Essential Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Privitera Test Bank

Essential Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences 2nd Edition Privitera Test

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Test Bank for Privitera, Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
1. A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population, using

data measured in a sample, is called
A) random sampling
B) level of significance
C) hypothesis testing
D) guessing
2. Hypothesis testing is also called

A) Type III error
B) random testing
C) effect size
D) significance testing
3. Which of the following is not one of the four steps to hypothesis testing?
A) state the hypotheses
B) evaluate the plan
C) set the criteria for a decision
D) compute the test statistic
4. The first step to hypothesis testing requires that a researcher

A) state the hypotheses
B) make a decision
C) compute a test statistic
D) conduct a study
5. In hypothesis testing, a researcher's decision

A) is based on a probability
B) depends on the level of significance for a hypothesis test
C) can be to retain or reject the null hypothesis
D) all of the above
6. A researcher believes that increasing attention given to children will improve mean
academic performance. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis should be:
A) mean academic performance will increase
B) mean academic performance will decrease
C) mean academic performance will not change
D) mean attention will increase
Page 1
7. A professor gives an exam in which the mean score is 78 points. She gives another
exam to test whether or not scores change. In this example, the null hypothesis is
A)   78
B) M  78
C)  = 78
D) M = 78
8. The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by
the
A) level of significance
B) p value
C) probability value
D) both A and B
9. Which of the following statements regarding the null hypothesis is true?

A) The null hypothesis always makes statements about a population parameter.
B) A decision in hypothesis testing is made about the alternative hypothesis, not
the null hypothesis.
C) The null hypothesis is the only hypothesis stated in hypothesis testing.
D) all of the above
10. What is the typical level of significance for a hypothesis test in behavioral
research?
A) .05
B) .10
C) .001
D) .50
11. If the value of the test statistic is in the rejection region, then
A) p < .05
B) the decision is to reject the null hypothesis
C) the value of the test statistic is larger than the critical value
D) all of the above
12. Which of the following best describes the p value.

A) It is the same as an alpha level
B) It is a conditional probability
C) Its value must be greater than .05 to reject the null hypothesis
D) all of the above
Page 2
13. What are the two decisions that researchers can make in hypothesis testing?
A) accept or reject the null hypothesis
B) retain or reject the null hypothesis
C) both A and B are correct
14. In hypothesis testing, a researcher can never

A) compute a test statistic before making a decision
B) make decisions about the null hypothesis
C) prove that his or her hypothesis is correct
D) know the likelihood of obtaining a sample mean if the null hypothesis were
true
15. A researcher computes a test statistic and finds that the p value for this test is .03.
What does this result mean?
A) There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were
true.
B) The probability of committing a Type I error if we retain the null hypothesis is
3%.
C) The probability of committing a Type II error if we reject the null hypothesis
is 3%.
D) There is a 3% likelihood that the researcher's hypothesis is correct.
16. Researchers state a level of significance in terms of an alpha level. The alpha level
indicates
A) the probability of committing a Type I error
B) the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis
C) the probability value for the rejection region
D) all of the above
17. Suppose a researcher wants to make sure that the probability of committing a Type
I error is less than 5%. How can the researcher control for this?
A) Set the value for a Type II error at .05.
B) Set the alpha level at .05.
C) Place the rejection region in both tails.
D) both B and C
Page 3
18. A researcher directly controls for the probability of a ________, but does not
directly control for the probability of a ________.
A) Type I error; alpha level
B) Type II error; beta level
C) Type I error; Type II error
D) Type II error; Type I error
19. In Step 2 of hypothesis testing, researchers state a level of significance to minimize

the probability of
A) rejecting a true null hypothesis
B) retaining a false null hypothesis
C) inflating the power of a decision
D) all of the above
20. If a researcher obtains a null finding, then what is the decision?

A) They correctly rejected the null hypothesis.
B) They incorrectly rejected the null hypothesis.
C) They correctly retained the null hypothesis.
D) They failed to make a decision.
21. The probability of committing a Type I error is stated by ________; the probability
for committing a Type II error is stated by ________.
A) beta; alpha
B) alpha; beta
C) a p value; a p value
D) the power; the power
22. The power of the decision-making process is

A) stated by an alpha level
B) the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis
C) the same as a null finding
D) the likelihood of committing a Type I error
23. The one-sample z test is a hypothesis test used to test hypotheses

A) concerning a single population with a known variance
B) concerning at least one population
C) concerning the variance in a population
D) all of the above
Page 4
24. A researcher selects a sample of 36 students from a school population with a mean
IQ of 100 and standard deviation of 12. She determines that the mean IQ in this
sample is 104. Assuming she computes a one-sample z test at a .05 level of
significance, what is the decision for a two-tailed test?
A) Retain the null hypothesis; IQ scores in this sample are the same as those in
the population.
B) Reject the null hypothesis; IQ scores in this sample are significantly higher
than those in the population.
C) There is not enough information to make a decision.
25. A professor finds that the average SAT score among all students attending his
college is 1150±150 (    ). He polls his class of 25 students and finds that the
average SAT score is 1200. Suppose he computes a one-sample z test at a .05 level
of significance. What is his decision?
A) to reject the null hypothesis
B) to retain the null hypothesis
C) to reject the null hypothesis for a two-tailed test, but to retain the null
hypothesis for an upper-tailed test
D) to reject the null hypothesis for an upper-tailed test, but to retain the null
hypothesis for a two-tailed test

