10 State Space Analysis

Smart Course Questions : . Common Data For Questions 3 & 4 .

The signal flow graph of a system is shown
. Statement For Linked Answer Qu. 1 & 2 . below.
The state space equation of a system is 1
described by U(s)
2 1/s 1/s 0.5
Y(s)
x = Ax + Bu 1
–1
y = Cx
–1
Where x is state vector, u is input, y is [GATE EC 2010, IIT Guwahati]
0 1  0 Q.3 The state variable representation of the
output and A=  , B =  ,
0 −2  1  system can be
C = [1 0] .  1 1 0
(A) x =   x +  u
[GATE EE 2008, IISc Bangalore]  −1 0  2
Q.1 The transfer function G(s) of this system y = [ 0 0.5] x
will be
 −1 1  0
s s +1 (B) x =   x + 2 u
(A) (B)  −1 0   
( s + 2) s ( s − 2)
y = [ 0 0.5] x
s 1
(C) (D)  1 1 0
( s − 2) s ( s + 2) (C) x =   x +  u
 −1 0  2
Q.2 A unity feedback is provided to the above
y = [ 0.5 0.5] x
system G(s) to make it a closed loop system
as shown in figure.  −1 1  0
(D) x =   x +  u
r (t ) S G (s) y (t )  −1 0  2
y = [ 0.5 0.5] x
Q.4 The transfer function of the system is
For a unit step input r(t), the steady state s +1 s −1
(A) (B)
error in the output will be s2 + 1 s2 + 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 s +1 s −1
(C) 2 (D) 2
(C) 2 (D) ∞ s + s +1 s + s +1
GATE ACADEMY® 131 State Space Analysis
Q.5 A linear system is described by the with the initial condition x(0) = [−1 3]T and
following state equation. the unit step input u(t)
 0 1 [GATE EE 2005, IIT Bombay]
x = Ax(t ) + Bu (t ) where A =  
 −1 0 Q.8 The state transition matrix will be
The state-transition matrix of the system is  1 
 1 (1 − e− 3t )
[GATE EC 2006, IIT Kharagpur] (A) 3
 
 cos t sin t   − cos t sin t  0 e−3t 
(A)  (B) 
 − sin t cos t  
 − sin t − cos t   1 −t 
 1 ( e − e − 3t ) 
 − cos t − sin t  cos t − sin t  (B) 3
(C)  (D)   
 e− t
 − sin t cos t  cos t sin t  0 

Q.6 The state variable representation of a system  1 −t 

 1 ( e − e − 3t ) 
is given as (C) 3
 
0 e − 3t 
0 1  1 
x =   x, x (0) =  
 0 −1 0  1 (1 − e− t ) 
(D)  
y = [0 1] x 0 e− t 

The response y(t) is Q.9 The state transition equation will be

[GATE EC 2015, IIT Kanpur] t − e − t   t − e− t 
(A) x(t ) =  − t  (B) x(t ) =  − 3t 
(A) sin(t ) (B) 1 − e t  e   −3e 
(C) 1 − cos(t ) (D) 0 t − e− 3t  t − e− 3t 
(C) x(t ) =  − 3t  (D) x(t ) =  − t 
Q.7 Consider the system described by following  3e   e 
state space equations Q.10 A linear time-invariant system is described
 x1   0 1   x1   0  by the state variable model
 x  =  −1 −1  x  +  1  u ;
 2   2    x1   −1 0   x1   0 
 x  =  0 −2   x  + 1  u
x   2    2  
y = [1 0 ]  1 
 x2  x 
and y = [1 2]  1 
If u is unit step input, then the steady state  x2 
error of the system is (A) The system is completely controllable.
[GATE EE 2014, IIT Kharagpur] (B) The system is not completely
1 controllable.
(A) 0 (B)
2 (C) The system is completely observable.
(C)
2
(D) 1 (D) The system is not completely
3 observable.
. Statement For Linked Answer Qu. 8 & 9 . Q.11 A system is described by the state equation
x = Ax + Bu .The output is given by y = Cx .
A state variable system
0 1  1   − 4 −1 1
x (t ) =  x(t ) +   u (t ) where A =   , B = 1 , C = [1 0]
  3 −1 
 0 − 3 0 
Control Systems [Smart Course] 132 GATE ACADEMY®
Transfer function G(s) of the system is  1 0 0  0 1 0
s 1 (A)  0 1 0  (B)  0
 0 1 
(A) (B) 
2
s + 5s + 7 2
s + 5s + 7  − 1 2 − 4   − 1 2 − 4 
s 1 0 1 0  1 0 0
(C) 2
(D) 2
s + 3s + 2 s + 3s + 2 
(C) 3 − 2 1  (D)  0 0 1 
 
