Crime Victims An Introduction to

Victimology 8th Edition Andrew

Karmen Test Bank
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Reporting rates vary according to:
a. geographical location.
b. age.
c. race.
d. all of these

ANS: D LO: 4 REF: p. 169

2. That a convicted criminal serves as a warning to would-be offenders contemplating the same act
is the logic of:
a. retribution.
b. rehabilitation.
c. general deterrence.
d. specific deterrence.

ANS: C LO: 1 REF: p. 166

3. Punishment in the form of imprisonment has been defended as a method of enhancing public
safety by _____ dangerous predators.
a. restoring
b. rehabilitating
c. incapacitating
d. all of these reforming

ANS: C LO: 1 REF: p. 166

4. Punishment justified on the grounds of ______ implies that punishment is a morally sound
practice, regardless of any value it has in deterring or incapacitating criminals.
a. rehabilitation
b. just deserts
c. general deterrence
d. specific deterrence

ANS: B LO: 1 REF: p. 166

5. The functionalist perspective believes the criminal justice process is supposed to:
a. assist the offender in obtaining rehabilitation.
b. reduce harm for the community.
c. be the first line of defense for innocent citizens against criminals.
d. act on its own behalf.

ANS: C LO: 2 REF: p. 163

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6. Victims who want the court to order convicts to repay them for the costs arising from their
injuries and losses are in favor of:
a. retribution.
b. rehabilitation.
c. restitution.
d. incapacitation.

ANS: C LO: 1 REF: p. 164

7. Punishment is justified by the argument(s):

a. experiencing unpleasant and unwanted consequences will causing the offender not to want to
commit crime again.
b. making an example out of an offender serves as a warning to the general public.
c. enhancing public safety as the offender is off the streets.
d. all of these.

ANS: D LO: 1 REF: p. 166

8. Utilitarian opponents argue punishment is:

a. ineffective
b. impractical
c. expensive
d. all of these

ANS: D LO: 1│3 REF: p. 166

9. _____ are the primary consumers of police services.

a. Victims
b. Offenders
c. Survivors
d. The courts

ANS: A LO: 1│4 REF: p. 168

10. Victims are more likely to endorse treatment or rehabilitation services if:
a. the offender is a stranger.
b. the offender is someone they know.
c. the have been a victim before.
d. all of these

ANS: B LO: 1│4 REF: p. 167

11. Rehabilitation can take the form of which of the following?

a. counseling
b. behavior modification
c. intense psychotherapy
d. all of these

ANS: D LO: 1 REF: p. 167

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 Chapter 6: Victims and the Criminal Justice System
Part I: The Police

12. Professionalization of the police involves all BUT the following:

a. using psychological test to weed out potentially brutal recruits.
b. monitoring on the job performance.
c. increasing the number of police.
d. offering specialized training.

ANS: C LO: 2 REF: p. 168

13. The crime with the highest reporting rate (90% in 2003) is:
a. robbery.
b. identity theft.
c. domestic violence.
d. auto theft.

ANS: D LO: 4 REF: p. 169

14. The only reporting rate that changes substantially from year to year is for _____________.
a. simple assault.
b. robbery.
c. rape.
d. motor vehicle theft.

ANS: C LO: 4 REF: p. 169

15. When victims go beyond silence and inaction and conspire or collaborate in a cover-up to conceal
a serious crime, they can be arrested and charged with:
a. misprision of a felony.
b. criminal facilitation.
c. criminal provocation.
d. criminal precipitation.

ANS: A LO: 3 REF: p. 172

16. The failure of witnesses to report certain kinds of offenses is a ________ in some jurisdictions.
a. violation
b. felony
c. misdemeanor
d. none of these

ANS: C LO: 3 REF: p. 172

17. In the aftermath of street crime, victims are likely to feel:

a. powerless.
b. disoriented.
c. infuriated.
d. any of these.