26. Given the following values:  = 10, M = 8, M = 0.5, conduct a one-sample z test
at a .05 level of significance. What is the decision for a two-tailed test?
C) There is not enough information since the sample size is not given.
27. Given the following values:  = 6.0, M = 7.6, n = 36,  = 6, conduct a one-
sample z test at a .05 level of significance. For a one-tailed test, upper-tail critical,
what is the decision?
C) There is not enough information since the sample size is not given.
28. A researcher obtains z = 1.80 for a one-sample z test. What is the decision for this
test at a .05 level of significance?
C) It depends on whether the test is one-tailed or two-tailed.
Page 5
D) There is not enough information to make a decision.
31. A researcher obtains z = -6.45. What is the decision for a one-tailed test, upper-tail
critical, at a .05 level of significance?
C) It depends on the sample size.
32. A researcher obtains z = 3.98 for a one-sample z test. If her decision is to retain the
null hypothesis, then what do you know about her decision?
A) Her decision was inconclusive.
B) Her decision was based on a two-tailed test.
C) Her decision resulted in a Type III error.
D) both A and B
33. When a researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis because the rejection region
was located in the wrong tail, this is called a
A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Type III error
D) correct decision
Page 6
34. A measure of the size of an effect in a population is called

A) significance
B) probability
C) power
D) effect size
35. ________ allows researchers to describe (1) how far mean scores have shifted in
the population, or (2) the percentage of variance that can be explained by a given
variable.
A) significance
B) probability
C) power
D) effect size
36. Based on the effect size conventions, d = 0.18 is a

A) small effect size
B) medium effect size
C) large effect size


39. A researcher reports that the size of an effect in some population is d = 0.88. Which
of the following is an appropriate interpretation for d?
A) The effect observed in the population was significant.
B) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the sample.
C) Mean scores were significant by 0.88 points in the population.
D) Mean scores shifted 0.88 standard deviations in the population.
Page 7
40. A researcher reports that the size of an effect in Population A is d = 0.10 and the
effect size in Population B is d = 0.34. Which population is associated with greater
power to detect an effect?
A) Population A
B) Population B
C) They are associated with the same level of power.
41. A researcher reports that the standard deviation in Population A is  = 2.3 and the
standard deviation in Population B is  = 4.3. Which population is associated with
the highest power to detect an effect?
A) Population A
B) Population B
42. A researcher computes a one-sample z test in two studies. Both studies used the
same alpha level, placed the rejection region in both tails, and measured the same
sample mean. The researcher selects a sample of 30 participants in Study 1 and
decides to retain the null hypothesis. She selects a sample of 60 participants in
Study 2 and decides to reject the null hypothesis. Which of the following is the best
explanation for why the decision was different in Study 1 and Study 2?
A) The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are not possible because all
values were the same.
B) The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are not possible because the
researcher tested the same hypothesis.
C) The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are due to an error the
researcher made in the first hypothesis test.
D) The different decisions in Study 1 and Study 2 are possible because the second
test was associated with greater power to detect an effect.
43. A researcher conducts two studies. Each study was a one-sample z test. Both
studies placed the rejection region in both tails and measured the same sample
mean. The alpha level in Study 1 was larger than the alpha level used in Study 2.
Which study is associated with greater power to detect an effect?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
Page 8
44. A researcher conducts a study, but has low power to detect an effect. Which of the
following is one way in which the research can increase power?
A) Make the alpha level smaller.
B) Increase the sample size.
C) Study a population with a larger standard deviation.
D) Conduct the study again with the same sample size.
45. Increasing sample size will

