Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering

ISSN: (Print) 2234-8972 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjee20

Analysis of Secondary Arc Extinction Effects

according to the Application of Shunt Reactor and
High Speed Grounding Switches in Transmission
Systems

Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho, Ji-Kyung Park, Yun-Sik Oh, Chul-Hwan Kim,
Wan-Jong Kim, Hwa-Jin Oh, Junh-Jae Yang, Tomonobu Senjyu & Toshihisa
Funabashi

To cite this article: Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho, Ji-Kyung Park, Yun-Sik Oh, Chul-Hwan
Kim, Wan-Jong Kim, Hwa-Jin Oh, Junh-Jae Yang, Tomonobu Senjyu & Toshihisa Funabashi
(2014) Analysis of Secondary Arc Extinction Effects according to the Application of Shunt Reactor
and High Speed Grounding Switches in Transmission Systems, Journal of International Council on
Electrical Engineering, 4:4, 324-329, DOI: 10.1080/22348972.2014.11011891

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2014.11011891

Copyright 2014 Taylor and Francis Group Published online: 04 Nov 2014.
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Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.324~329, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/JICEE.2014.4.4.324

Analysis of Secondary Arc Extinction Effects according to the Application

of Shunt Reactor and High Speed Grounding Switches in Transmission
Systems

Seung-Hyun Sohn†, Gyu-Jung Cho*, Ji-Kyung Park*, Yun-Sik Oh*, Chul-Hwan Kim*, Wan-Jong
Kim**, Hwa-Jin Oh**, Junh-Jae Yang**, Tomonobu Senjyu*** and Toshihisa Funabashi§

Abstract – When secondary arc is caused by single phase tripping, arc should be extinguished prior to
high speed reclosing which can make the system restore. In this paper, we analyzes secondary arc
extinction by applying two methods that are shunt reactor and High Speed Grounding Switches (HSGS).
To verify the effects of these methods in arc extinction aspects, two factors are discussed. One is
secondary arc extinction time, and another is recovery voltage. Especially, secondary arc waveform and
amplitude value are analyzed to identify the effects of arc extinction methods. Simulation is conducted by
using ElectroMagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) based on actual Korea 765kV transmission system.

Keywords: Secondary Arc Current, Shunt Reactor, High Speed Grounding Switches, Recovery
Voltage

1. Introduction transmission lines [1]-[2].

Electricity, produced at nuclear power plant and thermal
power plant in Korea, is concentrated in the capital area.
Since 765kV transmission lines from these power plants are
start points of transmission, improvement of stability and
protection in 765kV transmission systems have become
growing issues. Thus, the studies about fault and fault
clearing on transmission line have been required.
The magnitude of secondary arc current following the
primary arc that occurred for circuit breaker operation on
single phase to ground fault is proportional to the length of
lines, system voltage. Since these factors can affect time of
arc extinction, it is need to analyze the secondary arc effect
on 765kV transmission line system that has relatively long
line length and large system voltage.
When secondary arc current is not extinguished,
reclosing causes additional fault, and delayed arc extinction
makes dead time increase and system unstable. Thus,
various methods of secondary arc extinction like shunt
reactor, HSGS and line sectionalizing had been applied on
† Corresponding Author: College of Information and Communication
Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea (sons88@hanmail.net)
* College of Information and Communication Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
** Korea Power eXchange, KPX, Korea
*** Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the
Ryukyus, Japan
§ Meidensha Corporation, Japan
Received: September 14, 2014; Accepted: September 22, 2014
In this paper, we explain the secondary arc and arc
extinction methods, shunt reactor and HSGS, in section II.
In section III, we analyze the secondary arc extinction time
and recovery voltage. Also, we compare the arc extinction
performance of shunt reactor with that of HSGS based on
simulation results. To verify the effects of secondary arc
extinction methods, we conduct simulations based on Korea
765kV transmission systems using EMTP.
2. Secondary Arc
2.1 Definition of Secondary Arc
Single pole tripping and reclosing for single phase fault
is generally adopted in EHV and UHV transmission lines to
improve system stability. When single phase fault occurs,
circuit breakers trip to clear the fault. Thus, power is not
supplied through fault phase. However, arc current is
generated since the capacitive coupling between the fault
phase and the two healthy phases [3]. In balanced and
transposed single transmission line, secondary arc current is
induced by coupling of electrostatic and electromagnetic
current that are occurred in two healthy phases [4].
Therefore, secondary arc current can be expressed as
equation (1).
I s = I sc + I sm (1)

