International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
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1, January 2014
Orphan Problems and Community Concern in Ethiopia
Bimal Kanta Nayak, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, Vivekananda Institute of Social Work and Social
Sciences( VISWASS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
Orphaned children are one of the most disadvantaged
groups, living in the community with various problems.
Orphan problems are universal in nature and the magnitude
of problem varies from one geographical location to
another. The common problems faced by orphans
worldwide are at higher risk of severe malnutrition, high
mortality rates, lower levels of school attendance, and
increased likelihood of child labour (both paid and unpaid).
These children are also more likely to be subjected to abuse,
neglect, and exploitation, not to mention the grief of losing
their parents. There are over 14 million children living as
orphans due to poverty, war, HIV/AIDS and other causes,
and as many as 100 million more who are living homeless
on the streets. There are different NGOs working for
orphans in local, national and international level who
provide the children at Orphanage with food, health care,
shelter, clothing, education and the personal attention
needed for each child's physical, spiritual and emotional
well-being. While taking care of these orphan children, they
face various challenges and difficulties due to increased
HIV rates and increased poverty. There is a problem of the
rapidly growing number of orphans and resources are
severely limited. The concept of helping out the orphaned
children is gradually changing from agency/NGO to
community due to extensive community awareness .Now a
day the role of community in alleviation of orphan problem
is significantly observed in different communities. The main
objective of the study is to assess the role of community
participation in alleviating the problem of orphan children
at “Nefas Mewcha” town 75 km away from Gondar town in
Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are
adopted for the study and semi -structured questionnaire
was administered to collect the data for quantitative data
collection and in qualitative method, focus group discussion
and key informants and some individual indepth interviews
were employed. The study used descriptive statistics for
quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.
INTRODUCTION:
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When children lose their parents at early age and become
either orphans or fatherless or motherless, no one to take
care of them and some time they grow up with their
guidance, relatives and in the orphanage or in the
community. The orphan is defined by the deprivation of
parents, and is commonly understood to be a child who has
lost both parents to death. However, historians and
organizations such as UNICEF include the child who has
lost one parent, often termed a “half” or “single” orphan, in
the definition of “orphan.” The category of “orphan” can
thus encompass numerous types of parentless children,
ranging from children who have lost both parents to children
who have living parents but live separate from them, such as
the foundling (typically an abandoned child found and cared
for by non-kin or an institution), the ward (typically an
orphan cared for by a legal guardian), the pauper apprentice
(typically an orphaned or abandoned child consigned to
labor and cared for by an apprenticemaster). And the street
child (typically a child who has left his or her family to live
and work on the streets).
The orphan is a child who requires protection, care, and
guidance but those children are deprived of love and
affections from their loving parents .There are many
factors responsible for children being orphaned in family
due to natural calamities like cyclones, earthquake
floods, fire and road accidents Sickness, HIV/AIDS etc.
Many studies of the orphan emphasize orphaning’s
causal factors. Historically, orphaning resulted from high
mortality rates, and it remains common in areas ravaged
by war or disease.There are also cases when young ladies
by taking wrong steps in life conceive children and they
either leave them in the hospitals or maternity hospitals
or run away. Such disowned children who have no
knowledge of their father and mother. Some people
adopt such children because they are barren. In Ethiopia
such adoption is rare. These children are being adopted
by foreigners. Where there are more orphan children
they seek admission into the orphanages because they
have no place to go.
When a Child is orphaned, in other countries the
extended family steps into care for the child. Often when
you ask a parent how many children they care for they
will answer, Five children of my own and four of my
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
1, January 2014
brother’s. And I also take care of my parents” In cases
of extreme poverty ,when the cost of living already far
outweighs the means of the family, taking care of
another child is not always possible. Those who are
working for orphan children some time they find some
orphan children and place them in the orphanage and
educate them providing all other facilities. This type of
orphan children is one category. The second type is,
children have parents but they have no means to support
their children, so they also seek admission into
orphanage hostels.
ORPHAN STATISTICS:
Every 15 seconds, another child becomes an AIDS orphan
in Africa
Every day 5,760 more children become orphans
Every year 2,102,400 more children become orphans (in
Africa alone)
143,000,0002 Orphans in the world today spend an average
of 10 years in an orphanage or foster home Approximately
250,000 children are adopted annually, but…
Every year 14,050,000 children still grow up as orphans and
age out of the system
Every day 38,493 children AGE OUT
Every 2.2 seconds, another orphan child ages out with no
family to belong to and no place to call home In Ukraine
and Russia 10% -15% of children who age out of an
orphanage commit suicide before age 18. 60% of the girls
are lured into prostitution. 70% of the boys become
hardened criminals.5
Many of these children accept job offers that ultimately
result in their being sold as slaves. Millions of girls are sex
slaves today, simply because they were unfortunate enough
to grow up as orphans.
(NB. To AGE OUT means to grow to the age where a child
is forced to leave the orphanage or foster home with no
place to call home.)
Reliable statistics are difficult to find, even the sources often
list only estimates, and street children are rarely included.
But even if these figures are exaggerated by double, it is still
an unacceptable tragedy that over a million children would
still become orphans every year, and every year 7 Million
children would still grow to adulthood as orphans with no
one to belong to and no place to call home. They are totally
vulnerable and easily fall prey to predators and slave
recruiters.
ORPHANS DUE TO HIV/AIDS:
HIV/AIDS plays vital role contributing number of orphans
in the community due to the death of father or mother or
even both. The beautiful country of Ethiopia, officially the
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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, stands out among
the African countries as one never colonized, yet it shares
stereotypical histories of war, rebellions, poverty, famine
and disease (Central, 2009). Ethiopia also suffers from
disease and epidemics, the most severe being AIDS. The
adult prevalence rate of AIDS is 2.1%. Swaziland has the
highest rate at 26.1% ("Country Comparisons - HIV,"
