MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

-INTRODUCTION
-DESIGN PARAMETERS
-SYSTEM DESIGN

INTRDUCTION:
Based on the already developed information on the previous
chapter,our device is found to be a consisting body of an active and
passive electronic components,coupled with a micro controller system
and few sensors,which are are further systematize to provide a real time
data on the current/voltage relative power drawn on a power source.

DESIGN PARAMETERS:
-Sensitivity of for power source:
This is a very important parameter to look into in our design,since the
efficiency of the device is dependent on its sensitivity to difference in
use of power.
In this project, we used two different sensor for measuring the voltage
and current respectively

-Data processing for values generated:

The data, generated from the sensor,are further processed and
converted to a digital value that the computer can understand. This
process is achieved using a micro controller,and the essential
calculations were made in the conversion process,for the micro
controller to use for the whole process .

-High level data interface:

This system at this point, requires a method of which all the processed
information can be interfaced to the user, and the suitable way to
achieve that is to use an internet of things topology communication,
which will relat both the values of power used and the relative cost to
the use of such power.
SYSTEM DESIGN:
In this design, the building block or working principle of the system is
evidently presented using a simple block diagram below.

POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE VALUE MICRO

(PHASE INPUTS) SENSOR CONTROLLER

LCD INTERFACE SWITCH

TRIGGER

The above diagram is further elaborated using the simple circuit diagram
presented below.
MICRO CONTROLLER POWER SUPPLY:
In our design, the power supply for the micro controller is made
completely different from the phase inputs,and in assembly, the power
source consist of an active 9v cell BAT1, an electrolytic capacitor
470uf/16v C1, and an indicator LED D1 which is coupled in series with R1
560 ohm.
The 9volt cell is a simple battery dc,which will always drain down in
voltage as far is in use. The drain will affect the system if the cell is not
continuous at a specified voltage. Due to this effect, a temporal charge
storage device is used to supply an almost continuous voltage at any
point.
Since we have,
Battery voltage=9v
Required capacitor charge to do almost similar work=7000c
Finding capacitor/charge relationship,

Capacitance = charge
Voltage

Finding charge,

Charge = capacitance x voltage

Therefore,
7000 = capacitance x 16v

Capacitance = 7000
16
= 437.5uf
Therefore 470uf/16v becomes the best fit to do the function.

The indicator of the source is design not to draw much power,

Since power = Voltage x current
Therefore, P = V x I
Finding I in the LED we calculate,

9/560 = 0.01607A by using OHMs law.

= 16mA
Power dissipated by the LED =
P = 9 x 0.016
= 0.144 watt

Which is quite okay for the system.

POWER SOURCE( PHASE INPUTS):

From the design we made, the phase inputs power source for the 3
inputs phases ( red, yellow and blue),were identical and built with the
same components specification.

The micro controller requires a meduim to know which input phase that
is available, and that is essentially why our design incorperats further,
the use of 5 volt regulator system,which is further pull down via a 10K
ohm resistor to further have it connected to grund on the micro
controller once there is no available power on the phase line.

The building block of the phase line inputs power source is furher shown
below,as we have them elaborated further.

AC STEP FULL BRIDGE

DOWN RECTIFIER FILTER

REGULATOR
The circuit below, further elaborate the block diagram
above;

AC STEP DOWN:
The transformer devise is used to bring or step down the
incoming AC grid line voltage which is 220v AC down to 12v AC,
for the proper working functionality of the rest of other passive
components in the system

FULL BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

The full bridge rectifier circuit, comprises four set of
semiconductor device known as diode, which is basically
configured in such a manner that the stepped down AC voltage
from the transformer devise, will be easily converted into a DC
voltage, in order to suit the operational working of the system.

FILTER:
The filter circuit in this system, constitute of a simple
electrolytic capacitor, which is connected across the converted
DC voltage from the transformer.the filter network serve the
basic purpose to smooth out ripple that made their way out of
the DC output,and to ensure a constant dc voltage output, all
through the whole process of power supply.