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 Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho, Ji-Kyung Park, Yun-Sik Oh, Chul-Hwan Kim, Wan-Jong Kim, Hwa-Jin Oh, Junh-Jae Yang, ~
Where,
I sc : electrostatic current induced in healthy phase
I sm : electromagnetic current induced in healthy phase
I sc occurred by electrostatic coupling, is proportional to
the length and voltage of transmission line. Also, if
compensators are installed on line such as shunt reactor,
I sm can be produced by electromagnetic coupling. I sm is
produced by mutual induction according to several
variables such as line current, secondary arc extinction
method and load.
When secondary arc is extinguished, recovery voltage is
caused due to phase-to-phase capacitance and mutual
inductance in original arc path [5]. When the secondary arc
current and recovery voltage in high level, the arc
extinction time will be longer. For successful reclosing and
recovering transmission line, secondary arc current and
recovery voltage must be reduced and eliminated. Thus,
effective methods must be used to reduce the secondary arc
current and recovery voltage for successful restoration of
system by rapid arc extinction [6].
2.2 Methods of Secondary Arc Extinction
2.2.1 Shunt Reactor
When transmission line is energized, large charging
current can be generated by shunt capacitance which exists
between each phases of line and between phase conductors
and ground [7]. Due to charging current, Ferranti
phenomena, the voltage of receiving end can be greater
than that of sending end, can occur. To prevent Ferranti
phenomena and compensate the line, shunt reactor is used
on transmission line.
Fig. 1. Transmission Line with Shunt Reactor.
As shown in Fig. 1, shunt reactors are connected to both
325
ends of transmission line in parallel. When single phase to
ground fault occurs, shunt reactors can compensate voltage
to line by providing lagging current. The reactor bank
extinguishes secondary arc by neutralizing the secondary
arc current. In compensation scheme, compensation degree
is an important factor because the capacity of reactor is
decided by compensation degree.
The relations that calculate the compensation degree and
neutral reactor value are shown in equation (2) and (3) [8].
1 (2)
F=
X eq ⋅ ωC1
ω (C1 − C0 ) (3)
Xn =
3F ⋅ ωC1 ⋅ [ωC0 − (1 − F ) ⋅ ωC1 ]
Where,
ω : frequency
Xn : reactance of neutral reactor
C1 : positive sequence line capacitance
C0 : zero sequence line capacitance
F : compensation degree
Xeq: equivalent reactance of shunt reactor
2.2.2 High Speed Grounding Switches
HSGS can extinguish the secondary arc rapidly by using
the grounding switch that has smaller impedance than that
of secondary arc path. However, HSGS has a disadvantage
in cost aspects [9]. HSGS are installed at both ends of the
UHV transmission line shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Transmission Line with HSGS.
.
When single phase to ground fault occurs, HSGS
grounds the fault phase and provides new path that arc
current flows. The operating sequence of HSGS is as
follow:
1) Single phase to ground fault is occurred and primary
 Analysis of Secondary Arc Extinction Effects according to the Application of Shunt Reactor and High Speed Grounding Switches ~

arc is generated. Shunt reactor bank is installed the additional reactor on

2) Circuit breakers of fault phase are tripped and secondary neutral point, thus 1 bank consists of 4 reactors. Shunt
arc is generated. reactor bank is installed on both end of line. Fig. 3
3) Leader switch of HSGS closes, and then closed loop is describes 765kV Transmission system in Korea including
formed through the arc path and electromagnetic shunt reactor.
induction current (I1) flows in that path. Through the equation (2) and (3), the neutral reactor
4) Follower switch of HSGS closes, and then another values, which depends on compensation degree, are
closed loop that electromagnetic induction current calculated. Table 2 shows the neutral reactor values
(I2) flows in is formed. according to compensation degree.
5) HSGS are opened.
6) Circuit breakers are closed to recover the line. Table 2. Neutral Reactor Values according to Compensation
Degree
Compensation degree (%) Neutral reactor (Ω)
3. Simulation Result and Analysis 30 ∞
35 757.49
40 335.92
3.1 Simulation Conditions 45 199.97
50 135.29
In both case of shunt reactor and HSGS, simulation 55 98.53
model system is Korea 765kV transmission system. Also, 60 75.33
fault type is single phase to ground fault(A phase) and fault 65 59.64
70 48.48
location is middle of the line between Bus 1 and Bus 2.
Table 1 shows simulation conditions. Also, pre-simulation
is set as follow: 3.1.2 Case 2 : High Speed Grounding Switches

