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Fusion after ITER:

The materials challenge

A. Ibarra
CIEMAT, Madrid

Based on information and documents provided by A. Moslang (FZK), E. Diegele (F4E), P.


Fernandez (CIEMAT), R. Lindau (FZK), C. Ortiz (CIEMAT), MJ. Caturla (UA) and many others

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Comparación entre distintas fuentes neutrónicas

Fission Fission Fusion Spallation


(Gen. I) (Gen. IV) (DEMO/PROTO) (ADS)
Structural alloy Tmax <300˚C 500-1000˚C 550-1000˚C 400-600˚C

Max dose for core ~1 dpa ~30-100 dpa ~150 dpa ≤60 dpa/fpy
internal structures
Max transmutation ~0.1 ~3-10 appm ~1500 appm ~2000
helium concentration appm (~10000 appm for appm/fpy
SiC)
Coolants H2O He, H2O, Pb- He, PbLi, Li PbLi, PbBi
Bi, Na
Structural Materials Zircaloy, Ferritic steel, Ferritic/ Ferritic/
stainless SS, martensitic steel, martensitic
steel superalloys, V alloy, SiC steel
C- composite composite
Todos estos sistemas necesitan desarrollar materiales de alta temperatura
con buena resistencia a la radiación

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Tokamak Reactor Layout

Divertor Blanket
• Ash (He) exhaust, with the associated • T production
power • Heat recovery
• Heat recovery (desirable) • Nuclear shielding

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Typical Blanket Concepts

Blanket- Cool- Breeder Structural Neutron Operation Conditions


Concepts ant Material Material Multiplier Temp.
StrucMat Pressure

HCCBa He Li2TiO3, F/M-Steel Be, Be12Ti 250-550°C 5-8 MPa


Li4SiO4,Li2O ODS-F/M-Steel 300- ≥650 °C

WCCBb H2O Li2TiO3, F/M-Steel Be, Be12Ti 250-550 °C 5-8 MPa


or other
HCLLc He, 40% PbLieu F/M Steel - 300-550 °C 8 MPa
PbLi, 60%
SCLLd PbLieu PbLieu SiCf/SiC; - ≤950 °C “Low
CVD SiC ≤1009 °C pressure”
SCLe Li Li V alloy Be 350-750 °C ∼1 MPa
a HCPB – Helium Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket: China, EU, Japan, RF, Korea, USA
b WCLL – Water Cooled Ceramic Breeder: Japan
c HCLL – Helium Cooled Liquid Lead: EU, China
d SCPbLi – Self Cooled Liquid Lead: USA
e SSCL – Self cooled liquid Lithium: RF, Japan

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Mission driven structural materials development

Devices Requirements Materials selection


and development
DEMO Blanket • Radiation resistance
DEMO: ~80 dpa Structural materials
FP: 150 dpa  RAFM steels
• Corrosion resistance &  RAF(M)-ODS steels
compatibility with coolants  SiC/SiC
• Attractive physical  …..
properties (optical,
DEMO Divertor electrical, dielectrical,
thermal) Functional Materials-I
• Predictable constit. laws Neutron multipliers
• Industrial manufacturing & Be & Be alloys
joining  Ceramic breeders
Li ceramics
• Fast decay of
 ……
• radioactive inventory
Diagnostics, • Wide Temperature window Tungsten alloys, CFC
H & CD systems Blanket: ~250 - 650 °C
Divertor: ~600 - 1200 °C Brazing materials

Functional Materials-II
Oxides (silica, alumina,)
 Diamond
 SiC/SiC
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Mission driven structural materials development

Devices Requirements Materials selection


and development
DEMO Blanket • Radiation resistance
DEMO: ~80 dpa Structural materials
FP: 150 dpa  RAFM steels
• Corrosion resistance &  RAF(M)-ODS steels
compatibility with coolants  SiC/SiC
• Attractive physical  …..
properties (optical,
DEMO Divertor electrical, dielectrical,
thermal) Functional Materials-I
• Predictable constit. laws Neutron multipliers
• Industrial manufacturing & Be & Be alloys
joining  Ceramic breeders
Li ceramics
• Fast decay of
 ……
• radioactive inventory
Diagnostics, • Wide Temperature Tungsten alloys, CFC
H & CD systems
window Brazing materials
Blanket: ~250 - 650 °C
Divertor: ~600 - 1200 °C
Functional Materials-II
Oxides (silica, alumina,)
 Diamond
 SiC/SiC
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Efecto de la radiación