REGULATOR:
The surge effect in most electronics is quite bad and destructive in
nature, and in this system, we would not like the same effects of surge
prevailing in the system, and in order to subdue these effects, we
integrate the use of voltage regulator 7805, to protect our system from
any sudden surge that might likely surface.
The regulator also,provides the actual voltage requirement of the sensor
we are using in this project,and hence 5volt rating.

VOLTAGE VALUE SENSOR CIRCUIT:

The sensor circuit comprises two resistor, which are connected in a
voltage divider network. From the circuit, we used a 100k and 10k,
which is connected further on the divider network,and it is output
voltage is feed to the micro controller, an with the calculationn we made
on the code, the micro controler will use it to furthe process it and have
it display the corresponding AC value.

The both sensor components are built around a minute microncontroller

which converts the correspond AC voltage to an accurate and
corressponding DC voltage ( 0v -5v).

The corresponding voltage from these sensor,at the DC part of the

system, is feed to the micro controller. As there is changes in the actual
voltage and as such,once there is also changes on the corresponding AC
inputs,there will be same on the DC output.

MICRO CONTROLLER CIRCUIT:

The micro controller used in this project was a programable
IC,ATmega328,which is commonly found in arduino uno board.
The chip, is the main building processor of the system,as it takes
information from the sensor, and stores it,via its register,and further
utilize the data to control the output dipeneser system.

SWITCH CIRCUIT:
The switch circuit, in our design comprises of a bipolar NPN transistor,
which is the common BC547, as it is wired to swictch in
NEGATIVEvoltage to teh relay, once the micro controller activates it,
after it gets a corresponding input phase available.

TRIGGER CIRCUIT:
The trigger circuit, consist of a simple relay and diode, which is set to be
triggered once it gets the required negative voltage,at its negative rail,
as it comes through the swicth transistor.
Once the trigger is made, the output AC input is connected instantly to
the output of the change over system, and as such ensures the cntinous
proovission of pwer source,that is uninterupted.

GENARTOR SWITCH OFF:

The generator automatic switching OFF of this system is integrated to
the device, to immedaitely switch off the generator once the grid line is
restored, be it any of the phase.

INTERFACE:
The interface part of the project includes the use of anLCD display
system, which satnds for LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY. The display shows
the state of operation of all the processes taken by the microcontroller.
The voltage valu and ath of all other values are shown on the lcd, and
that makes the system lots more flexible for use.

DESIGN INFORMATION

Transformer circuit diagram

Mutual inductance principle :
Mutual inductance principle of operation, simple means,that
voltage increase in one of the turn,relatively have the other
turn voltage increase by same ratio.

Turn ratio :
Turn ratio is the number times, the primary turn is higher than
the secondary turn.
Calculating voltage ratio;
-Input voltage v1 = 220V
-Output voltage v2 = 12V

Therefore, voltage ratio = v1/v2

Substituting, 220/12= 18.3

-Input voltage v1 = 200V

-Output voltage v2 = 10.9V,
 voltage ratio = v1/v2

18.3 = 200V/V2
V2 = 200V/18.3
V2= 10.9V

Therefore, voltage ratio = v1/v2

Substituting, 200/12= 18.3

REFERENCE
-https://circuitglobe.com/step-up-and-step-down-transformers.
html

-Bird j. Electrical and Electronics principles

Below is the source code for the project;

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

int ADC_a = A0; //Analog Input

int ADC_Y = A1;
int ADC_B = A2;
float VIn_a = 0.0; //Voltage In after voltage divider
float VInY = 0.0;
float VInB = 0.0;
float Voltage_a = 0.0; //Actual voltage after calculation
float VoltageY = 0.0;
float VoltageB= 0.0;
float CalVal = 11.08433; //Voltage divider calibration value
float AC_LOW_VOLT = 0.0;
float AC_HIGH_VOLT = 0.0;
float AC_LOW_VOLTY = 0.0;
float AC_HIGH_VOLTY = 0.0;
float AC_LOW_VOLTB = 0.0;
float AC_HIGH_VOLTB = 0.0;
//Timing
unsigned long previousMillis = 0;
const long interval = 200; //Interval to read voltages

// input pin declearation

const int redPhaseIn = 13;
const int yellowPhaseIn = 10;
const int bluePhaseIn = 9;

