ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 12

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 12
Section A
Q.1 (a) Solution:
let hA be height of water in A.
hB be height of water in B.
P0
B g
P0
h A
mA
VA(Volume in A) = = AAhA
ρ
100
AAhA = = 0.1 m3
1000
0.1 0.1
So, hA == =1m
AA 0.1
mB
VB(Volume in B) = = ABhB
ρ
10 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
500 0.5
A Bh B = = 0.5 m3 or hB = =2m
1000 0.25
We know that Patm = 101325 N/m2
Pressure on B side of the valve :
PVB = Patm + ρg(hB + h)
= 101325 + 1000 × 9.81 (2 + 1)
PVB = 130755 Pa = 130.755 kPa Answer
Similarly, PVA = Patm + ρghA
= 101325 + 1000 × 9.81 × 1
= 101325 + 9810 = 111.135 kPa Answer
At the equilibrium, there will be same height over the valve in both A and B.
B g
h1
h2
A
h Valve opened
from Pascal’s law, h1 = h 2

So, height in B at final position = h2 – h
Total volume remains constant.
Vtotal = VA + VB = h2 AA + (h2 – h)AB
AAhA + ABhB = h2AA + (h2 – h)AB
h A AA + ( hB + h ) AB
h2 = = 2.43 m
0.1 + 0.25
Thus final pressure at the value location is given as
P v 2 = Patm + ρgh2 = 101.325 + 9.81 × 2.43 = 125.2 kPa
Q.1 (b) Solution:

At the dead state of 1 bar, 300 K,
u0 = 113.1 kJ/kg, h0 = 113.2 kJ/kg, ν0 = 0.001005 m3/kg, s0 = 0.395 kJ/kgK
Exergy of the system is given as
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Test No : 12 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 11
φ = m[(u + P0ν – T0s) – (u0 + P0ν0 – T0s0)]
Now, u0 + P0ν0 – T0s0 = h0 – T0s0
= 113.2 – 300 × 0.395 = – 5.3 kJ/kg
(i) For water at 1 bar and 90°C:
In this case, P = P 0
So, u + P0v – T0s = u + Pv – T0s = h – T0s
= 376 – 300 × 1.193 = 19 kJ/kg
Therefore, φ = 4[19 – (– 5.3)] = 4 × 24.3 = 97.2 kJ Ans. (i)
(ii) At P = 4 MPa and t = 500°C
u = 3099.8 kJ/kg, h = 3446.3 kJ/kg, v = 0.08637 m3/kg, s = 7.090 kJ/kgK
u + P0v – T0s = 3099.8 + 100 × 0.08637 – 300 × 7.090 = 981.4 kJ/kg
φ = 0.5[981.4 − ( −5.3)] = 493.35 kJ Ans. (ii)
(iii) At 0.1 bar, 0.85 dryness quality
u = 192 + 0.85 × 2245 = 2100.25 kJ/kg
s = 0.649 + 0.85 × 7.499 = 7.023 kJ/kgK
v = 0.001010 + 0.85 × 14.67 = 12.47 m3/kg
u + P0v – T0s = 2100.25 + 100 × 12.47 – 300 × 7.023
= 1240.4 kJ/kg
φ = 0.8[1240.4 – (–5.3)] = 996.56 kJ Ans. (iii)
Q.1 (c) Solution:

Given: T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K, P1 = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa, Qs = 2100 kJ/kg, r = 9,
cp 1.005
γ = c = 0.718 = 1.4
v
1 1
ηcycle = 1 − = 1 − (9)0.4 = 0.5847
r γ −1
P
3 pV γ = C
Qs WE
2
4
QR
WC 1
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Cycle efficiency, ηcycle = 0.5847 or 58.47% Ans.

v1 1 RT 0.287 × 308
v2 = 9, v1 = P = 100 = 0.884 m3/kg
1
0.884
v2 = = 0.09822 m3/kg
9
γ −1
T2 ⎛ v1 ⎞
= ⎜⎝ v ⎟⎠ = (9)0.4 = 2.4082
T1 2
T 2 = 308 × 2.4082 = 741.7256 K ≈ 741.73 K

Qs = cv(T3 – T2) = 2100 kJ/kg
2100
T3 – 741.73 = = 2924.8 K
0.718
T 3 = 3666.53 K = Tmax Ans.

γ
P2 ⎛ v1 ⎞ 1.4
P1 = ⎜⎝ v ⎟⎠ = (9) = 21.674
2
P 2 = 2.1674 MPa
P3 v3 P2 v2
Again, for process 2–3 T3 = T2
P3 2v 3 T 3666.53
P2 = v × T = 1 × 741.73 = 4.9432
3 2
P 3 = 2.1674 × 4.9432 = 10.714 MPa = Pmax Ans.

Wnet = Q1 × ηcycle
= 2100 × 0.5847 = 1227.87 kJ/kg
Wnet = Pm(v1 – v2)
1227.87
Pm = (0.884 − 0.09822) = 1562.613 kPa or 1.562 MPa
Q.1 (d) Solution:

1. Pelletization is a process in which waste wood is pulverized, dried and forced under
pressure through an extrusion device. The extracted mass is in the form or pellets ( rod;
5 to 10 mm dia and 12 mm long), facilitating its use in steam power plants and gasification
system. Pelletization reduces the moisture to about 7 to 10 per cent and increases the
heat value of the biomass,
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2. Briquetting: Biomass briquettes are made from woody matter (e.g. agricultural waste
and saw dust), are a replacement for fossil fuels such as oil or coal and can be used to
heat boilers in manufacturing plants. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient
than burning firewood. The moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, whereas
for green firewood, it may be as high as 65%.
Briquetting is brought about by compression and squeezing out moisture and breaking
down the elasticity of the wood and bark. If elasticity is not sufficiently removed, the
compressed wood will regain its pre-compression volume, Densification is carried out
by compression under a die at high temperature and pressure. It is a process similar to
forming a wood pellet but on a larger scale. There are no binders involved in this process.
The natural lignin in the wood combines the particles of wood together to form a solid
piece. A solid briquette is manufactured using a piston press which simply sandwiches
layers of sawdust together, find ones which have a hole are produced using a screw
press. The hole is simply a by-product of the screw thread passing through the centre.
The screw-press briquettes are more homogeneous, have better crushing strength and
better storage properties with extraordinary combustion properties due to large surface
area per unit weight.
3. Incineration means direct combustion of bio mass for immediate useful heat. The
heat produced are either used generate electricity or provide the heat for industrial
process, space heating, cooking or district heating.
Furnaces and boilers have been developed to large-scale burning of various types of
biomass such as wood, waste wood, black liquid from pulp industry, food industry
waste, and MSW. The moisture content in the biomass and wide range of composition
tends to decrease the efficiency of conversion. However, the economic advantage of
cogeneration makes it attractive for adoption.
Q.1 (e) Solution:

1. Supercharged Boiler: In a supercharged boiler, the combustion is carried out under
pressure in the combustion chamber by supplying the compressed air. The exhaust
gases from the combustion chamber are used to run the gas turbine as they are exhausted
to high pressure. The gas turbine runs the air compressor to supply the compressed air
to the combustion chamber.
Advantages :
1. Owing to very high overall heat transfer coefficient the heat transfer surface required
is hardly 20 to 25% of the heat transfer surface of a conventional boiler.
2. The part of the gas turbine output can be used to drive other auxiliaries.
3. Small heat storage capacity of the boiler plant gives better response to control.
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4. Rapid start of the boiler is possible.

