Prob 1

Refrigerant - 134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated va

por at 1.4 Kg/cm2 and -10 deg C at a rate of 0.05 kg/s and leaves at 8.0 Kg/cm2 2
and 50 deg C. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26 deg C and
7.2 Kg/cm2 and is throttled to 1.5 Kg/cm2. Disregarding any heat transfer and
pressure drops in the connecting lines between the components, determine: 1
(a) The rate of heat removal from the reefrigerated space and the power input
to the compressor.
(b) The isentropic efficiency of the compressor 0
(c) The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.

Pressure Kg/cm2
Solution -1

On the p-h diagram of R-134a, construct:

1. Horizontal lines through pressure isobars at 1.4, 1.5, 7.2 and 8.0 Kg/cm2
-2
2. Locate the point of intersection between 1.5 and 7.2 Kg/cm2 isobars and
saturated vapor line.
3. Locate Point 1 at the intersection of 1.4 Kg/cm2 isobar and -10C isotherm.
-3
4. Locate Point 2 at the intersection of 8.0 Kg/cm2 isobar and 50 C isotherm.
5. Locate Point 3 at the intersection of 7.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and 26 C isotherm.
6. Locate Point 4 at the inersection of 1.5 Kg/cm2 isobar and vertical line from
-4
Point 3.
7. Locate Point 2s at the intersection of isentropic line through Point 1 and
intersection of line 2 - 3. -5
From the p-h diagram constructed as above:
At Point 1, h1 = 97.2 Kcal/Kg
At Point 2, h2 = 105.6 Kcal/Kg h2s = 103.2 Kcal/Kg
At Point 3, h3 = approx. hf @ 26 C = 57.2 Kcal/Kg
At Point 4, h4 = 57.2 Kcal/Kg (isenthalpic process)

(a) Rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space =( h1 - h4)*0.05 = (97.2 - 57.2)*0.05 = 40*0.05 Kcal/s = 2 Kcal/s
Power input to compressor = h2 - h1 = (105.6 - 97.2)*0.05 = 0.42*3600*0.0012 = 1.8 KW = Win

(b) Isentropic efficiency of the compressor = (h2s -h1)/(h2 - h1) = (103.3 - 97.2)/(105.6 - 97.2) = 72.6%

(c) Coefficient of performance of refrigerator = QL / Win = (h1 - h4)/(h2-h1) = (97.2 - 57.2) / (105.6 - 97.2) = 4.76
 2

Critical Point

Saturated liquid line

0
26 C
Saturated vapor line
8.0 kg/cm2
Pressure Kg/cm2

-1
7.2 Kg/cm2
3

-2

-3 1.5 Kg/cm2
4
1.4 Kg/cm2
1
-4 -10C

-5

Enthalpy Kcal/Kg

)*0.05 = 40*0.05 Kcal/s = 2 Kcal/s = QL

= 1.8 KW = Win

05.6 - 97.2) = 72.6%

- 57.2) / (105.6 - 97.2) = 4.76

 1MPa 10 kg/cm2
1KJ 0.24 Kcal

1 Kcal/h = 0.0012 Kw
Saturated vapor
2 line
2s 2
50 C
Prob 2

Consider a two - stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 8 Kg/cm2 and
1.4 Kg/cm2. Each stage operates on an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant 134a as the wor
Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger wher
streams enter at about 3.2 Kg/cm2. Ignore that the lower cycle has to operate at a higher pressure and temperature
heat transfer. Consider no subcooling of the liquid in the condenser and vapor at compressor inlet is saturated.
If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.05 Kg/s, evaluate:
(a) Mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle.
(b) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor.
(c) The cofficient of performance of the cascade refrigerator.

Operating principle of cascade refrigeration system:

See figure below:

The cascade refrigeration system consists of two stages of vapor copression refrigeration cycles. However, the cond
evaporates the refrigerant of Stage I in a countercurrent heat exchanger. Both stages are independent of each other
either be the same in both stages or different for each stage. The two stages can operate at different operating tem
and can produce lower refrigerated space temperatures than a single stage cycle with a lower compression ratio.