Y (s) 1 − 2 4   − 1 2 − 4 
Q.12 The transfer function of a system
U (s)
Q.16 The state space representation of a system is
described by the state equations
by
x (t ) = − 2 x(t ) + 2u (t ) and y(t ) = 0.5 x(t ) is
0 1 1 
0.5 1 x =   x +   u , y = [1 0]x .
(A) (B) 0 −3  0 
( s − 2) ( s − 2)
Y (s)
0.5 1 The transfer function of the system
(C) (D) U (s)
( s + 2) ( s + 2)
will be
Q.13 The zero-input response of a system given
1 1
by the state-space equation (A) (B)
s s ( s + 3)
 x1  1 0   x1   x1 (0)  1 
 x  = 1 1   x  and  x (0)  = 0 is 1 1
 2    2  2    (C) (D)
s+3 s2
tet   et  Q.17 The transfer function of the system
(A)   (B)  
described by the state-space equations
t  t 
 x1   −4 −1  x1  1
 et  t   x  =  −3 + u,
−1  x2  1
(C)  t  (D)  t   2 
te  te 
x 
Q.14 A second order system starts with an initial y = [1 0]  1  is
 x2 
2
condition of   without any external input. s 2s
3 (A) 2
(B) 2
s + 5s + 1 s + 5s + 1
The state transition matrix for the system is
3s 4s
e − 2t 0  (C) 2
(D) 2
given by  −t 
. The state of the s + 5s + 1 s + 5s + 1
 0 e  Q.18 A system is represented in state-space as
system at the end of 1 second is given by,
 1 2 1
x = Ax + Bu where A =   and B =   .
0.271 0.135 α 6  1
(A)   (B)  
1.100 0.368 The value of α for which the system is not
 0.271 0.135 controllable is _________.
(C)   (D)   Q.19 Consider the system described by the
0.736 1.100 
following state space representation
Q.15 For a system with the transfer function
 x1 (t )  0 1   x1 (t )  0 
3(s − 2)  x (t )  = 0 −2   x (t )  + 1  u (t ),
H ( s) = 3 , the matrix A in the  2     2   
s + 4s2 − 2s + 1
state space form x = Ax + Bu is equal to  x (t ) 
y (t ) = [1 0]  1 
 x2 (t ) 
GATE ACADEMY® 133 State Space Analysis

 x (0)  1  (A) y (t ) = 2e2t (B) y (t ) = 4e2t

If u(t ) is a unit step input and  1  =  
 x2 (0)  0 (C) y (t ) = 2e4t (D) y (t ) = 4e4t
the value of output y(t ) at t = 1sec (rounded Q.24 A state space representation for the transfer
off to three decimal places) is _________. Y (s) s+6
function = 2 is x = Ax + Bu ,
Q.20 The system represented by the state-variable U ( s ) s + 5s + 6
model  0 1 0 
 0 −1 1  y = Cx . Where A=  , B =  .
x =   x +  u  − 6 − 5 1 
 1 −2  2 The value of C will be
(A) Oscillatory 1
(B) Critically damped (A)   (B) [6 1]
(C) Overdamped 2
 1 2
(D) Underdamped (C)   (D) [1 6]
Q.21 A linear second order single input  −1 0 
continuous time system is described by the Q.25 Consider the state space model of a system,
following set of differential equations as given below
x1 (t ) = −2 x1 (t ) + 4 x2 (t )  x1   −1 1 0   x1   0 
x2 (t ) = 2 x1 (t ) − x2 (t ) + u (t )  x  =  0 −1 0   x  +  4  u ,
 2   2  
where x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are the state variables  x3   0 0 −2   x3   0 
and u (t ) is the control variable. The system  x1 
is y = [1 1 1]  x2 
(A) Controllable and stable.
 x3 
(B) Controllable but unstable.
(C) Uncontrollable and unstable. The system is
(D) Uncontrollable and stable. (A) Controllable and observable.
Q.22 The matrix of any state-space equations for (B) Uncontrollable and observable.
C ( s) (C) Uncontrollable and unobservable.
the transfer function of the system (D) Controllable and unobservable.
R( s )
shown below in figure is Q.26 For the system governed by the set of
1 equations
R( s) 3 C (s)
s dx1
= 2 x1 + x2 + u
dt
dx2
 −1 0  1 1 = − 2 x1 + u
(A)  (B)  dt
 