2009). As of 2007, it was estimated that 980,000 Ethiopians
were living with HIV or AIDS, and the number of AIDS
deaths was at 67,000. One result of the conditions in
Ethiopia and climbing AIDS rates is increasing numbers of
orphaned children. According to revised 200 estimates,
there are currently 347 million children under age 15 in
34countries who have lost their mother, father, or both of
their parents to HIV/AIDS and other cause of death. By
2010, that number will be 44 million without AIDS, the
total number of children orphaned would have declined by
2010 to less than 15 million in 2010,20 percent to 30
percent of children 15 will be orphaned in 11 sub African
countries, even if all new infections are prevented and some
form of treatment is provided to slow the onset of AIDS in
the those infected with HIV (children the brink 2000).
Africa and Asian countries have responded with
comprehensive policies and plan of action for these
children (Malawi, Zimbabwe, Thailand). Most countries
have national plan still in development. At the
community level, various community groups have
developed a wide rage response. The extent of this
response is now known, but there is general agreement
that geographic and programmatic coverage of existing
program is insufficient
(www.HIV/policy.org/Hp531.pdf000).
In Africa, there are more than five million children who
lost one both parents. Who represent more than six
percent of the enter population of Ethiopia (82800000)
and the number is more than the total population of the
neighboring countries of Eretria.
ETHIOPIA ORPHANS:
As an effect of the poor conditions of this developing
nation, Ethiopia contains and struggles to care for
millions of orphaned children. Though estimates vary,
recent approximations claim that there are over 5 million
orphans including 1.5 million AIDS orphans in Ethiopia.
The definition used to classify orphans is children under
18 years of age who have lost one or both parents.
(Abebe & Asase, 2007; Gross & Connors, 2007). After
AIDS orphans, "The remaining 70% of orphans are often
classified as 'famine orphans,' 'war orphans,' 'malaria
orphans,' and 'social orphans,' i.e. children who have
been abandoned mainly due to poverty" (Abebe &
Asase, 2007). One psychologist explains how
devastating the experience of losing a parent can be and
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
1, January 2014
stresses how important support and nurturing are in order
for the orphan to survive the emotional and economic
losses (Bhargava, 2005). The roles of caregiver and
nurturer for the millions of orphans are mainly filled by
orphanages. The high number of orphans is attributed to
the loss of the both of parents due to HIV/AIDS, other
diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, high maternal
mortality rate extreme poverty, famine, armed conflict
child labor practice and mitigation almost sixteen percent
of orphan population of Ethiopia which amount 5423459
is orphaned by HIV/ AIDS and 537510 of those orphans
under age 18% of Ethiopia house hold is caring for an
orphan (the world bank; 2010) outside the family.
Though traditional Ethiopian kinship systems provide
support for orphans, the third- world conditions have
devastated this cultural safety network increasing the
need for orphanage care. A great majority of Ethiopian
orphans are placed in one of the nations numerous
orphanages. Many foreign aid organizations have
established orphanages in Ethiopia to help relieve this
nation's strain.
ORPHAN “PROBLEM” AND FOREIGN
ADOPTION:
Ethiopia's current situation is often depicted as an orphan
"crisis" that is desperate for the help of foreign adoption;
this is reflected in the growing number of American
adoptions of Ethiopian children in recent years. This
depiction is quite problematic as it generalizes the situation
and overlooks Ethiopians' agency. Media take the concept
so far that one paper joked of "Ethiopia's newest export:
adoptable children" (Associated Press, 2004). Images and
stories tell of hopeless, despondent orphans followed by
"ways you can help." One article tells the story of an
orphaned girl playing soccer stating, "Just five minutes into
the game, the rail-thin girl is too exhausted to continue. She
lets loose a rattling cough and, without a word, her
concerned playmates call it quits" (Erwin, 2005).The lives
of orphans are negatively-and sometimes apocalyptically-
portrayed by the media as well as in academia as crisis-
childhood: a 'ticking time-bomb,' 'silent crises,' 'lost
generation,' 'robbed childhood,' and 'childhood in the sun.'
These constructions are based on the assumption that
orphans are simply burdens who require care and support,
and that adults know what is in the children's 'best interest
(Abebe & Asase, 2007).
In 2004, "foreign couples adopted 1,400 Ethiopian kids,
double the previous year's number (Santos & Wescott,
2005). The current numbers are staggering. Last year,
American citizens adopted approximately 1,725 Ethiopian
children (Ethiopia, 2009). While, foreign adoption is
decreasing in every other country, it is continually
increasing in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is now the fourth most
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popular nation for American adoption underneath China,
Guatemala and Russia (Bauer, 2008). American families
land in Addis Ababa to pick up their new children, usually
leaving in less than seven days" (Bauer, 2008). American
run Ethiopian adoption agencies are being described as
"models for international adoption" (Gross & Connors,
2007). Other governments, such as those of the other
leading international adoption countries are turning away
many American agencies under fear of corruption and
making eligibility requirements tougher. With this comes
more interest in Ethiopia, and the Ethiopian government
expresses concern over handling all the new agencies. Last
month, the Embassy of Ethiopia listed 22 American
registered adoption agencies in Ethiopia ("List", 2008).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
• To asses major social problem of orphan children in
NefasMewcha town;
• To study major economical problem children in
NefasMewch;
• To investigate the measures that are taken by
community based organization in alleviating the
problem of orphan children in NefasMewcha,
• To suggest possible recommendations to alleviate the
problem of orphan children;
METHODOLOGY:
Study area:
The study was conducted at NefasMocha, is one of the
towns which is found in Amharic national state. Which is
located in south Gondar administration zone
(Debretabor) and far from it 75 km. it contains 3 kebeles
(Blocks) and its population size estimated 22181(Nefas
Mocha finance and economic development office 2011)
out of the entire population, 1300 orphans and vulnerable
children in live in urban administration the area is more
exposed to HIV/AIDS many people died and orphan
children left without help. Even if GOs and CBOs are
doing some welfare activities to alleviate the problem of
orphan children.
Study Population:
The populations for this study are inmates, guidance and
caretakers of the well known NefasMocha town where
more orphaned children are located.
Sampling techniques: In this study, systematic random
sampling techniques was used to select the actual 35
samples out of 109 (30%) ,with lottery method. In order
to formulate a systematic sampling method employed
total population divided by sample size then we got three
sampling interval form this we selected from number one
to three by simple random lottery method. Fortunately
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 Volume 3, No.
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1, January 2014