5. Comparatively less number of operators are required.
2. Super-critical Boilers: A large number of steam generating plants are designed
between working ranges of 125 atm. and 510°C to 300 atm. and 660°C ; these are basically
characterized as subcritical and supercritical.
Usually a subcritical boiler consists of three distinct section as preheater (economizer),
evaporator and superheater.
A super-critical boiler requires only preheater and superheater. The constructional layout
of both the above types of boilers is, however, practically identical. These days it has
become a rule to use super-critical boilers above 300 MW capacity units.
The super-critical boilers claim the following advantages over sub-critical type :
1. Large heat transfer rates.
2. Owing to less heat capacity of the generator the pressure level is more stable and
therefore gives better response.
3. Because of absence of two phase mixture the problems of erosion and corrosion are
minimized.
4. More adaptable to load fluctuations (because of great ease of operation, simplicity
and flexibility).
5. The turbo-generators connected to super-critical boilers can generate peak loads by
changing the pressure of operation.
6. Higher thermal efficiency.
Q.2 (a) Solution:
window
26.5 m
θ
x
z
2.5 m
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1200 × 10 −3
Q = = 0.02 m3/s
60
Q 0.02
V0 = = = 28.3 m/s
A π ⎛ 30 ⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
x = (V0 cos θ)t ...(i)
and Z = 26.5 – 2.5 = 24 m
1 2
Z = 24 = (V0 sin θ) t – gt ...(ii)
2
From equation (i)
x
cos θ = V t
0
2
⎛x ⎞
sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ 0 ⎟ ...(iii)
⎝ V0 t ⎠
Substituting the value of sin θ in equation (ii), we get
24 = ( V02 t 2 − x 2 − ) 1 2
2
gt from equation (iii)
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Solving for x we get x = V02 t 2 − ⎜ 24 + gt 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
2V02 t − 2 ⎜ 24 + gt 2 ⎟ gt
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠
and =
dt ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
2 V02 t 2 − ⎜ 24 + gt 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
dx
For maximum x, = 0
dt
⎛ 1 ⎞
2V02 t − 2 ⎜ 24 + gt 2 ⎟ gt = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
V02 t − ⎜ 24 + gt 2 ⎟ g = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
2V02 − 48 g − g 2 t 2 = 0
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2V02 − 48 g 2(28.3)2 − 48 × 9.81

t = = = 3.43 s
g2 (9.81)2
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
x = (28.3) (3.43) − ⎢ 24 + × 9.81 × (3.43)2 ⎥
2 2
⎣ 2 ⎦
= 52.4 m Ans.
Q.2 (b) Solution:

Heat loss can be found as
P 4 π(0.01) −1
= π(0.01)2 = 400 m
A
hp 10 × π(0.01) × 4
m = = = 3.288 m–1
kA 370 × π(0.01)2
θb = 120 – 20 = 100°C
π 2
hPkA = 10 × π (0.01 ) × 370 × × (0.01 ) = 0.0955 W/K
4
1. When using finite length heat transfer rate within 1% of error,

tanh (mL) ≥ 0.99
3.288 × L ≥ tanh –1(0.99)
2.647
L ≥
3.288
L ≥ 0.805 m
When heat transfer rate error is within 0.1%
tan(mL) ≥ 0.999
L ≥ 1.156 m
when heat transfer rate error is within 0.01%.
tan(mL) ≥ 0.9999
L ≥ 1.506 m
2. Heat loss from infinite long fin,
Q∞ = hPkA· Q0
= 0.0955 × (120 – 20)

Q∞ = 9.55 W
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when L = 0.805 m
QL = 0.805 = hPkA θ0 tan h (m × 0.805 )

= 0.0955 × 100 × 0.99
QL = 0.805 = 9.45 W
when L = 1.156 m
QL = 1.156 = 0.0955 × 100 × 0.999
QL = 1.156 = 9.54 W
QL = 1.506 = 0.0955 × 100 × 0.9999
QL = 1.506 = 9.549 W
Length (L) Heat loss(Q)
∞ 9.55 W
0.805 9.45 W
1.156 9.54 W
1.506 9.549 W
3. We observe that since k is large, there are significant differences between the finite
length and the infinite length cases. However when the length of rod approaches 1 m,
the result becomes almost the same with that of the infinite length.
Q.2 (c) Solution:

Cold starting: In the winter and in the cold climate, an air-vapour mixture of about 13:1
is required for easy starting tin less than 10 revolutions). This ratio can be obtained in
the engine by choking the carburettor and so restricting the inlet flow of air. If the
carburettor delivers a 1.3:1 air/fuel ratio and 10% of the fuel vaporizes, the desired 13:1
air vapour ratio will be obtained. It is therefore desirable to have a relatively low
evaporation temperature of the front-end of the fuel so that almost 10% of the total fuel
evaporates as quietly as possible.
Hot starting: If the engine is started immediately after a hot shutdown, the amount of
fuel vapours entering the intake manifold will be high and the mixture formed in the
combustion chamber will be too rich to ignite. It creates the problem of hot starting. In
order to avoid this hot starting problem especially on hot days, volatility temperature
of the first portion of the fuel should be high. This requirement is opposite to the
requirement of cold starting. Therefore, it is a normal practice to use less volatile gasoline
in summer than that used in winter. The problem of hot starting can be avoided by
proper design and proper placement of the fuel system. The fuel system should be
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placed away from the hot engine parts. The use of an electrical pump helps in placing
the pump and the fuel lines away from the hot engine parts and thus in reducing the
problem of hot starting.
Evaporation loss: Vaporization and loss of the lighter fractions of gasoline from the fuel
tank and the carburettor occur at all times. The evaporation loss depends on the vapour
pressure of the fuel at the storage temperature. It decreases the fuel economy and the
anti-knock quality of the fuel since the lighter fractions have higher antiknock properties.
The evaporation loss is related to 10% ASTM distillation temperature. The front-end
volatility temperature should be higher to reduce evaporation in order to reduce
evaporation loss and vapour lock.
Warm-up and acceleration: After the engine has been started, a warm-up period of the
engine begins. During this period, engine temperatures gradually increase to those of
normal operation at which engine accelerates smoothly from a given speed. The "warm-
up period is of course influenced by the design of the engine in quickly securing a
minimum mixture temperature but the ease of relatively warming-up the given designed
engine depends upon the volatility of the fuel. Warm-up performance is controlled to a
large extent by the mid-range of the distillation curve (50—70% portion) and to a lesser
extent by the front and tail ends. The warm-up period will be shorter if the whole range
of temperatures on the ASTM curve is lower.
Carburettor icing: Carburettor icing is formed due to the vaporization of gasoline
into the air containing water vapour. This results in a rapid drop in temperature of the
air-fuel mixture and that of the carburettor parts, and consequently, under some
conditions, ice is formed on the throttle blade. Under idling conditions the ice slides
down the throttle blade and restricts the passage, preventing the flow of mixture past
the throttle, thereby causing the engine to run slower and to stall.
Carburettor icing can be prevented by the use of less volatile fuels. It can also be reduced
by using anti-icing additives with volatile gasoline. Two types of anti-icing additives
have been used: freezing-point depressants, such as isopropyl alcohol or methyl alcohol
(1 to 2%), and surface-active materials, which coat the metal surface with a film, thus
minimizing the tendency of ice to adhere to the surfaces.
Short and long trip economy: In short-trip driving the warm-up period is quite
significant. For efficient operation and greater economy, it requires a fuel having
relatively more volatility in the mid-range section of distillation. In long-trip driving
the warm-up period is insignificant compared to total driving. A gasoline having higher
density will give more kilometres per litre in a warm-up engine.
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Q.3 (a) Solution:
0 0
FB FB : Fixed blade row/stationary blade row
Ist MB : Moving blade row
1 1
stage
MB A B U C D
α2 α1 β 2 C1 = V2
β1
2 2 V1 = C2
C2 V2 C1 V1
FB α1 = β2
IInd β1 = α2
stage 3 3
F E
MB
4 4
Combined velocity diagram for a moving blade of 50% reaction turbine
50% degree of reaction turbine stage has symmetrical stationary and moving blades.
The combined velocity diagram for a moving blade having section 1 – 1 as inlet section
and section 2 – 2 as exit section is shown in figure above. 50% degree of reaction turbine
has equal enthalpy drops occurring in stationary blade row and moving blade rows.
Let us assume that turbine has more than one symmetrical stage such that absolute
velocity of steam leaving moving blade row equals to the velocity of steam entering
fixed blade. Thus, from given velocity diagram steam enters fixed blade with velocity
C2 while leaves it with velocity C1. In case of moving blades the relative velocities are to
be considered i.e. velocity increasing from V1 to V2 from inlet to exit.
Rate of work done from reaction stage can be estimated similar to that of impulse stage.
Work done = m ⋅ U ⋅ ΔCw
where ΔCw = Cw2 + Cw1 = (C1 cos α1 + C2 cos α2)
For symmetrical blading C 2 = V1, α2 = β1, so, ΔCw = C1 cos α1 + V1 cos β1
or, ΔCw = C1 cos α1 + (C1 cos α1 – U)
ΔCw = 2C1 cos α1 – U
therefore, work done, W = m ⋅ U ⋅ (2C1 cos α1 – U)
Diagram efficiency of reaction stage can be estimated by knowing the energy input to
the moving blades and taking ratio of work done to energy input.
Energy input to moving blades,
C12 ⎛ V 2 − V12 ⎞
Ein = m ⋅ + m⋅⎜ 2 ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
m
Ein = ⋅ (C12 + V22 − V12 )
2
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m 2
= (C1 + C12 − V12 ), as C1 = V2
2
⎛ 2 V12 ⎞
Ein = m ⎜⎝ C1 − ⎟⎠
2
From velocity diagram, V12 = C12 + U 2 − 2C1U cos α 1
Diagram efficiency is also known as stage efficiency.
Substituting value of V1 in energy input expression
⎧ 2 (C12 + U 2 − 2C1U cos α 1 ) ⎫
Ein = m ⋅ ⎨C1 − ⎬
⎩ 2 ⎭
⎧ C12 + 2UC1 cos α 1 − U 2 ⎫