// output pin declearation

const int redPhaseOut = 8;
const int yellowPhaseOut = 7;
const int bluePhaseOut = 6;

// variable for reading input phase status. This is keepin all input at 0 state
bool redState = false;
bool yellowState = false;
bool blueState = false;
bool allPhaseOn = false;

void setup() {
pinMode(redPhaseIn, INPUT);
pinMode(yellowPhaseIn, INPUT);
pinMode(bluePhaseIn, INPUT);

pinMode(redPhaseOut, OUTPUT);
pinMode(yellowPhaseOut, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePhaseOut, OUTPUT);

pinMode(A0,INPUT);
pinMode(A1,INPUT);
pinMode(A2,INPUT);

//Init serial monitor. This will help display what is happening on the serial monitor
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("3 PHASE AUTOMATIC CHANGE OVER SYSTEM");
delay ( 2000 );
Serial.println("Processing available PHASE lines...");
// initialize the LCD
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS!");
delay(2000);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Initializing sys");
delay(2000);

void loop() {
unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
 //checking for the state of each input
int redPhaseState = digitalRead(redPhaseIn);
int yellowPhaseState = digitalRead(yellowPhaseIn);
int bluePhaseState = digitalRead(bluePhaseIn);

VIn_a = (ADC_a * 5.00) / 1024.00; //Convert 10bit input to an actual voltage

Voltage_a = (VIn_a * CalVal)-0.10;

AC_LOW_VOLT = (Voltage_a / 1.414 );
AC_HIGH_VOLT = ( AC_LOW_VOLT * 18.333);

VInY = (ADC_Y * 5.00) / 1024.00; //Convert 10bit input to an actual voltage

VoltageY = (VInY * CalVal)-0.10;

AC_LOW_VOLTY = (VoltageY / 1.414 );
AC_HIGH_VOLTY = ( AC_LOW_VOLTY * 18.333);

VInB = (ADC_B * 5.00) / 1024.00; //Convert 10bit input to an actual voltage

VoltageB = (VInB * CalVal)-0.10;

AC_LOW_VOLTB = (VoltageB / 1.414 );
AC_HIGH_VOLTB = ( AC_LOW_VOLTB * 18.333);

if ( redPhaseState == HIGH && yellowPhaseState == HIGH && bluePhaseState == HIGH &&

currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval && allPhaseOn == false )
{
allPhaseOn = true;
previousMillis = currentMillis;
analogRead (A0);
Serial.println("All Phase are On");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS");

delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("All phase are ON!");
digitalWrite ( redPhaseOut,HIGH);
digitalWrite ( yellowPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( bluePhaseOut,LOW);
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("RED PHASE IN USE");
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print(AC_HIGH_VOLT);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("V input");
}
else{
if ( redPhaseState == HIGH )
{
Serial.println("Red Phase is on");
redState = true;
analogRead (A0);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS");

delay (2000);

digitalWrite ( redPhaseOut,HIGH);
digitalWrite ( yellowPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( bluePhaseOut,LOW);
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("RED PHASE IN USE");
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print(AC_HIGH_VOLT);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("V input");

}
else if ( yellowPhaseState == HIGH )
{
yellowState = true;
Serial.println("Yellow Phase is on");
analogRead (A1);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS");

delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("Yellow phase ON!");
digitalWrite ( redPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( yellowPhaseOut,HIGH);
digitalWrite ( bluePhaseOut,LOW);
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("YELLOW PHASE ON!");
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print(AC_HIGH_VOLTY);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("V input");

}
else if ( bluePhaseState == HIGH)
{
blueState = true;
 Serial.println("Blue Phase is on");
analogRead (A2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS");

delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("BLUE phase ON!");
digitalWrite ( redPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( yellowPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( bluePhaseOut,HIGH);
delay (2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("BLUE PHASE IS ON!");
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print(AC_HIGH_VOLTB);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("V input");

}
else
{
allPhaseOn = false;
Serial.println("All phases are off");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor (0,0); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("3PHASE POWER SYS");

delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor (0,1); // set to line 1, char 0
lcd.print("ALL PHASE OFF!");
digitalWrite ( redPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( yellowPhaseOut,LOW);
digitalWrite ( bluePhaseOut,LOW);

}
}