ANS: D LO: 1 REF: p.173

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18. One of the most emotionally draining tasks in police work is:
a. arresting and booking female offenders.
b. notifying a parent that their child has been arrested.
c. notifying the next of kin of people about the death of a family member..
d. arresting and booking juveniles.

ANS: C LO: 2 REF: p.171

19. The process in which police completely reject a person’s claim about being the victim of a crime
is known as:
a. unfounding.
b. defounding.
c. misprision of a felony.
d. second wound.

ANS: A LO: 3 REF: p. 175

20. _______ means detectives believe an offense really did take place but was not as serious as the
complainant described it.
a. Unfounding
b. Defounding
c. Misprision of a felony
d. Second wound

ANS: B LO: 3 REF: p. 175

21. Many police departments have established _____ to reexamine old unsolved serious crimes.
a. victim assistance programs
b. cold case squads
c. detective bureaus
d. citizen’s arrest units

ANS: B LO: 2│4 REF: p. 181

22. According to the NCVS, which is the following is true about the reporting rate for violent crimes:
a. victims report violent crimes almost all the time.
b. victims report violent crimes approximately half the time.
c. victims almost never report violent crimes.
d. none of these is correct.

ANS: B LO: 1 REF: p. 172

23. Police officers exercise a great deal of _____ in deciding whom to take into custody and book
and whom to let go.
a. preference
b. diplomacy
c. discretion
d. restriction

ANS: C LO: 3 REF: p. 183

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 Chapter 6: Victims and the Criminal Justice System
Part I: The Police

24. What performance measures indicate a police department is fulfilling its mission
a. a temporary rise in the crime rate due to an increase number of citizens feeling
comfortable making a report.
b. customer satisfaction surveys indicating victims were satisfied with how police handled
their case.
c. a rise in clearance rates.
d. all of these.

ANS: D LO: 4 REF: p. 186

25. Generally, which of the following is true about citizen’s arrest?

a. Citizens do have the legal right to detain an offender and hold him until the authorities can
take him into custody.
b. Citizen’s arrest was legal in colonial times but is no longer legal.
c. Citizen’s arrest only applies to off-duty or retired sworn officers.
d. Citizen’s arrest is only legal for those citizens who complete special training.

ANS: A LO: 1 REF: p. 183

TRUE/FALSE
1. Rehabilitation is what comes first to most people’s minds when considering what justice entails.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 167

2. The logic of general deterrence implies that the offender who experiences unpleasant
consequences learns a lesson and is discouraged from breaking the law again.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 166

3. The logic of specific deterrence is that making an example of a convicted criminal serves as a
warning to would-be offenders contemplating the same act.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 166

4. Punishment in the form of imprisonment has been defended as a method of enhancing public
safety by incapacitating dangerous predators.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 1 REF: p. 166

5. Justifying punishment on the grounds of just deserts implies that punishment is a morally sound
practice, regardless of any value it has in deterring or incapacitating criminals.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 1 REF: p. 166

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6. The theory of just deserts justifies punishment based on deterrence.

a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 166

7. Police are generally the first responders in matters involving crime.

a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 2 REF: p.168

8. Auto theft is the crime that is most often reported.

a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 3 REF: p. 169

9. Rehabilitation can take the form of intense psychotherapy.

a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 1 REF: p. 167

10. Victimologists have long suspected that arrest rates vary from police department to police
department, depending on the closeness of their working relationships with the public they serve.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 2│4 REF: p. 171

11. When victims go beyond silence and inaction and conspire or collaborate in a cover-up to conceal
a serious crime, they can be arrested and charged with misprision of a felony.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 3 REF: p. 172

12. The failure of witnesses to report certain violent offenses is a misdemeanor in many jurisdictions.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 3 REF: p. 172

13. Auto theft has the lowest rate of reporting.

a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 3 REF: p. 169

14. The highest rate of reporting was in thefts of household property worth less than $50.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 3 REF: p. 169