Ein = m ⋅ ⎨ 2
⎬
⎩ ⎭
W
Thus, diagram efficiency, ηd = E
in
m ⋅ U ⋅ (2C 1 cos α 1 − U )
=
m⋅
{C 2
1 + 2UC1 cos α 1 − U 2 }
2
2U ⋅ (2C1 cos α 1 − U )
η d = (C 2 + 2UC cos α − U 2 )
1 1 1
U 2ρ⋅ (2 cos α − ρ)
1
Substituting ρ = C , ηd = (1 + 2ρ cos α − ρ2 )
1 1
The maximum value of diagram efficiency and the optimum value of blade speed to
steam velocity ratio, ρ can be estimated by differentiating numerator with respect to ρ
and equating to zero.
d ηd
dρ
= 0
or, 2 cos α1 – 2ρ = 0
or, ρ = cos α1
Substituting ‘ρ’ for getting maximum value of diagram efficiency, ηd,max
2 cos α 1 ⋅ (2 cos α 1 − cos α 1 )
ηd, max = (1 + 2 cos 2 α 1 − cos 2 α 1 )
2 cos 2 α 1
or, ηd, max =
1 + cos 2 α 1
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Q.3 (b) Solution:
Given: P1 = P4 = 16 bar, P2 = P3 = 4 bar, heat extraction, QA = 120 MJ/h,
T3 = 5 + 273 = 278 K, T1 = 23 + 273 = 296 K, N = 300 rpm, L = 30 cm = 0.3 m,
γair = 1.4, cp, air = 1.005 kJ/kgK
P(bar)
1 4
16
pV γ = C
4 3
2
V(m3)
Mechanical efficiency of compressor,

ηmc = 82% = 0.82
Mechanical efficiency of expander,
ηme = 87% = 0.87
For process 1–2:
γ− 1 0.4
T2 ⎛P ⎞ γ ⎛ 4 ⎞ 1.4
T1 = ⎜ 2⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.673
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
T 2 = 296 × 0.673 = 199.2 K

For process 3–4:
γ −1 0.4
T4 ⎛P ⎞ γ ⎛ 16 ⎞ 1.4
T3 = ⎜ 4⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.486
⎝ 4⎠
⎝ P3 ⎠
T 4 = 278 × 1.486 = 413.1 K

Refrigerating effect per kg = cp(T3 – T2)
= 1.005 × (278 – 199.2)
= 79.2 kJ/kg
Heat extracted
Mass of air in circulation, m = Refrigerating effect
120 × 10 3
= = 0.42 kg/s
79.2 × 3600
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p (T4 − T3 )
mc 0.42 × 1.005(413.1 − 278)
Wcompression = =
ηmc 0.82
= 69.52 kJ/s
p (T1 − T2 ) × ηme
Wexpander = mc
= 0.42 × 1.005(296 – 19.2) × 0.87
= 35.575 kJ/s
Power input, P = WC – WE
= 69.52 – 35.575
= 33.945 kJ/s or 33.945 kW Ans. (1)
Volume of air handled by the compressor (V3) is found from the relation,
mRT3 0.42 × 0.287 × 278
P 3V 3 = mRT3 or V3 = =
P3 400
V 3 = 0.08377 m3/s
π 2 2N
V3 = dc × L × ...since the compressor is double acting
4 60
π 2 2 × 300
0.08377 = dc × 0.3 × = 2.356 dc2
4 60
1/2
⎛ 0.08377 ⎞
dc = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.18855 m = 188.55 mm ans.(2)
⎝ 2.356 ⎠
120 × 10 3
refrigeration capacity in tonne, = 9.52 tonne Answer (3)
3.5 × 60 × 60
Q.3 (c) Solution:

Ambient pressure, P0 = 100 kPa
Ambient temperature, T0 = 20°C
= 273 + 20 = 293 K
When piston floats, from pressure balance,
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P
1
P2 2
3
V
Vstop
We can write:
mp g 50 × 9.81
Pfloat = P0 + = 100 + × 10 −3
Ap π 2
Dp
4
Patm = P0
mpg
Pfloat
Forces on piston when it floats
200 × 9.81
= 100 + 2
× 10 −3
π × 0.1
= 100 + 62.45 = 162.45 kPa
Pfloat = P 2 = P 3, because expansion occurs at constant
pressure.
T2 P2
For process 1 → 2: T1 = P
1
162.45
T 2 = (300 + 273) × = 372.33 K Ans. (2)
250
Process 2 → 3 is constant pressure as piston floats to T3 = T0 = 293 K
π
V 2 = V1 = Ap × H = × (0.1)2 × 0.25
4
= 1.9635 × 10–3 m3 = 1.9635 L
As, P2 = P3
V3 T3
V2 = T
2
3 T 293
V 3 = V2 × T = 1.9635 × 372.33 = 1.545 L
2
Distance travelled by piston:

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V2 − V3 4(V2 − V3 )
ΔH = =
AP πDP2
4(1.9635 − 1.545) × 10 −3
=
π × (0.1)2
ΔH = 0.05328 m or 5.328 cm Ans. (3)
Q.4 (a) Solution:
Tmax 70°C h = 32 W/m2/K

t = 30°C
Aa Ab
Rb Rf
Ka Kb
Q
x (70 – 30)
δa δb
5 cm 2.5 cm
Thermal resistance of layer B:

δb 2.5 × 10 −2 0.001
Rb = K A = =
b 25 × A A
1 1 0.03125
Rf = = =
hA 32 × A A
0.001 + 0.03125 0.03225
ΣR = Rb + Rf = =
A A
Rate of heat flux from the slab B to the fluid:
70 − 30
Q = 0.03225
A
Q
= 1240.3 W/m2 Ans. (1)
A
The temperature would be maximum at insulated face of slab A.
dt
Q = − kA
dx
dt
Q = −0.4(1 + 0.07t )A
dx
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Q
A∫
dx = − ∫ 0.4(1 + 0.07 t )dt
For this integral equation, we have to apply following boundary conditions:

