Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Ibarra
CIEMAT, Madrid
Max dose for core ~1 dpa ~30-100 dpa ~150 dpa ≤60 dpa/fpy
internal structures
Max transmutation ~0.1 ~3-10 appm ~1500 appm ~2000
helium concentration appm (~10000 appm for appm/fpy
SiC)
Coolants H2O He, H2O, Pb- He, PbLi, Li PbLi, PbBi
Bi, Na
Structural Materials Zircaloy, Ferritic steel, Ferritic/ Ferritic/
stainless SS, martensitic steel, martensitic
steel superalloys, V alloy, SiC steel
C- composite composite
Todos estos sistemas necesitan desarrollar materiales de alta temperatura
con buena resistencia a la radiación
Divertor Blanket
• Ash (He) exhaust, with the associated • T production
power • Heat recovery
• Heat recovery (desirable) • Nuclear shielding
Functional Materials-II
Oxides (silica, alumina,)
Diamond
SiC/SiC
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Mission driven structural materials development
Transmutación
Defectos puntuales
Sputtering
Ionización
FE
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10 High Level Waste
-2 Remote Recycling Level
10 Medium Level Waste
-3 Long term irradiation
10 (12.5 MWa/m2) of a
Low Level Waste DEMO reactor first wall
-4
1x10 Hands-on Level
1x10
-5 • Huge Progress in the development
-6
of reduced activation FM steels:
10 • „Low level waste“ already after
-7 ~100 years
10 -3 -2 -1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 • No “high level” waste disposal
• The impurities Nb and Mo are
Time after Irradiation [y] dominating the hatched area
FE
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10 High Level Waste
-2 Remote Recycling Level
10 Medium Level Waste
-3 Long term irradiation
10 (12.5 MWa/m2) of a
Low Level Waste DEMO reactor first wall
-4
1x10 Hands-on Level
1x10
-5 • Huge Progress in the development
-6
of reduced activation FM steels:
10 • „Low level waste“ already after
-7 ~100 years
10 -3 -2 -1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 • No “high level” waste disposal
• The impurities Nb and Mo are
Time after Irradiation [y] dominating the hatched area
He bubbles
50 nm
Materna-Morris, FZK, IMF-I
He/dpa ratio (appm He/dpa)
He bubbles
can cause severe grain boundary embrittlement at high temp. (fcc alloys)
can severely enhance fracture toughness degradation at low temp. (bcc alloys)
– Fragilización (embrittlement)
– Hinchamiento (swelling)
– Endurecimiento (hardening)
– Fluencia (creep)
– Cambios en las propiedades ópticas o eléctricas
– Corrosión inducida por radiación
– Difusión inducida por radiación
– ……
Composites de SiCf/SiC
Ventana operacional 600-1100°C
A corto plazo, como aislante (ventana necesaria: 500-
800°C)
Aleaciones de wolframio
De interés para la regiones de alta temperatura en los divertores
refrigerados por gas
Fracture Toughness (tenacidad a la fractura): resistencia a la fractura cuando existe una grieta
Significant improvements in
Submerged-Arc Welds resistance to low temperature
Irradiation: 1 x 1023 n/m2, 288°C
Normalized To Unirradiated Curve radiation embrittlement by selective
150 Upper Shelf alloying:
Charpy Energy (J)
Unirradiated
- reduced Cu contents in steels
- minimized P, S, Ca contents
100 0.06% Cu Loss in RAFM steels
Irradiated
Transition
Region
Shift Irradiation effects
50 0.30% Cu
Irradiated
Role in the operational window!!!
0 Ventana200
operacional
-200 -100 0 100 300
Temperature (°C)
Energy [J]
300°C/2.4 dpa
6 6
MANET-I
4 4
2 2
0 0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Test Temperature [°C]
Test Temperature [°C]
350
150
RAFM steels
100
50
0 Manet
F82H, various heats
-50 Eurofer 97, various heats
15-30 dpa data:
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 C. Petersen et al.,
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005
Damage dose [dpa]
dpa Helium
effect effect
USE
Charpy Impact Energy [J]
unirradiated
irradiated in HFR
at 250°C to 0.2 dpa,
ca. 8 appm He
F82H
Test Temperature [°C] and H.D. Röhrig; JNM. 271&272 (1999) 450 .
Need specifically designed materials to mitigate neutron radiation effects
EUROFER 97 ANL
100 EUROFER 97 WB
F82H-mod
OPTIFER-Ia Higher DBTT are
GA3X
?
DBTT (°C)
50 observed at lower
irradiation
0
RAFM steels temperatures
(Tirr < 300°C).
-50
DBTT shift is of less
concern for Tirr > 350°C.
250 300 350 400 450
T irr (°C)
16 dpa E. Gaganidze, FZK
Conventional FM steel
RAFM steel
Recovery of properties
Unirradiated
Irradiated and
annealed
Irradiated
15 dpa, 330°C EUROFER 97
2005
Y. Poitevin, E. Diegele, M. Zmitko
40 mm
FW / Manifold
Grid
Pipe / Manifold
# 35 Pipe 2.5 mm
40 mm Plate
TIG 10 mm
EB
TIG 5 mm
Laser
FER
O
TIG 5 mm
EUR
TIG 10 mm
M. Rieth
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005
TIG 5 mm
O
TIG 10 mm
EUR
(1) For depth below 10 mm, laser welding is well (best) suited.
(2) TIG is recommended as another (second) option.
(3) M. Rieth
Post Weld Heat Treatment is essential.
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005
(4) Electron Beam: Narrow fusion zone and brittle joints.
Recommended
MINA2008, Ibarra,only
Nov.for
08low penetration depth
Ferritic/martensitic steels Comparison of creep
0.8 T=RT
0.6 o
T=450 C
0.4 T=650°C
o
0.3 T=550 C
0.2
500 1000 10000 100000 600000
NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE
3000
NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE, Nf
EUROFER 97
2500 T=550°C ∆εt=1.0%
ZERO
2000 HOLD TIME TENSION HOLD TIME
1500
f
HTHL = Hold Time at both temperatures
(Temperature Control, ∆T= variable)
HTHL
o
Hold Time 1000 s: 100-500 C
t,m
o
100-550 C
Total Mechanical Strain Range, ∆ε
HTH
0.4 HTL
HTH
0.3
EUROFER 97:
cylindrical sample
0.2 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 2 10 3 104 10 5
10 10 10 10
Number of Cycles to Failure, N [-]
f
Number of cycle to failure Nf
100 – 500°C: 1000 s Hold time at both temperatures (HTHL)
reduces Nf significantly;
The temperature window ∆T of today’s PPCS is fortunately much smaller
C.Petersen et al, FZK
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels
Advantages
Broad industrial experience in nuclear and non-nuclear facilities with
commercial FM steels of type 10-12% CrMoNbV up to ~140 dpa
Thermo-physical properties superior to austenitic steels like 316LN
Sufficient corrosion resistance in Pb-Li-Blankets
Sufficient compatibility with He gas as coolant
Good resistance against stress-corrosion cracking in water and steam
Irradiation resistance:
- Compared to SS almost negligible He and dpa induced swelling & creep
- Compared to many fcc metals no “high temperature helium embritlement”
Largely adjustable mechanical properties by dedicated heat treatments
Existing Disadvantages
DBTT increase with irradiation and He content, but RAFM superior to FM
4-5 joining procedures available, but heat treatment necessary after joining
Tmax ≅ 550 °C due to high temperature creep