A) Increase the alpha level.
B) Increase the likelihood of committing a Type I error.
C) Increase the power of the decision.
D) All of the above.
46. Which of the following is a scenario in which increasing sample size will increase
power
A) When the effect size is small.
B) When the effect size is large.
C) When the probability of a Type I error is small.
D) All of the above.
47. When reporting the results of a one-sample z test using APA format, the ________
does not need to be reported.
A) Test statistic
B) p value
C) effect size
D) critical values
48. Is a one-sample z test reported differently for one-tailed and two-tailed tests?
A) No, the same values are reported.
B) It depends on whether the results were significant.
C) Yes, only significant results for a two-tailed test are reported.
D) It can be reported differently when the effect size is large.
49. A researcher reports the following result for a one–sample z test at a .05 level of
significance: z 1.88, p .06 (d .25). Is this result significant?
A) Yes, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis
B) Yes, because the effect size is large hypothesis
C) No, the decision is to retain the null hypothesis
D) No, because the effect size is small hypothesis
Page 9
50. A researcher reports that scores were higher than the mean in the population, z
1.60, p .05 (d .14). If this was a test at a .05 level of significance, then what
value must be incorrectly reported?
A) The effect size
B) The p value
C) The alpha level
D) The test statistic
T F 51. One step to hypothesis testing is to set the criteria for a decision.
T F 52. Following the steps to hypothesis testing allows researchers to make decisions
about parameters in a sample using statistics measured in a population.
T F 53. The null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses are statements about parameters in
the population.
T F 54. A researcher tests a hypothesis to prove whether or not his or her hypothesis is
correct.
T F 55. The alpha level is basically the same thing as the p value.
T F 56. The typical level of significance in hypothesis testing in the behavioral sciences is
set at .05.
T F 57. Researchers directly control for the probability of committing a Type II error.
T F 58. The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis is called the power of
the decision-making process.
T F 59. A null finding is a decision to retain a null hypothesis that is correct.
T F 60. Rejecting a true null hypothesis is a Type I error.
T F 61. A null finding is one in which the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.
Page 10
T F 62. For the one-sample z test, the larger the value of a test statistic, the less likely it is
that differences observed in the study are due to error.
T F 63. The z statistic is a z transformation for a distribution of sample means.
T F 64. The z statistic measures the size of an effect in some population.
T F 65. A researcher computes a z statistic and obtains z = 2.10. If this were a one-tailed
(lower-tail critical) test, then the decision would be to reject the null hypothesis.
T F 66. A Type III error is only possible for hypothesis tests where the rejection region is
located in one tail.
T F 67. The alpha level must be split into each tail for a directional hypothesis test.
T F 68. Assuming that the rejection region is placed in the correct tail, the power of
detecting an effect is larger for one-tailed tests compared with two-tailed tests.
T F 69. One-tailed tests will rarely, if ever, result in decisions that are different from two-
tailed tests in hypothesis testing.
T F 70. Cohen's d is a measure of how far mean scores have shifted in a population.
T F 71. The test statistic determines whether or not an effect exists in a population; effect
size measures the size of an observed effect in a population.
T F 72. An effect size of d = 0.68 is a large effect in the population.
T F 73. A large effect size means that Cohen’s d is at least equal to .80.
T F 74. As effect size increases, the power to detect an effect decreases.
Page 11
T F 75. As sample size increases, the power to detect an effect increases.
T F 76. As the population standard deviation increases, the power to detect an effect
increases.
T F 77. The value of power is influenced by the alpha level, sample size, and effect size.
T F 78. The greater the power, the less likely we are to correctly reject the null hypothesis,
if it is incorrect.
T F 79. The p value is reported with the test statistic of a one-sample z test using APA
format.
T F 80. The critical values are reported with the test statistic of a one-sample z test using
APA format.
Page 12
Answer Key
1. C
Ref::††Concept/Factual/LO1
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. A
Ref::††Application/LO2
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. A
Ref::†† Concept/Factual/LO2
11. D
Ref::†† Application/LO2
12. B
13. B
14. C
15. A
16. D
17. B
18. C
19. A
20. C
21. B
Page 13
22. B
23. A
24. B
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. C
29. A
30. B
31. B
32. C
33. C
34. D
35. D
36. A
37. B
38. C
39. D
40. B
41. A
42. D
43. A
44. B
Page 14
45. C
46. D
47. D
48. A
49. C
50. B
51. True
52. False
53. True
54. False
55. True
56. False
57. False
58. True
59. True
60. True
61. False
62. True
63. True
64. False
65. False
66. True
67. False
Page 15
68. True
69. False
70. True
71. True
72. False
73. True
74. False
Ref::††Concept/Factual/LO6, 7
75. True
76. False
77. True
78. False
79. True
80. False
Page 16

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Essential Statistics for the Behavioral

Sciences 2nd Edition Privitera Test

1. A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population, using

2. Hypothesis testing is also called

4. The first step to hypothesis testing requires that a researcher

5. In hypothesis testing, a researcher's decision

9. Which of the following statements regarding the null hypothesis is true?

12. Which of the following best describes the p value.

14. In hypothesis testing, a researcher can never

19. In Step 2 of hypothesis testing, researchers state a level of significance to minimize

20. If a researcher obtains a null finding, then what is the decision?

22. The power of the decision-making process is

23. The one-sample z test is a hypothesis test used to test hypotheses

34. A measure of the size of an effect in a population is called

36. Based on the effect size conventions, d = 0.18 is a

37. Based on the effect size conventions, d = 0.60 is a

38. Based on the effect size conventions, d = 0.99 is a

45. Increasing sample size will

T F 59. A null finding is a decision to retain a null hypothesis that is correct.

T F 60. Rejecting a true null hypothesis is a Type I error.

T F 63. The z statistic is a z transformation for a distribution of sample means.

T F 64. The z statistic measures the size of an effect in some population.

T F 72. An effect size of d = 0.68 is a large effect in the population.

T F 74. As effect size increases, the power to detect an effect decreases.

T F 75. As sample size increases, the power to detect an effect increases.

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