(a) At x = 0; t = tmax
(b) At x = δa = 0.05 m, t = 70°C (interface temperature)
0.05 70
Q
A ∫ dx = − ∫ 0.4(1 + 0.07t )dt
0 tmax
Q ⎡ 0.07 2 ⎤
× 0.05 = 0.4 ⎢(tmax − 70) + (tmax − 70 2 )⎥
A ⎣ 2 ⎦
Q
= 8(tmax – 70) + 0.28 (tmax
2
− 70 2 )
A
2
1240.3 = 8 tmax – 560 + 0.28 tmax – 1372
0.28 tmax
2
+ 8 tmax – 3172.3 = 0
−8 ± 64 + 4 × 0.28 × 3172.3
tmax =
2 × 0.28
−8 ± 60.14
= = 93.1°C (–ve value discarded) Ans. (2)
0.56
Now for the third part of question, boundary condition can be written as
x = x; tx = 80°C
x t
Q x
A ∫0 ∫ 0.4(1 + 0.07t )dt

Then dx = −
t max
Q ⎡ 0.07 2 ⎤
A
x = 0.4 ⎢(tmax − t x ) +
⎣ 2
( tmax − tx2 )⎥
⎦
⎡ 0.07 ⎤
or 1240.3 x = 0.4 ⎢(93.1 − 80) + (93.12 − 80 2 )⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
1240.3 x = 0.4[13.1 + 79.366]
x = 0.02982 m or 2.982 cm Ans. (3)
Thus the temperature would be 80°C at a distance of 2.982 cm from the insulated surface.
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Q.4 (b) Solution:

1. Process on h-s plane can be shown as below:
h
1 (400°C)
1 kg
2
kg
r 1
ba
30 r (1 – m) kg
7 5 ba g
mk
5 6
0.1 bar 3
) kg
4 (1 – m
s
2. Schematic of power plant is shown below:
1 kg 1
Turbine Power
30 bar, 400°C output
Boiler 2
(1 – m) kg
5 bar, m kg
3 0.1 bar
Condenser
Heater
6
7
4
5
Pump
1 kg Pump (1 – m)kg
T-s diagram,
T
1 (400°C)
30 bar 1 kg
7 1 kg
2
5 bar
6 m kg
5
(1 – m)kg
0.1 bar
4 (1 – m)kg 3
For process 2–3 : s2 = s3

6.921 = sf 3 + x3 sfg3 = 0.649 + x3 × 7.501
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6.921 − 0.649
x3 = = 0.836
7.501
h 3 = hf 3 + x3hfg3 = 191.8 + 0.836 × 2392.8 = 2192.2 kJ/kg
Since pump work is neglected,

hf 4 = 191.8 kJ/kg = hf 5
hf 6 = 640.1 kJ/kg (at 5 bar) = hf 7
Energy balance for heater gives
m(h2 – hf6 ) = (1 – m)(hf 6 – hf 5)
m(2796 – 640.1) = (1 – m) (640.1 – 191.8) = 448.3 (1 – m)
2155.9 m = 448.3 – 448.3 m
448.3
m = (2155.9 + 448.3) = 0.172 kg
Turbine work, WT = (h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3)

= (3230.9 – 2796) + (1 – 0.172) (2796 – 2192.2)
= 434.9 + 499.9 = 934.8 kJ/kg
Heat supplied, Q1 = h1 – hf 6
= 3230.9 – 640.1 = 2590.8 kJ/kg
T W 934.8
(i) ηcycle = Q = 2590.8 = 0.3608 or 36.08 %
1
3600
Steam rate = = 3.85 kg/kWh Answer
934.8
(ii) Mean temperature of heat addition (with regeneration)
h1 − h f 7 3230.9 − 640.1
Tm1 = = = 511.9 K or 238.9°C
s1 − s7 6.921 − 1.8604
Mean temperature of heat addition (without regeneration)
h1 − h f 4 3230.9 − 191.8 3039.1
Tm1 = = = = 484.5 K or 211.5°C
s1 − s4 6.921 − 0.649 6.272
Increase in Tm1 due to regeneration
= 238.9 – 211.5 = 27.4°C kJ/kg Answer
Work output (without regeneration)
= h1 – h3 = 3230.9 – 2192.2 = 1038.7 kJ/kg
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Steam rate without regeneration

3600 3600
= = = 3.46 kg/kWh
WT 1038.7
Increase in steam rate due to regeneration
= 3.85 – 3.46 = 0.39 kg/kWh Answer
h1 − h3 1038.7
ηcycle (without regeneration) = = = 0.3418 or 34.18% Answer
h1 − h f 4 3230.9 − 191.8
Increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration

= 36.08 – 34.18 = 1.9% Answer
Q.4 (c) Solution:

The main purpose is to ensured quick and complete combustion. Fuel injector increase
the surface area of the fuel droplets resulting in better mixing and subsequent combustion
by means of atomizing the fuel into very fine droplets. Atomization is done by forcing
the fuel through a small orifice under high pressure. The fuel injector is a small nozzle
into which liquid fuel is injected at high pressure. It works like spay nozzle on a pressure
washer.
For a proper running and good performance from the engine, the following requirements
must be met by the injection system:
(i) Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle. This is very critical due to the (act
that very small quantities of fuel being handled. Metering errors may cause drastic
variation From the desired output The quantity of the fuel metered should vary to
meet changing speed and bad requirements of the engine.
(ii) Timing the injection of the fuel correctly In the cycle so that maximum power is
obtained ensuring fuel economy and clean burning
(iii) Proper control of rate of injection so that the desired beat-release pattern is achieved
during combustion.
(iv) Proper atomization of fuel into very fine droplets.
Proper spray pattern to ensure rapid mixing of fuel and air
(vi) Uniform distribution of fuel droplets throughout the combustion chamber.
(vii) To supply equal quantities of metered fuel to all cylinders in case of multi cylinder
engines.
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(viii) No lag during beginning and end of injection i.e., to eliminate dribbling of fuel
droplets into the cylinder.
The injector assembly mainly consists of
(i) a needle valve (ii) a compression spring
(iii) a nozzle (iv) an injector body
(v) Nozzle body (vi) Nozzle valve
(vii) Spindle (viii) End cap
Section B
Q.5.(a) Solution:
Consider the system of fluid contained in the leakproof piston along with the stirrer.
Work is being done by the piston on the fluid by stirring, through electric motor.
As a result of this fluid moves out against atmospheric pressure and does work.
Work done by fluid against atmospheric pressure,
Stirrer
Piston
Watm = ∫ PdV = Patm × (V2 − V1 )

πD2
= (1.01325 × 10 5 ) × ( Δ x)
4
π× 0.4 2
= 1.01325 × 105 × × 0.485
4
= 6.175 × 103 J = 6.175 kJ
Net work done by the fluid, Wnet= Wstirrer + Watm = 2 kJ
∴ Wstirrer = 2 – 6.175 = –4.175 kJ
Sign is negative, since this work is done on the system.
2 π× 840
Speed of rotation of motor, ω = rad/s = 87.965 rad/s
60
Wstirrer 4.175
Power output of shaft = = –3
t 10 × 60 = 6.96 × 10 kW = 6.96 W
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Assume torque of motor as T Nm.