1) Fault occurred : 0.2s Fig. 4 describes Korea 765kV Transmission system

2) Circuit breaker tripping : 0.2833s including HSGS. Generally, after circuit breaker trips,
3) Circuit breaker reclosing : 1.2833s closing time of HSGS is delayed for 0.167s~0.25s to
recognize faulted phase. Also, HSGS is opened
Table 1. Simulation Conditions 0.167s~0.25s earlier than circuit breaker reclosing to check
Case Arc Extinction Method
arc extinction in Korea transmission system. According to
1 Shunt Reactor HSGS operation scheme in Korea transmission line, after
2 High Speed Grounding Switches the circuit breaker tripping HSGS’s closing time is delayed
for 0.17s and HSGS’s opening time is delayed for 0.6434s
3.1.1 Case 1 : Shunt Reactor to ensure secondary arc extinction.

Fig. 3. Korea 765kV Transmission System including Shunt

Reactor. Fig. 4. Korea 765kV Transmission System including HSGS.

326
 Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho, Ji-Kyung Park, Yun-Sik Oh, Chul-Hwan Kim, Wan-Jong Kim, Hwa-Jin Oh, Junh-Jae Yang, ~

Table 3 shows the operation sequence of HSGS for single line has 40% compensation by shunt reactor, arc extinction
phase to ground fault. time is 1.001s. It is longer than the case that line has no
compensation. However, neutral reactor value for 40%
Table 3. Specific Operation Sequence of HSGS compensated line is improper to compensate effectively and
Operating Status Operating Time (s) it causes increased duration of secondary arc current,
Fault occur 0.2 considerably.
Circuit breaker trip 0.2833
Fig. 6 shows the waveform of secondary arc current when
Leader HSGS close 0.4533
transmission line is compensated by shunt reactor. As
Follower HSGS close 0.4699
HSGS open 1.1133 shown in Fig. 6, the duration time of secondary arc current
Circuit breaker reclose 1.2833 is reduced according to application of shunt reactor.
Considerable reduction of arc extinction time about 0.329s
3.2 Simulation Result : Secondary Arc Extinction Time is obtained by applying shunt reactor which compensates
the line 70%.
3.2.1 Case 1 Therefore in this model system, compensation degree by
shunt reactor is meaningful from 45% to 70%. Those
Table 4 and Fig. 5 show simulation results of the arc compensation degrees have excellent performance in
extinction time when compensation degrees are 40~70%. aspects of arc extinction.
Numerical simulation results show a trend that arc
extinction time decreases as line compensation degree No Compensation Arc Extinction: 0.978s
(No Shunt reactor)
increases.

Table 4. Arc Extinction Time according to Compensation

Degree
Compensation Neutral Reactor Arc Extinction
degree (%) (Ω) Time (s)
0 - 0.978 70% Compensation Arc Extinction
: 0.649s
40 335.92 1.001
45 199.97 0.916
50 135.29 0.849
55 98.53 0.782
60 75.33 0.732
65 59.64 0.682
70 48.48 0.649
Fig. 6. Secondary Arc Current according to Compensation
Degree.

3.2.2 Case 2

Arc Extinction : 0.460s

Fig. 5. Arc Extinction Time according to Compensation

Degree.

To obtain effective compensation effect, appropriate

neutral reactor is necessary to compensate for phase-to- Fig. 7. Secondary Arc Current according to Application of
phase capacitance completely. In the case that transmission HSGS.

327
 Analysis of Secondary Arc Extinction Effects according to the Application of Shunt Reactor and High Speed Grounding Switches ~

Fig. 7 shows the waveform of secondary arc current when compensated line has smaller than that of not compensated
transmission line is equipped with HSGS. Secondary arc line. Therefore, secondary arc can be extinguished more
current persists until 0.460s, and then it is extinguished. quickly when shunt reactor is applied.
Comparison of two methods, shunt reactor and HSGS, is
shown in Table 5. In aspects of arc extinction time, HSGS
makes the arc extinction time shorter than shunt reactor
which compensates the line by 70%. It shows that HSGS’s
performance of arc extinction is better than that of shunt
reactor since HSGS can extinguish the arc current quickly
by providing low impedance path. The arc extinction speed
through the low impedance path is significantly faster than
the arc extinction speed through compensation by shunt
reactor.