Transmutación

Defectos puntuales

Sputtering

Ionización

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


l
a
• Transmutación
– Mediante reacciones nucleares, r da lugar a nuevos iones en el
material y, por tanto, a impurificación
a del material
(fundamentalmente H y He pero también otras)
d del material (si son
– Da lugar también, a la activación
radiactivos), lo que hace necesario
i el desarrollo de materiales
de baja activación
– La cantidad y tipo producido esa función de la partícula incidente,
c incide
su energía y el ión sobre el que
i
• Defectos puntuales (vacantes ó e intersticiales)
– Función de la partícula incidente,
n su energía, las características
del material y su temperatura
– Una vez producidos, pueden moverse atrapándose en defectos
previamente existentes o en otros creados nuevos dando lugar
a defectos extensos (dislocaciones, huecos, lazos,…)
– Pueden llegar a producirse cambios estructurales en el material,
amorfización, nuevos compuestos, …

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


l
a
• Transmutación
– Mediante reacciones nucleares, r da lugar a nuevos iones en el
material y, por tanto, a impurificación
a del material
(fundamentalmente H y He pero también otras)
d del material (si son
– Da lugar también, a la activación
radiactivos), lo que hace necesario
i el desarrollo de materiales
de baja activación
– La cantidad y tipo producido esa función de la partícula incidente,
c incide
su energía y el ión sobre el que
i
• Defectos puntuales (vacantes ó e intersticiales)
– Función de la partícula incidente,
n su energía, las características
del material y su temperatura
– Una vez producidos, pueden moverse atrapándose en defectos
previamente existentes o en otros creados nuevos dando lugar
a defectos extensos (dislocaciones, huecos, lazos,…)
– Pueden llegar a producirse cambios estructurales en el material,
amorfización, nuevos compuestos, …

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
5
10
MANET-II Priority:
4 OPTIFER
10
EUROFER-97 Low activation capability
3 F82H-mod
10 EUROFER ref.
Surface Gamma Dose Rate [Sv/h]

FE
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10 High Level Waste
-2 Remote Recycling Level
10 Medium Level Waste
-3 Long term irradiation
10 (12.5 MWa/m2) of a
Low Level Waste DEMO reactor first wall
-4
1x10 Hands-on Level

1x10
-5 • Huge Progress in the development
-6
of reduced activation FM steels:
10 • „Low level waste“ already after
-7 ~100 years
10 -3 -2 -1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 • No “high level” waste disposal
• The impurities Nb and Mo are
Time after Irradiation [y] dominating the hatched area

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


5
10
MANET-II Priority:
4 OPTIFER
10
EUROFER-97 Low activation capability
3 F82H-mod
10 EUROFER ref.
Surface Gamma Dose Rate [Sv/h]

FE
2
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10 High Level Waste
-2 Remote Recycling Level
10 Medium Level Waste
-3 Long term irradiation
10 (12.5 MWa/m2) of a
Low Level Waste DEMO reactor first wall
-4
1x10 Hands-on Level

1x10
-5 • Huge Progress in the development
-6
of reduced activation FM steels:
10 • „Low level waste“ already after
-7 ~100 years
10 -3 -2 -1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 • No “high level” waste disposal
• The impurities Nb and Mo are
Time after Irradiation [y] dominating the hatched area

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


l
a
• Transmutación
– Mediante reacciones nucleares, r da lugar a nuevos iones en el
material y, por tanto, a impurificación
a del material
(fundamentalmente H y He pero también otras)
d del material (si son
– Da lugar también, a la activación
radiactivos), lo que hace necesario
i el desarrollo de materiales
de baja activación
– La cantidad y tipo producido esa función de la partícula incidente,
c incide
su energía y el ión sobre el que
i
• Defectos puntuales (vacantes ó e intersticiales)
– Función de la partícula incidente,
n su energía, las características
del material y su temperatura
– Una vez producidos, pueden moverse atrapándose en defectos
previamente existentes o en otros creados nuevos dando lugar
a defectos extensos (dislocaciones, huecos, lazos,…)
– Pueden llegar a producirse cambios estructurales en el material,
amorfización, nuevos compuestos, …

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Irradiation effects Displacement damage & Helium

Atomic displacements („dpa“)

MD simulation of a displacement cascade But, be aware of the He


produced by a 10 keV primary knock-on atom role!!!!
in an fcc lattice (Ghaly and Averback)

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Why is the He/dpa ratio important for fusion materials?