Construction of operating points on the p - h digram:

1. Draw horizontal lines through 1.4 Kg/cm2, 3.2 Kg/cm2 and 8.0 Kg/cm2 isobars on the verical axis.
2. Locate Point 1 at the intersection of 1.4 Kg/cm2 isobar and saturated vapor line.
3. Locate Point 2 at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and the isentropic line through Point 1.
4. Locate Point 5 at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and the saturated vapor line.
5. Locate Point 6 at the intersection of 8.0 Kg/cm2 isobar and the isentropic line through Point 5.
6. Locate Point 7 at the intersection of 8.0 Kg/cm2 isobar and the saturated liquid line.
7. Locate Point 8 at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and the vertical line (isoenthalpic line) through Point 7.
8. Locate Point 4 at the intersection of 1.4 Kg/cm2 isobar and the vertical line (isoenthalpic line) through Point 3.

From the p - h diagram, read the enthalpy values as follows:

h1= 94.32 Kcal/kg
h4 = 49.92 Kcal/kg
h2 = 99.6 Kcal/kg
h5 = 97.2 Kcal/kg
h7 = 60 Kcal/kg
h8 = 60 Kcal/kg
h3 = 49.92 Kcal/kg
h6 = 102 Kcal/kg

(a) Mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle:
Heat balance:
ma * ( h5 - h8) = mb* (h2 - h3)
ma = 0.05 Kg/s
mb = ma* (h5 - h8) / (h2 - h3)
= 0.05 *(97.2 - 60) / (99.6 - 49.92) = 0.037 Kg/s

(b) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor:
Rate of heat removal = QL = mb * (h1 - h4)
QL = 0.037 * (94.32 - 49.92) = 1.64 Kcal / s
Power input to the compressor:
Win = ma * (h6 - h5) + mb * (h2 - h1)
= 0.05 * (102 - 97.2) + 0.037 * (99.6 - 94.32) = 0.435 Kcal / s
= 0.435 * 3600 * 0.0012 = 1.88 Kw
(c) The cofficient of performance of the cascade refrigerator:
COP = QL / Win
= 1.64 / 0.435 = 3.77
re limits of 8 Kg/cm2 and
with refrigerant 134a as the working fluid.
2
ounterflow heat exchanger where both
higher pressure and temperature for effective
ompressor inlet is saturated.
1

he compressor. 0

Pressure Kg/cm2
-1

-2

-3

4
-4

-5

Enthalpy Kcal/Kg

eration cycles. However, the condenser of Stage II

ges are independent of each other, and working fluid can
perate at different operating temperatures and pressures,
with a lower compression ratio.

n the verical axis.

rough Point 1.
rough Point 5.

nthalpic line) through Point 7.

enthalpic line) through Point 3.

he compressor:
 1 Kcal/h = 0.0012 Kw 1MPa 10 kg/cm2
1KJ 0.24 Kcal

7 8.0 Kg/cm2 6

3.2 Kg/cm2 5
2
8

1.4 Kg/cm2
1
1

Enthalpy Kcal/Kg

Kj/kg Kcal/kg
h1 393 94.32
h4 208 49.92
h2 415 99.6
h5 405 97.2
h7 250 60
h8 250 60
h3 208 49.92
h6 425 102

