 2
(c) (d)
n n
 16 STATISTICS

12. Statement-1 : The variance of first n even natural numbers 16. All the students of a class performed poorly in
Mathematics. The teacher decided to give grace marks of
n2 1 10 to each of the students. Which of the following statistical
is
4 measures will not change even after the grace marks were
Statement-2 : The sum of first n natural numbers is given ? (2013)
(a) median (b) mode
n (n  1)
and the sum of squares of first n natural numbers (c) variance (d) mean
2
17. The mean of a data set consisting of 20 observations is 40.
n (n  1) (2 n  1)
is (2009) If one observation 53 was wrongly recorded as 33, then
6 the correct mean will be (2013/Online Set 1)
(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is (a) 41 (b) 49
not a correct explanation for Statement 1.
(c) 40.5 (d) 42.5
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
18. Mean of 5 observations is 7. If four of these observations
(c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true. are 6, 7, 8, 10 and one is missing, then the variance of all
(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is the five observations is (2013/Online Set 2)
a correct explanation for Statement 1 (a) 4 (b) 6
13. For two data sets, each of size 5, the variances are given to (c) 8 (d) 2
be 4 and 5 and the corresponding means are given to be 2
19. If the median and the range of four numbers
and 4, respectively. The variance of the combined data set
[x, y, 2x + y, x – y], where 0 < y < x < 2y, are 10 and 28
is (2010)
respectively, then the mean of the numbers is
5 11 (2013/Online Set 3)
(a) (b)
2 2 (a) 18 (b) 10
(c) 5 (d) 14
13
(c) 6 (d) 20. In a set of 2n observation, half of them are equal to a and
2
the remaining half are equal to –a. If the standard deviation
14. If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers a, of all the observations is 2, then the value of |a| is
2a, ..........., 50a is 50, then |a| equals (2011) (2013/Online Set 4)
(a) 4 (b) 5
(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 4 (d) 2 2
15. Let x1 , x 2 , ......., x n be n observations, and let x be their
21. The variance of first 50 even natural numbers is (2014)
arithmetic mean and 2 be their variance. (2012)
(a) 833 (b) 437
2
Statement 1 : Variance of 2x1 , 2x 2 , ........., 2 x n is 4 . 437 833
(c) (d)
Statement 2 : Arithmetic mean of 2x1 , 2x 2 , ......, 2x n is 4 4
22. In a set of 2n distinct observations, each of the observation
4x.
below the median of all the observations is increased by 5
(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is and each of the remaining observations is decreased by 3.
not a correct explanation for Statement 1. Then the mean of the new set of observations:
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false (2014/Online Set 1)
(c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true. (a) increases by 1 (b) decreases by 1
(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is (c) decreases by 2 (d) increases by 2
a correct explanation for Statement 1
STATISTICS 17

23. Let X and M.D. be the mean and the mean deviation 29. The mean age of 25 teachers in a school is 40 years. A
teacher retires at the age of 60 years and a new teacher is
about X of n observations x i , i  1, 2,......., n. If each of appointed in his place. If now the mean age of the teachers
the observations is increased by 5, then the new mean in this school is 39 years, then the age (in years) of the
and the mean deviation about the new mean, respectively, newly appointed teacher is (2017/Online Set 1)
are : (2014/Online Set 3) (a) 25 (b) 35
(a) X, M.D. (b) X  5, M.D. (c) 30 (d) 40
30. The sum of 100 observations and the sum of their squares
(c) X, M.D.  5 (d) X  5, M.D.  5 are 400 and 2474, respectively. Later on, three observations
3, 4 and 5, were found to be incorrect. If the incorrect
24. Let x, M and  2 be respectively the mean, mode and observations are omitted, then the variance of the
variance of n observations x1 , x 2 ..........., x n and remaining observations is (2017/Online Set 2)
(a) 8.00 (b) 8.25
di   x i  a, i  1, 2, .........., n, where a is any number..
(c) 9.00 (d) 8.50
(2014/Online Set 4)
9 9
2
Statement-1 : Variance of d1 , d 2 , .............., d n is  2 31. If  (x i  5)  9 and  (x i  5)  45, then the
i 1 i 1
Statement-2 : Mean and mode of d1 , d 2 , .........., d n are
standard deviation of the 9 items x1 , x 2 , ........, x 9 is :
 x  a and – M – a, respectively.. (2018)
(a) Statement-1 and Statement-2 are both false (a) 9 (b) 4
(b) Statement-1 and Statement-2 are both true (c) 2 (d) 3
(c) Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false 32. The mean of a set of 30 observations is 75. If each
(d) Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true observation is multiplied by a non-zero number and then
each of them is decreased by 25, their mean remains the
25. The mean of the data set comprising of 16 observations is same. Then is equal to : (2018/Online Set 1)
16. If one of the observation valued 16 is deleted and three
new observations valued 3, 4 and 5 are added to the data, 1 2
then the mean of the resultant data is : (a) (b)
3 3
(2015)
(a) 16.0 (b) 15.8 4 10
(c) (d)
3 3
(c) 14.0 (d) 16.8
26. If the standard deviation of the numbers 2, 3, a and 11 is 33. If the mean of the data : 7, 8, 9, 7, 8, 7, , 8 is 8, then the
3.5, then which of the following is true ? (2016) variance of this data is : (2018/Online Set 2)

(a) 3a 2  23a  44  0 (b) 3a 2  26a  55  0 7

(a) (b) 1
8
2 2
(c) 3a  32a  84  0 (d) 3a  34a  91  0
9
27. If the mean deviation of the numbers 1, 1 + d, ......., 1 + 100d (c) (d) 2
from their mean is 255, then a value of d is 8
(2016/Online Set 1) 34. The mean and the standard deviation (s.d.) of five
observations are 9 and 0, respectively. If one of the
(a) 10.1 (b) 5.05
observations is changed such that the mean of the new
(c) 20.2 (d) 10 set of five observations becomes 10, then their s.d. is:
28. The mean of 5 observations is 5 and their variance is 124. (2018/Online Set 3)
If three of the observations are 1, 2 and 6; then the mean
(a) 0 (b) 1
deviation from the mean of the data is
(c) 2 (d) 4
(2016/Online Set 2)
(a) 2.8 (b) 2.6
(c) 8.4 (d) 2.4
 18 STATISTICS

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c)

Dream on !!