He bubbles

Swelling ∆V/V0 (%)


Zinkle, ORNL

50 nm
Materna-Morris, FZK, IMF-I
He/dpa ratio (appm He/dpa)

He bubbles
 can cause severe grain boundary embrittlement at high temp. (fcc alloys)
 can severely enhance fracture toughness degradation at low temp. (bcc alloys)

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


• Todos estos efectos dan lugar a modificaciones de
las propiedades de los materiales, dando lugar a,
por ejemplo:

– Fragilización (embrittlement)
– Hinchamiento (swelling)
– Endurecimiento (hardening)
– Fluencia (creep)
– Cambios en las propiedades ópticas o eléctricas
– Corrosión inducida por radiación
– Difusión inducida por radiación
– ……

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Materiales estructurales en el Programa Europeo

RAFM steel EUROFER 9Cr 1.2W Ta V


Composición ajustada para reducir la activación y la producción de
residuos
Ventana operacional 300-550°C

Mayor grado de riesgo


Mayor interés
Aceros reforzados mediante dispersión de óxidos y/o
nanostructurados
Podrían reemplazar al EUROFER a medio plazo y podrían usarse
en los divertores refrigerados por gas:
Ventana operacional: 350-650°C para EUROFER-ODS y hasta 750°C
para los aceros ferríticos 12-14% ODS

Composites de SiCf/SiC
Ventana operacional 600-1100°C
A corto plazo, como aislante (ventana necesaria: 500-
800°C)

Aleaciones de wolframio
De interés para la regiones de alta temperatura en los divertores
refrigerados por gas

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fracture Toughness of BCC Structural Alloys
- Effect of impurities -

Fracture Toughness (tenacidad a la fractura): resistencia a la fractura cuando existe una grieta

Significant improvements in
Submerged-Arc Welds resistance to low temperature
Irradiation: 1 x 1023 n/m2, 288°C
Normalized To Unirradiated Curve radiation embrittlement by selective
150 Upper Shelf alloying:
Charpy Energy (J)

Unirradiated
- reduced Cu contents in steels
- minimized P, S, Ca contents
100 0.06% Cu Loss in RAFM steels
Irradiated
Transition
Region
Shift Irradiation effects
50 0.30% Cu
Irradiated
Role in the operational window!!!
0 Ventana200
operacional
-200 -100 0 100 300
Temperature (°C)

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


RAFM Steels: Embrittlement

Effect of alloy composition Effect of irradiation


12 12

EUROFER 97 F82H mod


10 10 MANET-I
300°C/2.4 dpa
8 OPTIFER V 8 OPTIFER V
Energy [J]

Energy [J]
300°C/2.4 dpa
6 6
MANET-I
4 4

2 2

0 0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Test Temperature [°C]
Test Temperature [°C]

In contrast to conventional steels (MANET-I), RAFM steels show favourable


toughness and embrittlement properties

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fracture Toughness of RAFM Steel
- Low temperature irradiation embrittlement -

350

300 Conventional FM steels


250

200 Tirr = 300 - 330°C


DBTT [°C]

150
RAFM steels
100

50

0 Manet
F82H, various heats
-50 Eurofer 97, various heats
15-30 dpa data:
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 C. Petersen et al.,
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005
Damage dose [dpa]

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fracture Toughness of RAFM Steel
- Low temperature helium embrittlement -

dpa Helium
effect effect
USE
Charpy Impact Energy [J]

unirradiated
irradiated in HFR
at 250°C to 0.2 dpa,
ca. 8 appm He

irradiated in Dual Beam


USE/2 18°C 26°C at 250°C to 0.2 dpa,
300 appm He
-24°C
-50°C
-68°C

F82H

R. Lindau, A. Möslang, D. Preininger, M. Rieth

Test Temperature [°C] and H.D. Röhrig; JNM. 271&272 (1999) 450 .
Need specifically designed materials to mitigate neutron radiation effects

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Effect of Irradiation Temperature on
Embrittlement of Irradiated RAFM Steels

EUROFER 97 ANL
100 EUROFER 97 WB
F82H-mod
OPTIFER-Ia Higher DBTT are
GA3X
?
DBTT (°C)

50 observed at lower
irradiation
0
RAFM steels temperatures
(Tirr < 300°C).

-50
DBTT shift is of less
concern for Tirr > 350°C.
250 300 350 400 450
T irr (°C)
16 dpa E. Gaganidze, FZK

Future Need: Quantify additional influence on Helium on


microstructure and mechanical properties
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Fracture Toughness of RAFM Steel
- Low temperature irradiation hardening -

Conventional FM steel
RAFM steel

RAFM steels (like F82H mod)


show significant improvements
in irradiation hardening
compared to conventional
FM steels (like MANET 1, HT9)

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Effect of Annealing

Recovery of properties

Unirradiated

Irradiated and
annealed

Irradiated
15 dpa, 330°C EUROFER 97

C. Petersen et al, FZK, FEC 2006


• Effect of repeated annealing/irradiation ?
• Effect of large He concentrations (Fusion Reactor)?
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Welds: Characterization Needs

2005
Y. Poitevin, E. Diegele, M. Zmitko
40 mm

First Wall / Cap

FW / Manifold

Grid

Pipe / Manifold
# 35 Pipe 2.5 mm
40 mm Plate

Plates 5, 11, 20, 40 mm 5- 40 mm


Closure plate Butt & T
Pipes Connections … and a lot more !