15. Females are most likely to report to the police.

a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 2 REF: p.170

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 Chapter 6: Victims and the Criminal Justice System
Part I: The Police

16. Since 2002, the U.S. Department of Justice has not had a need to conduct audits of police
departments to determine whether police are complying with civil rights laws mandating fair and
equal treatment of all persons.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 4 REF: p. 171

17. Unfounding is the process during which the police completely reject a person’s claim about
being the victim of a crime.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 3 REF: p. 176

18. Defounding means detectives believe an offense really did take place but was not as serious
as the complainant described it.
a. true b. false

ANS: T LO: 3 REF: p.176

19. Many police departments have established victim assistance programs to reexamine old
unsolved serious crimes.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 4 REF: p.181

20. Police officers exercise a great deal of preference in deciding whom to take into custody and
book and whom to let go.
a. true b. false

ANS: F LO: 3 REF: p. 183

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Outline and explain the three key goals victims can pursue through the criminal justice system.

ANS: Victims may have the goal that violent offenders should be punished severely. The second
approach would be to use the criminal justice process to address the offender’s needs for
rehabilitation. Finally, the victim may be seeking financial redress of the crime and utilize the
criminal justice process to obtain it.

LO: 1 REF: p.164-168.

2. Discuss the reasons why a victim might choose to not report a crime to the police. Include a
discussion of the victim’s role as a facilitator, precipitator, or provocateur.

ANS: The police department may not have the trust of local residents. The victim may be either a
recent immigrant or wanted by the police himself, both causing a decision not to report the police
for the fear of the attention it will bring to them. There may be language or cultural barriers. As
with most crimes, if there is a relationship between the offender and victim the crime might not

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be reported to either keep the matter ‘a private affair’, it was dealt with in a informal manner, or
so the offender won’t get in legal trouble. Victim advocacy groups have argued the lack of
reporting is an indicator of the reduction in faith in the criminal justice process to resolve the
problem.

LO: 1│3 REF: p.168

3. When people fill out a complaint in a police station, they want officers to accept without question
their versions of what transpired. Define and discuss the processes of unfounding and defounding.
In what ways do these processes impact the numbers of serious crimes recorded by police
departments?

ANS: Unfounding is the result of the police process where the victim’s claim is rejected either
because the officer does not believe the victim or the case is essentially unprovable in a court of
law. Defounding concerns those cases where the officer believes the crime took place but is not to
the level of seriousness noted by the victim. .In these types of cases, the crime may be reclassified
to a lesser charge. Statistically speaking, this reduces the number of serious crimes tabulated by
the police department. This can be questioned if the tabulated reduction coincides with recent
pressures to reduce violent crime from political or other social forces.

LO: 3 REF: p. 176-182

4. In what ways can the police better serve the best interest of crime victims?

ANS: Police could focus on responding more quickly to crimes. Quick response times can help
the victims through preventing the commission of the crime, catching the offender, increasing the
chances of recovering stolen property, being able to get the evidence while it is ‘fresh’, and
locating witnesses. Police need to communicate more effectively with victims. This would
include the police appearing to be concerned, connected, and involved with what happened to the
victim. Police need to be sensitive to the impact a crime has upon an individual and not create a
secondary victimization through acting callously or indifferent. Some of these problems can be
resolved through addressing the concerns of burnout as well as the norms of the police subculture
that drive the emphasis on being tough, suspicious of civilians, and cynicism.

LO: 2-4 REF: p. 172-176

5. Explain the different ways ‘clearance rates’ can be interpreted.

ANS: The UCR defines clearing crimes as making arrests. The FBI guidelines for tabulation state
once an offender is turned over the prosecutor, the crime has been cleared by police. Other
clearances occur when the offender has died, is already incarcerated for another crime, or is
somehow unattainable. Some police departments use cold case squads to boost their clearance
rates. These squads re-open old cases with the hopes of finding resolution.

LO: 3│4 REF: p. 177-182

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