Essential Human Virology 1st Edition

Louten Test Bank

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 Chapter 10 Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which type(s) of influenza can lead to seasonal 7. Which of the following influenza proteins results
epidemics in humans? from the translation of a spliced transcript?
a) Type A only a) PB1
b) Type B only b) PB2
*c) Type A and B only c) NA
d) Type A and C only *d) M2
e) Type A, B, and C e) NP

8. Human influenza viruses exhibit tropism for

2. Which of the following statements is true
concerning HA and NA subtypes of influenza A virus?
a) All HA and NA subtypes circulate within the
human population.
*b) There exist 18 different HA and 11 different
NA subtypes.
c) All HA and NA subtypes circulate within swine
populations.
d) Bats are a major reservoir of the HA subtypes.
3. An H1N1 influenza A virus was isolated in 2009 in
California. It was the 7th strain isolated. Which of the
following is the proper name of the strain?
a) H1N1/California/7/2009 (A)
*b) A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)
c) A/California/2009/7 (H1N1)
d) A/H1N1/California/7/2009
e) 2009/California/A/H1N1/7
4. Human influenza virus exhibits tropism for which
of the following types of respiratory tract epithelia?
*a) Ciliated columnar epithelium
b) Squamous epithelium
c) Non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium
d) All of the above
5. Which of the following is a symptom associated
with influenza but not rhinovirus infection?
a) Cough
b) Sore throat
c) Runny nose
*d) Myalgia
e) Tickling throat
6. Which of the following is NOT a component of the
influenza RNPs?
a) NP
*b) NA
c) vRNA
d) PB1
e) PA
terminal ________, whereas avian influenzas bind
with higher affinity to terminal _________.
*a) alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids; alpha-2,3-linked
sialic acids
b) alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids; alpha-2,6-linked
sialic acids
a) alpha-2,6-linked glycosaminoglycans; alpha-2,3-
linked sialic acids
b) alpha-2,3-linked mannoses; alpha-2,6-linked
mannoses
e) alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids; alpha-2,6-
glycosaminoglycans
9. Which influenza viral subunit facilitates fusion
between the viral envelope and endosomal membrane?
a) HA1
*b) HA2
c) PB1
d) PB2
e) M1
10. Which of the following aspects of influenza virus
is not normally observed in other RNA viruses?
a) Encodes its own polymerase
b) Has a segmented genome
*c) Requires entry into the nucleus for replication
d) Has glycoproteins embedded in its envelope
e) Buds from the plasma membrane
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of the
influenza anti-genome RNA (cRNA)?
a) Shorter than the genomic RNA
b) Contains a 3’ poly (A) tail
c) Contains a short sequence of host nucleotides on
its 5’ end
*d) Is the complementary sequence of the genomic
RNA segment
12. This protein is the most abundant influenza 18. Where were the first cases of the 1918 Spanish Flu
protein; it connects the nucleocapsid to the observed in the United States?
envelope. a) Boston, MA, at the 1918 World Series
a) HA b) Philadelphia, PA, following a war parade
b) NA c) In a monkey containment facility in Reston, VA
*c) M1 *d) Fort Riley, Kansas, following the burning of
d) NP manure
e) PB2 e) San Francisco, CA, following a round of
vaccination against the flu
13. This influenza protein recognizes and binds the
5’ cap of host mRNAs.
19. The 1918 Influenza was a unique epidemic
a) HA
because:
b) NA
a) The virus was an H3N2 subtype
c) M1
*b) Individuals with healthy, robust immune
d) NP
systems were more susceptible
*e) PB2
c) Children were primarily targeted
d) The elderly were protected due to previous
14. This influenza protein cleaves sialic acid from exposure to a similar strain
the surface of host cells. e) The epidemic was caused by a bacterium, not a
a) HA virus
*b) NA
c) M1
d) NP 20. The 1918 Influenza virus was derived from a
e) PB2 subtype of _______ origin.
*a) Avian
b) Swine
15. This influenza protein undergoes a c) Human
conformational change in the low pH of the d) Bat
endosome, resulting in fusion of the virion e) Horse
envelope.
*a) HA 21. Which of the following influenza A subtypes has
b) NA never circulated in the human population?
c) M1 a) H1N1
d) NP b) H3N2
e) PB2 c) H2N2
*d) H4N2