∴ Power of motor = Tω = 6.96 W
6.96
⇒ T = = 79.1 × 10–3 Nm Answer
87.965
Q.5.(b) Solution:
COP of heat pump is
Q1
[COP]HP =
W
Given that W = 2 kW
and Q1 = 3000(T1 – Tamb)
3000
Q1 = (T1 − Tamb ) kJ/s
3600
5
Q1 = (T1 − Tamb ) kW
6
5
(COP)HP = (T1 − Tamb )
12
COP of a reversible heat pump is
T1
(COP)HP, rev = T − T
1 amb
from the given condition, we can write

(COP)HP = 0.4(COP)HP, rev
5 T1
(T1 − Tamb ) = 0.4
12 (T1 − Tamb )
4.8 4.8 × 293

(T1 – Tamb)2 = T1 = = 281.28
5 5
T1 – Tamb = 281.28 = 16.77

Tamb = 293 – 16.77 = 276.23 K
Ambient temperature, Tamb = 3.23°C Answer
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Q.5.(c) Solution:
a
G
SL Sc B h
Solid cube floating in a liquid
Let the cube float with height h as the submerged depth as shown above.
For equilibrium of the cube,
Weight = Buoyancy force
a3 Sc × 9810 = ha2 × SL × 9810
SL
h = a(SC/SL) = a/x where x = S
C
The distance between the centre of buoyancy B and centre of gravity G becomes
a h a⎛ 1⎞
BG = − = ⎜1− ⎟
2 2 2⎝ x⎠
Let M be the metacenter, then
⎛ a × a3 ⎞ 1 a4 ax
BM = ⎜ ⎟× = =
⎝ 12 ⎠ a2 h ⎛ a ⎞ 12
12 a2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝x⎠
Metacentric height, MG = BM – BG
ax a ⎛ 1⎞
= − ⎜1− ⎟
12 2 ⎝ x⎠
According to the given condition:
ax a ⎛ 1⎞
MG = 0 = − ⎜1− ⎟
12 2 ⎝ x⎠
x 1
= 1−
6 x
x 1
or + −1 = 0
6 x
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x2 + 6 – 6x = 0
6 ± 12
which gives, x = = 4.732 or 1.268
2
SL
Hence, SC = 4.732 or 1.268 Answer
Q.5.(d) Solution:
C.I. engine combustion chambers are classified on the basis of method of generating
swirl. There are four types of combustion chambers for C.I. engine.
1. Open combustion chambers: The method of swirl used in this type of combustion
chamber is induction swirl. In induction swirl, flow of air is directed towards the
cylinders during its entry. An open combustion chamber is one in which
combustion space is essentially a simple cavity with little restriction and there
are no large differences in pressure between different parts of chamber during
the combustion process.
2. Divided or Turbulent swirl chambers: The method of generating swirl in the
divided chamber is by compression. Compression swirl is one in which air is
forced through a tangential passage into a separate swirl chamber during
compression stroke. A divided combustion chamber is defined as one in which
the combustion space is divided into two or more distinct compartments between
which there are restrictions or throats small enough so that considerable pressure
differences occur between them during combustion process.
3. Pre-combustion chamber: The type of swirl used is combustion induced swirl.
A precombustion chamber is consists of pre-combustion chamber or anti-chamber
connected to the main chamber through a number of very small holes. Pre-
combustion chamber contains 20 to 30% of clearance volume. Pre-combustion
chamber has multi fuel capability without any modification in the injection system
in this type of swirl used i.e. combustion induced swirl turbulence is created by
use of initial pressure rise due to partial combustion.
4. Air-cell combustion chamber: The type of swirl used in this combustion chamber
is combustion induced swirl. Here there is no organized air swirl. The advantages
for this type of combustion chamber are ; the maximum pressure on the main
chamber is fairly low and hence it gives smooth running and easy starting. This
type of combustion chamber is most suitable for comparatively small engines of
medium duty where a relatively high fuel consumption can be tolerated.
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Q.5.(e) Solution:
The VI characteristic of a fuel cell is shown below, Voltage regulation is poor for small
and large values of output current. Therefore, in practice the operating point is fixed in
the range BC of the characteristics where voltage regulation is best and the output, voltage
is roughly around (0.6—0.8 V). At no load the terminal voltage is equal to the theoretical
open-circuit voltage. As the cell is loaded (current is supplied to load), voltage and
hence efficiency drops significantly. The departure of output voltage from ideal emf is
mainly due to the following reasons.
(i) Activation Polarization (Chemical Polarization): This is related to activation
energy barrier for the electron transfer process at the electrode. Certain minimum
activation energy is required to be supplied so that sufficient number of electrons
is emitted. At low current densities significant numbers of electrons are not
emitted. This energy is supplied by the output of the cell resulting in potential
loss. It can be reduced by an effective electrochemical catalyst and also by
increasing the operating temperature.
(ii) Resistance Polarization: At larger current, there is additional contribution from
internal electrical resistance of the cell. The internal resistance is composed mainly
of resistance of bulk electrolyte and interface contact resistance between electrode
and electrolyte. The resistance polarization can be reduced by (a) using more
concentrated (i.e. high conductivity) electrolyte, (b) increasing the operating
temperature, and (c) using proper shape and spacing of electrolyte to reduce the
contact resistance.
(iii) Concentration Polarization: This type of polarization tends to limit the current
drawn from the cell. This is related to mass transport within the cell and may
further be subdivided into two parts,
(a) Electrolyte Polarization: It is due to slow diffusion in the electrolyte causing
change in concentration at the electrode. This effect can be reduced by increasing
the electrolyte concentration or by stirring/circulating the electrolyte.
(b) Gos-side Polarization: It is caused due to slow diffusion of reactants through
porous electrode to the site of reaction or slow diffusion of product away from
the reaction site. Increasing the operating temperature also reduces this effect.
Q.6.(a) (i) Solution:

Given, μ =1.5 poise = 0.15 Pa-s, hf = 20 m
ρ = 0.85 × 1000
= 850 kg/m3
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R ⎡ ρgh f ⎤ 0.15 ⎡ 850 × 9.81 × 20 ⎤

1. Wall shear stress, τ0 = 2 ⎢ L ⎥= Answer
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ 300 ⎥⎦
= 41.69 Pa
τ0 41.69
2. Shear stress τ at r = 10 cm, τ = r= × 0.10 = 27.79 Pa Answer
R 0.15
32μVL
3. If the flow is laminar then, hf =
γD2
hf γD 2 20 850 × 9.81 × (0.30)2

⇒ V = × = × = 10.4 m/s
L 32μ 300 32 × 0.15
fLV 2
Also, hf =
2 gD
2 gD.h f 2 × 9.81 × 0.30 × 20
f = =
2
LV 300 × (10.4)2
= 3.63 × 10–3 = 0.00363 Answer
Q.6.(a) (ii) Solution:
B
m
0
60
20 m
Given data:
Q = 30 litres per second
= 30 × 10–3 = 0.03 m3/s
d = 15 cm = 0.15 m
2.8 × 9.81
pB = 2.8 kg/cm2 = = 2.7468 × 105 N/m2
(10 −2 )2
L = 600 m; f = 0.024
Assuming point A as datum, we have
ZA = 0 and ZB = 20 m
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Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and B, we get,
p A VA2 p V2
+ + ZA = B + B + ZB + h f
w 2g w 2g
pA V 2 2.7468 × 105 V 2 fLQ2

⇒ + +0 = + + 20 +
w 2g 9810 2g 12.1 d5
2
pA 0.024 × 600 × (0.03)
⇒ = 28.00 + 20 +
w 12.1 × (0.15)5
pA = 62.1047 × 9810 = 6.0925 × 105 N/m2 Answer
When friction factor gets tripled
f = 3 × 0.024 = 0.072
Again applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and B, we get
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + ZA = + + ZB + h f (VA = VB)
w 2g w 2g
6.0925 × 10 5 2.8 × 9.81 × 10 4 flQ 2