the sample element randomly number three was selected. data compiled then formulated questionnaires. The
After selection, three numbers was added continuously researcher employed semi structured questionnaire, which
starting from three up to 109. The techniques that were filled by themselves and by the enumerators, in order
employed were an equal chance to be selected. The to collect data those sampled orphans. The intended data is
respondents includes orphan children whose grade 9 collected to deal problem of orphan children the researchers
above, civil servant and who have knowledge in relation used focused group discussion as data collecting instrument.
to orphan children , guidance etc. It is known that those key informants who participated in
FGD. Besides this, the researcher has taken civil servants as
Significance of the study: The scope of study focused the participants of FGD, these civil servants are selected
on orphan children who are supported by informal based on the criteria, those who contribute financial support
association/ Indris union, which are living with guardian for orphan children,
or with their family in (2011) their population 109 those who have knowledge in relation to orphan children
orphaned children. The researcher expected to give
current and timely information about the socio economic Data analysis and interpretation
challenge of orphan children .This study can give fresh The data have been collected and by employing the
insights about how the community is get involved in interview guide from different sources. The data
alleviating the problem of children. The study focuses on pertaining to the subject matter was collected from a face
NefasMeucha urban in three kebeles by taking a to face interview from respondents and analyzed
reference point CBO. Finally the study is also relevant to accordingly.
other for further investigation for responsible
organization NGOs, agencies to become aware of the Characteristics of responses:
problem of orphan children living in the locality. Description of the characteristics of the target population
gives some basic information about the sample
Field work and Data collection population involved in the study, thus the following
The field work was carried out in the month March 2013 for tables, contains about the general, occupation, economic
a week covering whole orphanage located NefasMeucha. status and attitude of civil servants guidance on orphan
After submitting official letter to CBOs and GO the raw children in the study.
Table 1: Respondents by Parental Relations:
S.N Parental relation Male Female Total Percentage
1 Mother 15 6 21 60
2 Father 3 - 3 8.5
3 Ground parent 1 - 1 2.8
4 Sister 1 2 3 8.5
5 Brother - - - 0
6 Uncle - - - 0
7 Aunt - 7 7 20
8 No relation - - - 0
Total 20 15 35 100