16. Influenza virus prevents long term immunity via

small mutations in the HA and NA proteins of its 22. All of the following antigenic shifts have caused
envelope. This is known as: human pandemics except:
a) Antigenic shift a) H1N1 to H2N2
*b) Antigenic drift b) H2N2 to H3N2
c) Antigenic sin *c) H3N1 to H1N1
d) Antigenic gift d) All of the above are antigenic shifts that have
e) Antigenic rift caused human pandemics.

17. Reassortment of the genome segments between 23. Avian influenzas exhibit highest tropism for which
two subtypes of influenza virus results in: cells of the human respiratory tract?
*a) Antigenic shift *a) non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium of the
b) Antigenic drift bronchioles
c) Antigenic sin b) ciliated columnar epithelium of the sinuses
d) Antigenic gift c) squamous epithelium of the nose
e) Antigenic rift d) ciliated cuboidal epithelium of the bronchioles
e) ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi
24. Which of the following is considered a HPAI?
a) H1N1
b) H2N2
*c) H7N9
d) H18N11
e) H3N8

TRUE OR FALSE
25. Influenza buds from the basal side of the ciliated columnar epithelium of the lung. True

26. Bacterial pneumonia is the most frequent complication of influenza infection. True

27. People between the age of 19 and 34 have the highest rates of influenza-associated
hospitalizations. False

28. Influenza B virus has one less genome segment than influenza A or B because it does not have
separate HA and NA proteins. False
MATCHING
Match the influenza A virus protein with the answer that best describes its main function. Not all
answers will be used.

29. PB1 A. Part of the RdRp that removes the 5’ cap

from host mRNAs
30. PB2 B. Facilitates attachment and fusion
C. Assists in virion budding from the plasma
31. PA membrane
D. Part of the RdRp that transcribes the
32. HA vmRNA
E. Transports nascent RNPs from nucleus to
33. NP cytoplasm
F. Inhibits PKR to reduce the anti-viral
34. NA response
G. The vRNA is organized around this protein
35. M1 within RNPs
H. Ion channel protein that allows H+ ions to
36. M2 enter the virion during uncoating
I. Binds the 5’ cap of host mRNAs; encoded
37. NS1 by the largest genome segment
J. Cleaves sialic acid during virion release
38. NS2
K. Reverse transcribes genome into cDNA
before integration
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY
1. Describe the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Which is more likely to lead to a
major pandemic? Why?
2. Explain how reverse genetics can be used to recreate a viral strain that is no longer in existence but
for which the genome has been sequenced.
3. Describe the typical “U-shaped” mortality curves for seasonal influenza viruses. How did the
mortality curve for the 1918 virus differ?
4. A swine influenza A virus was discovered in Mexico in 2008 to be an H1N2 virus. The strain
number was 10. How would you properly write the name of this strain?
5. You are a doctor and a patient comes to your office with symptoms of a respiratory virus. What
symptoms would you look for to differentiate between rhinovirus and influenza virus? How could
you definitively determine the viral etiology of his condition?
6. What is an RNP and of what is it composed?
7. From nose to alveoli, explain the architecture of the respiratory tract and the type of epithelium that is
found at each location. Which epithelia express alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids?
8. Describe the process of cap-snatching.
9. Since both are transcribed by the viral RdRp, what are the differences between a vmRNA transcript
and the cRNA anti-genome?
10. What would be the result of an influenza virion that lacks a functional HA2 subunit?
11. Explain what antigenic drift and antigenic shift are. Why is one more likely to lead to pandemics?
12. Provide at least 4 reasons for why the H1N1 virus caused so many deaths.
13. Why are avian influenzas particularly virulent in humans?