mb 0.03743961

QL 1.6428

Win 0.43536 1.814 KJ/s

COP 3.77011494

1.8792

0.43536
 Condenser

Expansion valve

Flash
chamber

Expansion valve

Evaporator
 Pressure MPa

8.0 Kg/cm2
Condenser

High pressure
compressure

3.2 Kg/cm2 Vapor mixer

 Low pressure
compressor

1.4 Kg/cm2
Evaporator
Enthalpy KJ/Kg
Prob 3
Consider a two-stage compression refrigeration system operating between 8.0 Kg/cm2 and 1.4 Kg/cm2. The wor
the condenseras a saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber operating pressure of 3.2 Kg/cm2.
With reference to the figure below, the refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is throttled to
refrigerant evaporates during this flashing process, and this vapour is mixed with refrigerant leaving the low pres
to the condenser pressure by the high pressure compressor.
The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated space as it vapo
leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapour and both compressors are isentropic, determine:
(a) The fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as it is throttled to the flash chamber.
(b) The amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space and the compressor work per unit mass of refriger
(c) The coefficient of performance.

Construction of operating points on the p - h diagram:

1. Draw horizontal line through pressure isobars of 1.4 Kg/cm2, 3.2 Kg/cm2 and 8.0 Kg/cm2.
2. Locate Point 1 at the intersection of 1.4 Kg/cm2 isobar and saturated vapour line.
3. Locate Point 2 at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and isentropic line through Point 1.
4. Locate Point 3 and Point 7 at the intersection through 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and saturated vapour and saturated l
5. Locate Point 5 at the intersection of 8.0 Kg/cm2 isobar and the saturated liquid line.
6. Locate Point 6 at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and vertical line through Pont 5.
7. Locate Point 9 at the intersection of the Enthaly value at Point 9 and 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar.
8. Calculate Enthalpy value at Point 9 as follows:
(a) Point 6 lies at the intersection of 3.2 Kg/cm2 isobar and the constant quality line of 0.2.
(b) Let 0.2 = x6
(c) Denote Entalpy by sysmbol h.
(d) From p - h diagram, read h3 = 97.92 Kcal/kg.
(e) From p - h diagram, read h2 = 99.6 Kcal/kg.
(f) h9 = x6 * h3 + (1 - 0.x6) * h2
(g) Solving h9 = 99.26 Kcal/kg
9. From the p - h diagram, read Enthalpy values at other points as follows:
(a) h1 = 94.8 Kcal/kg
(b) h7 = h8 = 49.2 Kcal/kg
(c) h4 = 103.2 Kcal/kg
10. Let QL = amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space.
QL = (1-x6) * (h1 - h8) = (1 - 0.2) * (94.8 - 49.2) = 36.48 Kcal/s
11. Compressor work per unit mass of refrigerant flowing through the condenser.
Let compressor work = Win
Win = (1-x6) * (h2 - h1) + 1 * (h4 - h9)
= (1 - 0.2) * (99.6 - 94.8) + 1 * (103.2 - 99.26) = 7.78 Kcal/s
= 7.78 * 3600 * 0.0012 = 33.61 Kw
12. The coefficient of performance, COP.
COP = QL / Win
= 36.48 / 7.78 = 4.69
 cm2 and 1.4 Kg/cm2. The working fluid is refrigerant R - 134a. The refrigerant leaves
ressure of 3.2 Kg/cm2.
rated liquid and is throttled to a flash operating pressure of 3.2 Kg/cm2. Part of the
efrigerant leaving the low pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed

he refrigerated space as it vapourizes in the evaporator. Assuming the refrigerant

determine:

work per unit mass of refrigerant flowing through the condenser.

gh Point 1.
urated vapour and saturated liquid line respectively.
 97.92
99.6

98.88
99.264

94.8

49.2
103.2
36.48 36.48

7.78

33.6096

4.68894602
 1MPa 10 kg/cm2
1KJ 0.24 Kcal

5 8.0 Kg/cm2
Pressure Kg/cm2

3.2 Kg/cm2
7
6 3 9
0.2 quality line
1.4 Kg/cm2
8 1

Enthalpy Kcal/Kg
.0 Kg/cm2
4

2
9

1
Prob 1 TS Diagram
Temperature C
 T - S DIAGRAM
Temperature C

Entropy Kcal/Kg/C