The above table reveals that 60 per cent of respondents and 20 per cent of them live with their aunt. Thus, from l ive with
their mother, where as 2.8 per cent of they live the above analysis it is found that according to the with their grandparents.
And 8.5 per cent of them live with majority of respondents (60 per cent) live with their father, while 8.5 per cent of these
children with their sister mother is the finding this analysis.

Table 2 : Distribution of respondents by Orphan Status

S.N Status of orphans No. of respondents Percentage

1
M F Total
2 Double orphan - 4 4 11.42
3 Parental orphan 15 9 24 68.57
4 Maternal orphan 5 2 7 20
Total 20 15 35 100

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The above table shows that 68.57 per cent of children are their parents in their early age .Thus, from the above parental
orphans, where as 11.42 per cent of children are analysis , it is leant that majority of children (68.57 per double orphans
.And 20 per cent of them lost their mothers cent) are parental orphan, is the finding of this analysis. .This may be due to
HIV/AIDS most of the children lost

Table.3: Distribution of Respondents acceding To Occupation Of Guidance

S.N Occupation status No. ofts Percentage

responden
Male Female Total
Office work - 2 2 5.71
1 Daily labor 12 5 17 48.57
2 Peasant - 2 2 5.71
3 Petty trade 7 3 10 28.57
4 Un employment 1 3 4 11.42
Total 20 15 35 100

The above table indicates that 48.57 per cent of guidance (48.57 per cent)are daily labourer ,is the finding of this
have daily labour
as their occupation S.N Responses No. of respondents Percentage
,
w 1 Availing health care service Male Female Total
h Yes 18 11 29 82.85
e Table No. 4: Distribution No 02 and type of Tutor,
of respondents according to Health care access 04 06 Food
place of living, 17.4
r Total access etc. 20 15 35 100
e 2 Type of tutor
as 5.71 per cent Yes 04 01 05 14.28
of guidance are No 16 14 30 85.71
both peasant and Total 20 15 35 100
office work in 3 Living in their own house
their locality .And
Yes 7 9 16 45.71
28.57 of them
No 11 8 19 54.28
have petty trade
Total 18 17 35 100
,while
11.42 of 4 Food access
respondents are Yes 13 16 29 82.85
unemployed No 02 04 06 17.14
.Thus, from the Total 15 20 35 100
above analysis , it is found that majority of guidance analysis.