+0 = + 20 +
10 3 × 9.81 10 3 × 9.81 12.1d 5
0.024 × 3 × 600 × Q 2
62.105 – 28 – 20 = 5
12.1 × ( 0.15 )
Q2 = 3.00 × 10–4
Q = 1.732 × 10–2 m3/s
Q = 17.32 l/s Answer
Q.6.(b) Solution:
The inlet and outlet velocity triangle are shown below.
Vw
1
U2
α1= 24° U1
β1 = 95° β2 = 30°
Vr 1 Vf1 V2
V1 Vr2
Inlet Outlet
Let W = work head given by the fluid to runner

h1r = Head loss in runner inlet
h2r = Head loss in runner outlet
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Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the inlet and the outlet of the runner,
P1 v12 2P 2v2
we have: + = ρg + 2 g + W + h1r ...(i)
ρg 2 g
Here subscript represents the runner inlet while 2 represents the runner outlet.
P1 P2
− = 55 mm (given in the problem)
ρg ρg
h1r = 0.18 × 55 = 9.9 mm (as per question)
Vw1V1
Work output, w = g
from inlet velocity triangle,

Vw 1 = V1cos24° = 0.913 V1
from continuity equation,
K1Vf 1D1B1 = K2Vf2D2B2
Vf 1 × 450 × 50 = Vf2 × 300 × 75 ( K1= K2)
which gives Vf 2 = Vf 1
Therefore, Vf 2 = Vf1 = V1 sin24° = 0.406 V1
from the consideration of rotational speed,
πD1 N πD2 N
u1 = , u2 =
60 60
D1 πD2 N
u 1 = D u2 , u2 =
2 60
D
1 450
u 1 = D u2 = × u2 = 1.5 u2
2 300
Again, from the outlet velocity triangle,
V2 0.406V1
u2 = = = 0.703 V1
tan 30° tan 30°
Hence, u 1 = 1.5 × 0.703 V1 = 1.05 V1
Vw1 u1 0.913 × 1.05 2 0.96V12

Therefore, W = = V1 =
g g g
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Based on above calculated values, equation (i) can be written as
2
V12 ( 0.406V1 ) 0.96V12
(55 – 9.9) × 10 –3 = − + +
2g 2g g
V12 ⎡ 2
45.1 × 10 –3 = 2 g ⎣ −1 + (0.406 ) + 2 × 0.96 ⎤⎦
1 V2
45.1 × 10 –3 = 1.08 2 g
1/2
⎡ 2 × 9.81 × 45.1 × 10−3 ⎤
Hence, V1 = ⎢ 1.08
⎥ = 0.91 m/s
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
u 1 = 1.05 × 0.91 = 0.95 m/s
0.95 × 60
Therefore, N = = 40.37 rpm
π × 0.45
Rate of flow, Q = 0.92 πD1B1 × Vf 1

Vf 1 = 0.406 × 0.91 = 0.37 m/s
Hence Q = 0.92 × π × 0.45 × 0.05 × 0.37 = 0.0241 m3/s
Therefore, power developed, P = ρQVw1 U1
= QVW1 U1 (kW)
= 0.0241 × 0.913 V1 × 0.95
= 0.0241 × 0.913 × 0.91 × 0.95
= 0.01899 kW = 19 W Answer
Q.6.(c) (i) Solution:
T A > TB
TA
T1 cold fluid
Hot fluid
Q T2 Q
L TB
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Heat transfer is given as:
kA
Q = h1 A (TA − T1 ) = (T1 − T2 )
L
= h 2 A(T2 – TB)
where,
h1 and h2 are the average convective heat transfer coefficients over the surfaces at T1 and
T2 respectively.
TA − TB
Q =
1 L 1
+ +
h1 A kA h2 A
A = 1 m2, h1 = 40 W/m2K, h2 = 10 W/m2K, k = 0.8 W/mK,

L = 200 mm = 0.2 m
65 − 25 40
Q = =
1 0.2 1 0.025 + 0.25 + 0.1
+ +
40 0.8 10
= 106.67 W/m2
Let T1 and T2 be the surface temperature on the 65°C side and 25°C side respectively.
Q 106.67
T 1 = TA − h = 65 − 40
= 62.33°C Answer
1
Q 106.67
T 2 = TB − h = 25 + 10 = 35.67°C Answer
2
2
Q = 106.67 W/m
65°C 62.33°C 35.67°C 25°C
0.025 m2 k/W 0.25 m2 k/W 0.1 m2 k/W
Equivalent electrical network
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Q.6.(c) (ii) Solution:

Hollow thin-walled cylinders
2 r3
r2
1 r1
10 20 30
Given: r1 = = 5 cm, r2 = = 10 cm, r3 = = 15 cm,
2 2 2
T 1 = 100 K, T3 = 300 K, ∈1 = ∈2 = ∈3 = ∈ = 0.05

for the steady state condition, we can write
A1σ (T14 − T24 ) (

A2 σ T24 − T34 )
= ⎛ 1− ∈ ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1− ∈ ⎞ A
⎛ 1− ∈1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1− ∈2 ⎞ A1 2 3 2
⎜ ∈ ⎟+ F +⎜ ∈ ⎟A ⎜ ∈ ⎟+ F +⎜ ∈ ⎟ A
⎝ 1 ⎠ 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 23 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
Here, A1, A2 and A3 are surface areas.
Α1 r1 5 A r 10
A2
= r = 10 = 0.5, 2 = 2 = = 0.67
2 A3 r3 15
F 12 = F23 = 1(Shape factors)

∈1 = ∈2 = ∈3 = ∈ = 0.05
A1 (T14 − T24 ) (
A2 T24 − T34 )
=
1 ⎛1 ⎞A 1 ⎛1 ⎞A
+ ⎜ − 1⎟ 1 + ⎜ − 1⎟ 2
∈ ⎝∈ ⎠ A2 ∈ ⎝ ∈ ⎠ A3
2 πr1L (T14 − T24 ) (

2 πr2 L T24 − T34 )
=
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
+⎜ − 1 ⎟ 0.5 +⎜ − 1 ⎟ 0.67
0.05 ⎝ 0.05 ⎠ 0.05 ⎝ 0.05 ⎠
T14 − T24 (r2 / r1 ) (T24 − T34 )

=
29.5 32.73
4 4
T14 − T24 = 1.8 T2 − T3( )
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2.8T24 = T14 + 1.8 T34
2.8T24 = (100)4 + 1.8 × (300)4
T 2 = 269.086 K Answer
Q.7.(a) (i) Solution:

T
2
633 K
P=C V=C
291 K
1 3
Volume, V1 = 1 m3
for process 1 – 2, P1 = P2 = 1.03 × 105 N/m2
c p = 1.005 kJ/kgK
c v = 0.718 kJ/kgK
Gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
P1V1 1.03 × 105 × 1

Mass of air, m = = = 1.233 kg
RT1 287 × 291
Heat flow, Q = Q1–2 + Q2–3
= mc (T2 – T1) + mcv(T3 – T2)
p
= mc p(T2 – T1) + mcv(T1 – T2)
= m(T2 – T1) (cp – cv)
= 1.233(633 – 291)(1.005 – 0.718)
= 121.024 kJ Answer
⎛T ⎞
S2 – S1 = mc p log e ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠
⎛ 633 ⎞
= 1.233 × 1.005 log e ⎜ ⎟ = 0.963 kJ/K
⎝ 291 ⎠
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ 291 ⎞
S3 – S2 = mc v log e ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 1.233 × 0.718 log e ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T2 ⎠ ⎝ 633 ⎠
= – 0.688 kJ/K
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Overall change in entropy:
ΔS = (S2 – S1) + (S3 – S2) = 0.963 – 0.688
= 0.275 kJ/K Answer
Q.7.(a) (ii) Solution:

The second law of thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe,
as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that
the changes in the entropy of the universe can never be negative.
The second law of themodynamics can be expressed in several ways as below:
(i) It is impossible to build a perfect heat engine or a perfect refrigerator. This implies
that a heat engine or a refrigerator with 100% energy efficiency cannot be
constructed.
(ii) It is impossible to convert heat completely into work without some other change
taking place. This statement says that energy is wasted whenever heat is converted
into work. The amount of waste can be reduced. However, it cannot be eliminated.
(iii) It is impossible to build a perpetual motion machine. This statement implies
that it is impossible to construct a perpetual motion machine as energy is wasted
with time.
(iv) Heat can flow from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir but not vice versa without
some other change taking place. This statement implies that heat can be transferred
from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir without doing work. However, work
must be done in order to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir.
(v) No heat engine can exist, having a thermal efficiency higher than that of a reversible
Carnot engine. This statement implies that the thermal efficiency of a heat engine
can not exceed the Carnot efficiency. The maximum possible thermal energy
efficiency is called as Carnot efficiency. This concept is very helpful in science as
it allows us to calculate the maximum achievable thermal efficiency of a given
thermodynamic system.
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First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics is a version Second law of thermodynamics states what

of the law of conservation of energy. types of thermodynamic processes are
forbidden in nature.
First law of thermodynamics states that It is impossible to construct a perfect heat engine
energy can be neither created nor destroyed. or a perfect refrigerator. It is impossible to
construct a perpetual motion machine. It is
impossible to completely convert heat into work.
Heat doesn’t spontaneously flow from a cold
reservoir to a hot reservoir. The entropy of an
isolated system never decreases.
The equation; ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW can be used to The second law can be used to calculate the
calculate the algebraic value of one quantity maximum achievable thermal efficiency
if other two quantities of the equation (Carnot efficiency) of a given heat engine.
are known.
The first law of thermodynamics is, essentially, The second law of thermodynamics speaks about
a reiteration of the law of the conservation of the entropy in a system. The entire energy of a
energy. “The increment in the internal energy system cannot be converted into work without
of the system is equal to the increment of the energy loss. Furthermore, any spontaneous
heat supply to the system”. process will actively increase the entropy.
Q.7 (b) Solution:
P 2 × 105
Air density, ρ = = = 2.226 kg/m3
RT 287 × ( 273 + 40 )
ρVd 2.226 × 10 × 0.03

Reynolds number, Re = = = 32417
μ 20.6 × 10 −6
Then from the given correlation,
Nu = 0.023 × (32417)0.8 × (0.694)0.4 = 80.697
k 0.0297
and h = Nu × = 80.697 × = 79.89 W/m2K
d 0.03
Let t1 and t2 denote the temperature of air at entrance and at the exit of heated section.
Mean bulk temperature of air is given as
t1 + t 2 40 + t2
tb = =
2 2
π 2
Heat taken by air = macpΔt = ρ d V × c p Δt
4
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π 2
= 2.226 × × ( 0.03 ) × 10 × 1009 × (t 2 − 40 )
4
= 15.868(t2 – 40) ...(i)
Convective heat flow from tube wall to air
= h(πdl) × Δt
⎛ 40 + t2 ⎞
= 79.89 × ( π× 0.03 × 1 ) × ⎜ 100 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 40 + t 2 ⎞
= 7.526 ⎜ 100 − ⎟ ...(ii)
⎝ 2 ⎠
Under steady state conditions, the heat gained by air equals the convective heat flow
from tube wall to air. That is
⎛ 40 + t 2 ⎞ 7.526
15.868(t2 – 40) = 7.526 ⎜ 100 −
2 ⎠
⎟ = (160 − t2 )
⎝ 2
7.526
t2 – 40 = (160 − t2 )
2 × 15.868
t2 – 40 = 0.237(160 – t2)
or t2 – 40 = 37.92 – 0.237 t2
37.92 + 40
t2 = 63°C
1.237
Using equation (i), the heat transfer from tube wall to air is
Q = 15.868(63 – 40) = 364.96 W/m
Rise in bulk temperature of air = 63 – 40 = 23°C/m Answer
Q.7.(c) (i)Solution:
The fill factor is a measure of the real current voltage (I - V) characteristics. Fill factor(FF)
indicates the quality of a cell. It is defined as the ratio of peak power to the product of
open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, i.e.,
Vm Im
FF =
Voc I sc
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I I-V = constant
Isc Max. power point,
Im Pm
Vm VOC V
I-V Characteristic of pV system
An ideal cell will have a fill factor value as unity. In order to maximize the fill factor, the
ratio of the photo current to reverse saturation current should be maximized while
minimizing internal series resistance and maximizing the shunt resistance. Typically
the value of FF for a commercial silicon cell is in the range of 0.5 to 0.83.
Q.7.(c) (ii) Solution:

Load = 2600 Wh
Hours of daylight = 5 h/day
Power of one panel = 80 W
The number of PV panels required can be obtained as:
2600 ( Wh /day )
Number of panels = = 6.5
5 ( h /day ) × 80 ( W /panel )
n = 6.5, round off to 7 panels.

As the system voltage is 24V and each panel produces 12V, two panels need to be
connected in series to produce the required voltage, so an even number is required.
Therefore, the number of PV panels is increased to next even number i.e. 8.
Number of PV panels = 8 Answer
It has been given that three days of storage would be adequate, the required storage can
be calculated as:
2600 ( Wh/day ) × 3days 2600 × 3

=
Battery efficiency×depth of discharge 0.73 × 0.7
Required storage = 15,264 Wh
15264 ( Wh )
Number of batteries required = 155 Ah × 6V
( )
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15264 ( Wh )
= = 16.4 17 batteries
930 ( Wh )
As the system voltage is 24V and each battery is of 6V, we need to connect 4 batteries in
series, so the number of batteries to use here is 16(very close to 16.4, with the possibility
of not having enough power for the third day) or 20(for more safety).
Q.8 (a) Solution:
1. Arrangement of power plant is shown below:
Regenerator
Exhaust gas out
5
cc
Inter 7
cooler Pi 5
6
Pi 2 3 P
2
4
C1 C2 T
ηG = 0.95
P1 1
Air
2. The corresponding T-s diagram is shown below:
P2
7
5 Pi
7s
4
2
4s 2s
P1
3 1
For perfect intercooling, the intercooler pressure pi is given by

Pi = P1 P2 = 1 × 6 = 2.45 bar
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γ− 1/γ 0.4/1.4
T2S ⎛ Pi ⎞ ⎛ 2.45 ⎞
=
T1 = ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 1 ⎠
⎟ = 1.292
T2S = 1.292 × (273 + 20) = 378.59 K

T2 s − T1
Compressor isentropic efficiency, ηc = T − T = 0.82
2 1
T2 s − T1 378.59 − 293
T2 = + T1 = + 293 = 397.38 K
ηc 0.82
γ− 1/γ 0.286
T4s ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
T3 = ⎜⎝ Pi ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2.45 ⎠
= 1.292
T4s = 293 × 1.292 = 378.54 K

T4s − T3 378.54 − 293
T 4 = T3 + η = 293 +
0.82 = 397.38 K
c
γ− 1/γ
T6 ⎡ P2 ⎤ 0.33/1.33
= (6 ) = 60.248 = 1.5595
T7s = ⎢P ⎥
⎣ 1⎦
T6 1173
T7s = = = 752.17 K
1.5595 1.5595
T6 – T7 = ηT (T6 – T7s)
= 0.92(1173 – 752.17)
T 7 = 1173 – 387.16 = 785.84 K
T5 − T4
Regenerator effectivness, ∈ = T − T
7 4
T 5 = (T7 – T4)∈ + T4
= (785.84 – 397.32) × 0.7 + 397.32 = 669.28 K
Making an energy balance for the combustion chamber,
m f × (C .V .) f × ηcomb + m a × T5 (cp )a = T6 × ( m a + m f ) × c p g
f × 40800 × 0.95 + 210 × 669.28 × 1.005 = 1173 × ( 210 + m f ) × 1.08

m
f = 3.328 kg/s
m
m a 210
Air fuel ratio, m = = 63.1
f 3.328
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Turbine work output, WT = (m a + m f ) × (c p )g × (T6 − T7 )

