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highlights
MM 201
X‐Rays
• Generation of xays‐
‐ X‐ray tube details and working.
‐ . .
‐ K.E. of electrons goes to‐ heat about 99% and rest 1% emits as radiation ( that’s
why, we need water cooled anode, normally Cu)
• White radiation (origin‐ deceleration of incoming electrons)
‐ λSWL corresponds to the maximum K.E. of electron
• Charecteristic radiation ( origin‐ transition of electron of outer shell back to its inner
shell after inner‐shell ionization, where inner‐shell ionization process is the knocking of
the inner shell electron by the incoming electron)
‐ Kα and Kβ
‐ Generally interested in Cu‐ Kα (λ= 1.54 Å), because for diffraction to take place
wavelength should be of the same order of lattice parameter.
• Absorption‐
‐ I = I0 e−μx
‐ I = I0 e−(μ/ρ)ρx
‐ Mass absorption coefficient, μ/ρ = kλ3Z3
‐ Higher the energy of beam, less absorption
‐ Variation of mass adsorption coefficient with wavelength, 1)scattering part and 2)
electronic absorption edge
‐ In general, for any substance‐ μ/ρ = w1(μ/ρ)1 + w2 (μ/ρ)2 +….
• Filters- (mechanism?)
‐ Before filter I(Kα)/I(Kβ)= 2 or 3, after filter I(Kα)/I(Kβ)= 500.
‐ Ni (Z= 28)filter is used for Cu (Z=29) target and for Mo(Z=42) target we use Zr
(Z=40)filter