The above Table shows regarding the access to health in
personal hygiene and environmental satiation. Among
orphan 82.85 per cent of them did have care service from
their family and school, where as 17.14 per cent of orphan
children did not have health care service. It may be, due to
those children who are taken care of by their guidance
properly.
Regarding the place of living, the above table reveals that
54.28 of orphan children live in their own house with their
single parents, where as 45.71 of them don’t have house and
live with their guidance and relatives. This on the other hand
implies that even though they have their own houses, their
economical problem does not allow them to construct good
houses.

With regards to the access to tutor by orphan children, the
above reveals that 85 per cent of respondents don’t have
tutor, where 14.2 per cent of orphan children are access to
tutor, Hence majority of orphan who are supported by CBO
in their locality, don’t have tutor.
The above table also depicts about the food access of
orphans in their locality .It is found that 82.85 per cent of
orphan children are able to access to food daily, where as
17.4 percent of them don’t have enough food .It indicates
that even if children are orphaned, community is ready to

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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
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support them in the time of necessity like providing food
daily.
ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE DATA:
The result of edroch hebrt executive committees discussion
was:-Nine members participated in FGD and their
discussion was focused on community participation to
alleviate the problem of orphan children. In conducting
FGD the participants have identified the major roles that
were played by the community to tackle the problem of
orphan children. These major roles which have been done
by the community are:-economic support:- each member of
iddirs is obliged to contribute 50 cents per month
voluntarily. All this payment is accumulated in a special
account and the fund is withdrawn when needed, to support
orphan children. On the side of civil servants, each civil
servant is expected to contribute 2 birr (Ethiopian
currency) per month from his/her salary to support for
orphans. They pay twice both civil servant and the member
of the respective iddir (leader who contributes financial
support for people in need like orphan, for funeral
expenditure etc.).With regards the support of orphan
children, the committee discussed the following activities.
Fund raising activities:- this types support includes revealing
fund through income generating activities. The guardians
will have access to credit faculties so as to employ
themselves in income generating activities to support the
orphans and themselves. In addition to this by preparing
project proposals the iddirs executive committee will try to
raise fund so as to support these orphans. To facilitate the
overall activities, these committees work voluntarily for two
days within a week. Besides this, ‘‘iddirochhibrete’’ as
community based organization is contributing much to the
orphans in that it has established modern bakery machine,
ICT trading center with fair price and it has kindergarten
which gives serves for the whole community.
Psycho-social support:- there is a committee dealing with
orphans welfare and gives home to home counseling
service to those orphans. In addition, the guardians
themselves give emotional support for the orphans.
Educational material support:- distributing uniforms,
exercise book, pen, and pencil for those orphan who attend
at school.
Interpretation of data obtained through semi structure
interview as follows: as the data collected from orphaned
children indicates that one of difficulties faced orphan
children are social and economical problems. Most of the
parental orphans, face the problem of low family income,
for maternal orphans ,it creates double burden on women
guardians, their occupation depend on daily labor so did not
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have enough food, health care, housing and tutor. In the case
of social problem especially students don’t have tutor. Some
female orphans who live with their aunt they do a additional
activities in helping their aunt in domestic work.
Interpreting of data obtained from FGD: The focused group
discussions were among civil servant, HIDEROCHE
HIBERTE executive committees, and guardian. Their main
focus discussions were about the role of community
participation and their contribution in alleviating the
problem of orphan children in the locality. In case of civil
servant FGD: the discussions were under taken into offices
in cluster, the 1stcluster consists of 3 sectors out of these, 6
members of key informants’ civil servant were participated.
In the 2nd cluster also 6 members of civil servants were
participated. The results of discussion about orphan children
were:-Psycho- Social problem:- this type of problems
include problems like absence of social attachment which is
deep rooted with stigma and discrimination, feeling of
loneliness, stress etc n. Lack of emotional support:- absence
of nurturing Economical problem:- Lack of basic needs that
is food, cloth and shelter and Low income, and poverty.
The result of guardian focused group discussion are Lack of
basic needs food, shelter, and cloth and Lack of health care
service, medical support and educational support.
No matter orphans in Nefas Mewcha town have faced
different socio-economic and psychological problems, as