 0 −1 0 −1 y = 3 x1
(C) [ − 1] (D) [ 3]
Y ( s)
The transfer function is given by
 x1   2 0   x1  1 U ( s)
Q.23 For the system   =     +   [u ],
 x2   0 4  x2  1 3(s + 1) 3(2s + 1)
(A) 2 (B) 2
x  (s – 2s + 2) (s – 2s + 2)
y = [ 4 0]  1  where u = δ(t ) , the initial
 x2  (s + 1) 3(2s + 1)
(C) (D)
conditions are zero. The output y (t ) is (s2 – 2s + 1) (s2 – 2s + 2)
Control Systems [Smart Course] 134 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.27 The state-space representation in phase- Q.30 Eigen values of the system are
variable form for the transfer function (A) 1, 3 (B) − 1, − 3
2s + 1 (C) 1, − 3 (D) − 1, 3
G ( s) = 2
is
s + 7s + 9 Q.31 Characteristic equation for the system is
0 1 0  (A) s 2 − 4s + 3 = 0 (B) s 2 + 4s + 3 = 0
(A) x =   x +   u; y = [1 2]x
− 9 − 7  1  (C) s 2 − 2s + 3 = 0 (D) s 2 + 2s − 3 = 0
1 0 0  Q.32 Transfer function of the system is
(B) x =   x +   u; y = [0 1]x
− 9 − 7 1  (A)
s
(B)
1
s +1 s+3
 − 9 0  0 
(C) x =   x +   u; y = [2 0]x 1 s
 0 − 7 1 (C) (D) 2
s +1 s + 4s + 3
9 − 7  0  Q.33 The system transition matrix is
(D) x =   x +   u; y = [1 2]x
1 0  1  e− t 0   et 0
Q.28 The system dynamics is represented by the (A)   (B)  
0 e − 3t  0 e 3t 
state space equations
 4 0 1   e − 3t 0  e 3t 0
X =  X +   u , Y = [1 1] X the state (C)   (D)  
  0 e−t  0 et 
− 2 2 0
transition matrix of the system is Q.34 The system is
 e4t 0  e − 4t 0  (A) Controllable
(A)  2t 4 t  (B)  − 2 t − 4 t − 2t 
e − e e 2t  e − e e  (B) Observable
(C) Both controllable and observable
 e2t 0   e − 2t 0
(C)  4t 2t  (D)  − 4t  (D) Neither controllable nor observable
e − e e − 4t  e − e
− 2t
e 4t 
Q.35 The time response of the system is
Q.29 The system dynamics is represented by the
(A) Un-damped
state space equations
(B) Under-damped
 4 0 1 
X =   X +   u, Y = [1 1] X . The (C) Critically damped
 −2 2  0 
(D) Over-damped
transfer function of the system is
Q.36 Consider the following state-space
s 1
(A) (B) representation of a linear time-invariant
( s − 4)( s − 2) ( s − 4)( s − 2)
system.
1 1
(C) (D) 1 0  1
( s − 4) ( s − 2) x (t ) =   x(t ) , y (t ) = cT x(t ) , c =  
0 2  1
. Common Data For Questions 30 to 35 . 1
and x(0) =   . The value of y (t ) for
The state space equation is : 1
 x1   −1 0   x1  1  t = log e 2 is ______.
 x  =  0 − 3  x  + 0  u and
 2    2   Q.37 Consider the state space realization
x   x1 (t )  0 0   x1 (t )   0 
y = [1 1]  1   x (t )  = 0 − 9  x (t )  +  45 u (t ),
 x2   2    2   
GATE ACADEMY® 135 State Space Analysis

 x1 (0)  0 
with the initial condition  = 
 x2 (0)  0 
where, u (t ) denotes the unit step function.

The value of lim x12 (t ) + x22 (t ) is ___.

t →∞