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fracture Toughness of RAFM Steel- Welds:
Charpy Tests with Notch in Heat Affected Zone

TIG 10 mm

EB

TIG 5 mm
Laser
FER
O

TIG 5 mm
EUR

TIG 10 mm

M. Rieth
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fracture Toughness of RAFM Steel - Welds:
Charpy Tests with Notch in welded Zone

EB and Laser welding


requires only
EB post weld heat
treatment at
700 °C/2h
Laser
FER

TIG 5 mm
O

TIG 10 mm
EUR

(1) For depth below 10 mm, laser welding is well (best) suited.
(2) TIG is recommended as another (second) option.
(3) M. Rieth
Post Weld Heat Treatment is essential.
ICFRM-12, Dec 2005
(4) Electron Beam: Narrow fusion zone and brittle joints.
Recommended
MINA2008, Ibarra,only
Nov.for
08low penetration depth
Ferritic/martensitic steels Comparison of creep

Comparison of thermal Creep (fluencia): Deformación a tensión constante


creep-rupture strengths
Developmental
reduced
activation steels
IEA fusion
reduced
activation steel
(F82H mod,
EUROFER)
Commercial
ferritic steel
(HT9)
Fusion-developed steels have
superior tensile strength, irradiated
fracture toughness, uniform
elongation and thermal conductivity

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fatigue of RAFM Steels: Isothermal fatigue

Standard testing method


1.8
1.6
1.4
EUROFER 97
T=250oC

TOTAL STRAIN RANFE ∆ε t, %


1.2
1

0.8 T=RT

0.6 o
T=450 C

0.4 T=650°C

o
0.3 T=550 C

0.2
500 1000 10000 100000 600000
NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE

 All 9%CrWTa-type RAFM steel have very similar Fatigue properties


 Below a total strain range of ~0.3-0.4% the fatigue life is almost infinite
Kolloquium anlässlich 65. Geburtstag Prof. Dr. K. Ehrlich, 8.12.2000

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


Fatigue of RAFM Steels Isothermal creep-fatigue

3000
NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE, Nf

EUROFER 97
2500 T=550°C ∆εt=1.0%
ZERO
2000 HOLD TIME TENSION HOLD TIME

1500

SYMMETRICAL HOLD TIME


1000

COMPRESSION HOLD TIME


600
4 10 100 600
TIME PER CYCLE, S
Symmetrical hold times reduce fatigue life moderately,
Compression hold times are most damaging
C.Petersen et al, FZK
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
RAFM Steels Thermo mechanical fatigue

HTH = Hold Time at High temperature


Thermal Fatigue
[%] at N /2
5.8 K/s
2.0 HTL = Hold Time at Low temperature

f
HTHL = Hold Time at both temperatures
(Temperature Control, ∆T= variable)

HTHL
o
Hold Time 1000 s: 100-500 C
t,m

o
100-550 C
Total Mechanical Strain Range, ∆ε

without Hold Time: o


1.0 HTHL
100-500 C
0.9 o
100-550 C
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 HTL

HTH
0.4 HTL
HTH

0.3
EUROFER 97:
cylindrical sample

0.2 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 2 10 3 104 10 5
10 10 10 10
Number of Cycles to Failure, N [-]
f
Number of cycle to failure Nf
100 – 500°C: 1000 s Hold time at both temperatures (HTHL)
reduces Nf significantly;
The temperature window ∆T of today’s PPCS is fortunately much smaller
C.Petersen et al, FZK
MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08
Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels

Advantages
Broad industrial experience in nuclear and non-nuclear facilities with
commercial FM steels of type 10-12% CrMoNbV up to ~140 dpa
Thermo-physical properties superior to austenitic steels like 316LN
Sufficient corrosion resistance in Pb-Li-Blankets
Sufficient compatibility with He gas as coolant
Good resistance against stress-corrosion cracking in water and steam
Irradiation resistance:
- Compared to SS almost negligible He and dpa induced swelling & creep
- Compared to many fcc metals no “high temperature helium embritlement”
Largely adjustable mechanical properties by dedicated heat treatments

Existing Disadvantages
DBTT increase with irradiation and He content, but RAFM superior to FM
4-5 joining procedures available, but heat treatment necessary after joining
Tmax ≅ 550 °C due to high temperature creep

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08


End

MINA2008, Ibarra, Nov. 08

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