stated above, the community and ‘‘iddirochHibrete’’ are
there to deal with these different problems being faced by
orphans.
DISCUSSION:
In this study, it is found that the majority of respondent (60
per cent ) live with their mother. With regards to the orphan
status, 68.57 per cent are parental orphan and majority of
guidance (48.57 per cent) are daily laboureres. 82.85 per
cent of Orphaned children did have care service from their
family and school. With regards to the access to tutor by
orphan children 85 per cent of orphans don’t have tutor.
Regarding the place of living, 54.28 of orphan children live
in their own house with their single parent, the study also
reveals that 82.85 per cent of orphaned children are able to
access to food daily.
The result also shows that the problem of orphans is serious
socially and economically , Most of the parental orphans,
face the problem of low family income, for maternal
orphans ,it creates double burden on women guardians,
their occupation depend on daily labor so did not have
enough food, health care, housing and tutor. The study also
identified possible out comes in social, economical, poor
health status, poor academic performance, food shortage,
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International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)
1, January 2014
child delinquents, child begging, dependency syndrome,
school dropout and street children .though orphans undergo
different problems like socio-economic and psychological
problems, the community and ‘‘ iddiroch Hibrete’’ are there
to deal with these problems in the community. Finally the
study suggests possible solution to alleviate social,
economical, problem children with community
participation.
RECOMMENDTION:
The recommendations were from the result of focused group
discussions of civil servants, IDERCHO HEBIRETE,
guardians, and structure interviewed orphan children. Hence
the discussion and self interviewed as follows:
1. Promote voluntarism in psycho social support, tutor,
health service, and peer learning;
2. Create an awareness and behavioral change at all
community level by mobilizing the local resource;
3. Orphaned children who are victims of rape,
abduction , domestic violence, alcoholism, addiction ,
street, beggar and delinquents should have
continuous counseling service and legal protection
from concerning line office;
4. The IDERCHO HEBERT ‘‘by law’’ must practice in
prevention the problems of orphan
5. Shortage of basic needs:- food, shelter, cloth, and
education accesses should be avoided
6. Psychological and emotional support need to be
strengthened
7. Promote adequate saving and credit facilities for
guardian and saving culture should be developed at
all community level.
8. The finding shows that orphan families are poorest,
at the same time unemployed and retired. Hence,
through fund raising activities should be supported
them.
9. NGOs doing a promising activity in performing
income generating activity, self help group, urban
garden, small cottage and credit and saving practice.
Hence this practice should be promoted and scale up
to community based organizations to alleviate the
problem of the orphan.
10. Those children even if they have parents they migrate
from rural to urban at a higher rate, this situation
exacerbate the orphan problem of NefasMewecha.
Hence, the neighbor districts should find out a
solution to these migrating children.
11. Guardians want aid from NGOs and GO on behalf of
orphans. It shows great dependency syndrome. So to
tackle the problem the concerned bodies should focus
on attitude and behavioral change both on the part of
the government and the communities.
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12. NGOs doing a promising activity in performing
income generating activity, self help group, urban
garden, small cottage and credit and saving practice.
Hence this practice should be promoted and scale up
to community based organizations to alleviate the
problem of the orphan.
CONOLUSION:
Children are the backbone of the society and citizen of
tomorrow .It is applicable to every child in the society
whether children living with parent or without parents. But
it is very unfortunate that some of the children like orphans
become disadvantaged and victimized due to absence of
parents and support of guidance in the community. The
community should respect and treat equally all children .It is
possible to do so if a lot of awareness on children from
different sources is organized. It is also necessary from
people of all walks of life to help and support to orphans in
their community directly or indirectly .If it is done,
definitely particular society will experience children
without any sort of discrimination in their community and it
will become exemplary to whole society.
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the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: The extended
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Direct database.
[2] Abebe, T. (2007). Changing Livelihoods, Changing
Childhoods: Patterns of Children's Work in Rural
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[3] Bhargava, A. (2005). AIDS epidemic and the
psychological well-being and school participation of
Ethiopian orphans. Psychology, Health & Medicine,
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Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
database.
[4] Ethiopia Adoption - International, Agencies,
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Erwin, S. (2005). Helping Ethiopia's Lost Children.
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