WT = (210 + 3.328) × 1.08 × (1173 – 785.84)
= 89199.434 kW = 424.759 kJ/kg of air
Compressor work input, Wc = macp [(T2 – T1) + (T4 – T3)]
Wc = 1 × 1.005[(397.38 – 293) + (397.38 – 293)]
= 209.80 kJ/kg air
Power generated, WNet = WGT – WC = 427.759 – 209.80
= 214.96 kJ/kg of air
40800 × 0.95
Heat supplied = = 614.263 kJ/kg of air
63.1
214.96
ηcycle = = 0.3499 or 35% Answer
614.263
Power generated of plant P = ηm · ηg · Wnet
= 0.96 × 0.95 × 214.96
P = 196.04 kW/kg of air
P 196.04
ηplant = Q = = 0.3191 or 31.91% Answer
A 614.26
Q.8.(b) (i) Solution:

The important performance indices of a solar collector are (i) collector efficiency, (ii)
concentration ratio, and (iii) temperature range. The performance of a solar collector is
evaluated on the basis of these features.
Collector efficiency is defined as the ratio of the energy actually absorbed and transferred
to the heat-transport fluid by the collector (useful energy) to the energy incident on the
collector.
Concentration ratio (CR) is defined as the ratio of the area of aperture of the system to
the area of the receiver. The aperture of the system is the projected area of the collector
facing (normal) the beam.
Temperature range is the range of temperature to which the heat -transport fluid is
heated up by the collector.
In flat-plate collectors, no optical system is utilized to concentrate the solar radiation
and hence the concentration ratio is only 1. The temperature range is less than 100°C.
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Line focus collectors have CR up to 100 and a temperature range of the order of 150°C to
300°C. A concentration ratio of the order of thousands and temperature range of 500°C
to 1000°C can be obtained by using point-focus collectors.
Q.8.(b) (ii) Solution:

Comparison of concentrating and non-concentrating types (Flat-plate type) of solar
collectors.
In concentrating type solar collectors, solar radiation is converged from a large area into
a smaller area using optical means. Beam radiation, which has a unique direction and
travels in a straight line, can be converged by reflection or refraction techniques. Diffused
radiation however, has no unique direction and so does not obey optical principles.
Therefore, the diffused component cannot be concentrated. Thus, concentrating-type
solar collectors mainly make use of the beam radiation component (plus very little
diffuse-component coming directly over the absorber), while non-concentrating (flat
plate) collectors absorb both beam as well as diffused radiation, a distinct advantage of
a flat-plate collector.
A flat-plate collector is simple in construction and does not require sun tracking.
Therefore, it can be properly secured on a rigid platform, and thus becomes mechanically
stronger than those requiring flexibility for tracking purpose. As the collector is installed
outdoors and exposed to atmospheric disturbances (rain, storm, etc.), the flat-plate type
is more likely to withstand harsh outdoor conditions. Also, because of its simple
stationary design, a flat-plate collector requires little maintenance.
The principal disadvantage of a flat-plate collector is that because of the absence of
optical concentration, the area from which heat is lost is large. Also, due to the same
reason high temperature cannot be attained.
The main advantage of concentrating-type collectors is that high temperatures can be
attained due to concentration of radiation. This also yield high-temperature thermal
energy.
Q.8.(c) (i) Solution:

R-12 and R-22 have forourable properties with regards to evaporator and condenser
pressure for use in domestic applications. Further these refrigerants satisfy all safety
requirements, and hence are ideally suited for window air-conditioners and home
refrigerators. Hermetic compressors are suitable only for small units (due to cooling
problem of compressor motors) like domestic refrigerators and window air-conditioners.
Therefore, R-12 and R-22 are used in hermetic compressors.
Water is only slightly solute in R-12. At –18°C it will hold 6 parts per million of water.
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Hence, if any water is present it will freeze up in expansion valve. To prevent this, dryer
is used before the evaporator to compressor.
Q.8.(c)(ii)Solution:
T 1 = Generator temperature
= 120.2 + 273 = 393.2 K
T 2 = Condenser and absorber temperature
= 30 + 273 = 303K
TR = Evaporator temperature
= – 10 + 273 = 263K
The maximum COP of the absorption refrigeration system is given by
(T1 − T2 )TR
(COP)max = (T − T )T
2 2 1
( 393.2 − 303 ) × 263 90.2 × 263

= ( = = 1.508
303 − 263 ) × 393.2 40 × 393.2
Actual COP = 1.508 × 0.4 = 0.6032
QE
Since, COP = Q
G
QE 20 × 3.5167
QG = = = 116.60 kW
COP 0.6032
Heat transferred by 1 kg of steam on condensation
= (hf + xhfg) – hf = xhfg
= 0.9 × 2201.9 = 1981.71 kJ/kg
116.6
Steam flow rate required = = 0.05884 kg/s or 3.5303 kg/min
1981.71
Answer

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 12

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 12

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Detailed Solutions

ESE-2018 Mechanical Engineering

from Pascal’s law, h1 = h 2

Q.1 (b) Solution:

Q.1 (c) Solution:

Cycle efficiency, ηcycle = 0.5847 or 58.47% Ans.

T 2 = 308 × 2.4082 = 741.7256 K ≈ 741.73 K

T 3 = 3666.53 K = Tmax Ans.

P 3 = 2.1674 × 4.9432 = 10.714 MPa = Pmax Ans.

Q.1 (d) Solution:

Q.1 (e) Solution:

4. Rapid start of the boiler is possible.

Q.2 (a) Solution:

2V02 − 48 g 2(28.3)2 − 48 × 9.81

Q.2 (b) Solution:

1. When using finite length heat transfer rate within 1% of error,

= 0.0955 × (120 – 20)

QL = 0.805 = hPkA θ0 tan h (m × 0.805 )

Length (L) Heat loss(Q)

Q.2 (c) Solution:

Combined velocity diagram for a moving blade of 50% reaction turbine

⎧ C12 + 2UC1 cos α 1 − U 2 ⎫

Mechanical efficiency of compressor,

T 2 = 296 × 0.673 = 199.2 K

T 4 = 278 × 1.486 = 413.1 K

Q.3 (c) Solution:

Distance travelled by piston:

Q.4 (a) Solution:

Tmax 70°C h = 32 W/m2/K

Thermal resistance of layer B:

For this integral equation, we have to apply following boundary conditions:

A ∫0 ∫ 0.4(1 + 0.07t )dt

Q.4 (b) Solution:

2. Schematic of power plant is shown below:

For process 2–3 : s2 = s3

Since pump work is neglected,

Turbine work, WT = (h1 – h2) + (1 – m) (h2 – h3)

Steam rate without regeneration

Increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration

Q.4 (c) Solution:

Watm = ∫ PdV = Patm × (V2 − V1 )

Assume torque of motor as T Nm.

COP of a reversible heat pump is

from the given condition, we can write

4.8 4.8 × 293

T1 – Tamb = 281.28 = 16.77

Solid cube floating in a liquid

Q.6.(a) (i) Solution:

R ⎡ ρgh f ⎤ 0.15 ⎡ 850 × 9.81 × 20 ⎤

hf γD 2 20 850 × 9.81 × (0.30)2

Q.6.(a) (ii) Solution:

pA V 2 2.7468 × 105 V 2 fLQ2

6.0925 × 10 5 2.8 × 9.81 × 10 4 flQ 2

Let W = work head given by the fluid to runner

h1r = 0.18 × 55 = 9.9 mm (as per question)

from inlet velocity triangle,

Hence, u 1 = 1.5 × 0.703 V1 = 1.05 V1

Vw1 u1 0.913 × 1.05 2 0.96V12

u 1 = 1.05 × 0.91 = 0.95 m/s

Rate of flow, Q = 0.92 πD1B1 × Vf 1

Q.6.(c) (i) Solution:

Heat transfer is given as:

A = 1 m2, h1 = 40 W/m2K, h2 = 10 W/m2K, k = 0.8 W/mK,