Table 5. Arc Extinction Time according to Arc Extinction

Method Fig. 8. Peak value of Recovery Voltage according to
Arc Extinction Method Arc Extinction Time (s)
Compensation Degree.
Shunt Reactor
0.649
(70% compensation)
High Speed No Compensation
0.460 (No Shunt reactor) Peak : 401.297kV
Grounding Switch

3.3 Simulation Result : Recovery Voltage

Recovery Voltage

3.3.1 Case 1
70% Compensation Peak : 34.639kV
Recovery voltage appears across the secondary arc path
when the arc is extinguished [10]. Therefore, each case has
Recovery Voltage
different recovery voltage duration time because they have
different arc extinction time.
Table 6 and Fig. 8 show simulation results of the peak
value of recovery voltage when compensation degrees are
40~70%. Numerical simulation result shows a trend that Fig. 9. Recovery Voltage according to Compensation Degree.
recovery voltage decreases when line compensation degree
increases. Trend of peak value of recovery voltage is 3.3.2 Case 2
similar with arc extinction time.
When HSGS is applied to transmission line, recovery
Table 6. Recovery Voltage according to Compensation voltage appears in time interval between leader and
Degree follower switch closing [11]. Fig. 10 shows the waveform
Compensation Recovery voltage Peak Value of Recovery of recovery voltage when transmission line is equipped
degree (%) duration time (s) Voltage (kV) with HSGS. As shown Fig. 10, recovery voltage occurs
40 1.001 ~ 1.2833 172.992 from secondary arc extinction time, 0.460s, to HSGS open
45 0.916 ~ 1.2833 119.437 time, 1.1133s. The voltage that occurs after HSGS open is
50 0.849 ~ 1.2833 86.164
induced voltage which is caused by other two healthy
55 0.782 ~ 1.2833 67.403
60 0.732 ~ 1.2833 52.312 phases. As shown in Fig. 10, the peak magnitude of
65 0.682 ~ 1.2833 42.568 recovery voltage is 5666.3V.
70 0.649 ~ 1.2833 34.639 Comparison of two methods, shunt reactor and HSGS, is
shown in Table 7. HSGS has smaller peak value of recovery
Fig. 9 shows the waveform of recovery voltage when voltage than shunt reactor which compensates the line by
transmission line is compensated by shunt reactor. As 70%. This result is also caused by expediting arc extinction
shown in Fig. 9, the magnitude of recovery voltage of of HSGS. Therefore, in both aspects that are arc extinction

328
 Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho, Ji-Kyung Park, Yun-Sik Oh, Chul-Hwan Kim, Wan-Jong Kim, Hwa-Jin Oh, Junh-Jae Yang, ~
time and magnitude of recovery voltage, HSGS have
appeared higher performance than shunt reactor.
Peak : 5.666kV
Recovery Voltage
Fig. 10. Recovery Voltage according to Application of HSGS.
Table 7. Recovery Voltage according to Arc Extinction
Method
Peak value of
Arc Extinction Method
Recovery Voltage (kV)
Shunt Reactor
34.639
(70% compensation)
High Speed
5.666
Grounding Switch
4. Conclusions
In this paper, secondary arc extinction effects according
to application of shunt reactor and HSGS are discussed. For
simulation, Korea 765kV transmission line is modeled by
EMTP. In case that applying shunt reactor, line
compensation degree above 45% are meaningful in arc
extinction aspects in modeled system. In addition,
according to compensation degree, arc extinction time and
magnitude of recovery voltage are changed considerably.
Therefore, when system includes shunt reactor, it is
important to compute the neutral reactor value which is
closely connected with compensation degree properly.
In case that applying HSGS, HSGS show great
performance on arc extinction. According to results of
simulation, HSGS is regarded as a better method than shunt
reactor in arc extinction aspects. However, shunt reactor has
an advantage of line compensation but HSGS require
specific operation characteristic. Therefore, additional
studies that consider various aspects(such as cost) and more
simulations are required to obtain practical application
effect.
329
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