Design of Steel - Gupta & Gupta

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC
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(01-10) Gupta and Gupta
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Design Of
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Steel
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Structure
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-By Pradeep Rathore

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Answer C
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ISJB – Indian Standard Junior Beams (Small depth)
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ISMB – Indian Standard Medium Beams
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ISLB – Indian Standard Light Beams (Light weight)
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ISHB – Indian Standard Heavy Beams (Heavy weight)
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ISWB – Indian Standard Wide Beams
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Answer B
When tension members are connected to a gusset plate by rivets or
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bolts, some material is removed from the cross-section due to bolt or
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rivet holes.
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The net area at any section is equal to the gross area minus the
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deduction for holes at that section.
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1. Single angles in tension,
connected by one leg only R
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Net effective area = A1 + K 1A2

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Where, A1 is the area of the connected leg, A1 = (b-d-t/2) × t

A2 is the area of the outstanding leg, A2 = (a-t/2) × t
And K 1 = 3A1/(3A1+A2)
2. In the case of pair of angles back to back (or a single tee) in
tension connected by only one leg on each angle (or by the
P)
flange of a tee) to the same side of the gusset plate,
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Net effective area = A 1 + K2A2 (Where, K2 = 5A1/5A1+A2)
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3. In the case of double angles or tees carrying direct tension,

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placed back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset,

Net effective area = gross area of section – area of holes
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Answer C
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Generally, the maximum deflection for a beam shall not
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exceed span/325
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Answer B
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Answer B
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Pr
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Pr
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Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Answer C
If the column ends and gusset materials are not faced or machined for complete
bearing, the fasteners are designed for the total forces to be transferred.
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If they are faced or machined for complete bearing, 50% of the forces are
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transferred directly by the column and 50% through the fasteners (something
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that fastens things together)
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Answer D
Pr
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Answer C
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The process by which two plates are joints together by use
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of rivet is called riveting.
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Two types of rivet joints.
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1. Lap joint:-
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When the two members to
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be connected together by
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overlapping, and rivet inserted

in overlap section.
2. Butt joint:-
When the two members are to be connected by placing
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the members end to end and additional plate/plates
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provided on either one or both sides to attach them
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properly, then this joint is called butt joint.And the
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additional plate is called cover plate.
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Provide a butt joint rather than a lap joint for main two
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reasons:
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1. In the case of a double cover butt joint,the total shear
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force to be transmitted by the members is split into two
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parts and the force acts on each half.
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2. In the case of a double cover butt joint,eccentricity of
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forces does not exist and hence bending is eliminated,

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whereas it exists in the case of a lap joint.

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AE State PSC
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M
TE
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Design Of
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Steel
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R
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Structure
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-By Pradeep Rathore

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Answer B
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Nominal diameter of rivet (d):-
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Diameter of the cold shank before driving.
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Gross diameter of rivet (D):-
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The diameter of the hole is slightly
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greater than the diameter of the rivet shank.
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As the rivet is heated and driven, the rivet fills the hole fully.
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Gross diameter = Nominal diameter + 1.5 (If d ≤ 25 mm)

Gross diameter = Nominal diameter + 2.0 (If d > 25 mm)
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Answer A
Shop rivet:- a rivet driven in place in a shop.
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Field rivet:- a rivet driven in place on work in the field.
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Hot driven rivet:- For driving the rivets, they are heated till they
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become red hot and are then placed in the hole.
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Keeping the rivets pressed from one side, a number of blows are

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applied and a head at the other end is formed.
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When the hot rivet so fitted cools it shrinks and presses the
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plates together.
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Cold driven rivets:- are driven at atmospheric temperature.

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The cold driven rivets need larger pressure to form the head and
complete the driving.
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Answer C
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Unwin’s formula
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Diameter of the hole (d) = 6.05 √t ≈ 6 √t
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= 6 √16
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= 24 mm
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Where, t is thickness of the plate.

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Answer C
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1. Shear failure of rivets:- The shear stress in the bolt may exceed
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the working shear stress in the bolt.
,D
Shear stresses are generated because the plates slip due to
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applied forces.
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Single shear occurring in a lap joint and double shear occurring in
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but joint.
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2. Bearing failure of rivets:- Bearing failure of a rivet occurs when
R
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the rivet is crushed by the plates.
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3. Tension/Tearing failure of plates:- The tensile stress in the plate

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at the net cross-section may exceed the working tensile stress.

Tearing failure occurs when bolts are stronger than the plates.
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4. Shear failure of plates:- A plate may fail in shear along two
lines. This may occur when minimum proper edge distance is not
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provided.
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5. Bearing failure of plates:- The plate may be crushed when the
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bearing stress in the plate exceeds the working bearing stress.
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Bearing failure of a plate may occur because of insufficient edge
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distance in the riveted joint.
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6. Splitting/cracking failure of plates at the edges:- insufficient
ho
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edge distance in the riveted joint. Splitting (cracking) of plate as
R
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takes place in such failure.
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Shearing, bearing and splitting failure of plates may be avoided by

providing adequate proper edge distance.
Pr
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Answer C
Pitch of rivet (p):
The distance between two consecutive rivets measured parallel to the
P)
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direction of the force in the structural member, lying on the same rivet
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line.
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Minimum pitch = 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the rivet.

Maximum pitch = 32 times the thickness of the thinner outside plate
OR 300 mm whichever is less.
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Answer C
P)
The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of
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least strength of a riveted joint (Ps, Pb, Pt) to the strength
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of solid plate (P).
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Efficiency of riveted joint, per pitch width
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= {(p – d) t × Pt} / { p × t × Pt}
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= (p-d) / p R
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= (2.5d – d) / 2.5d
Pr
= 1.5/2.5
= 0.6 Or 60%
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Answer C
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Answer C
When a nut is tightened over a screw following stresses are
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induced:
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(a) Tensile stresses due to stretching of the bolt
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(b) Torsional shear stress due to frictional resistance at the
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threads.
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(c) Shear stress across threads
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(d) Compressive or crushing stress on the threads
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(e) Bending stress if the surfaces under the bolt head or nut are
R
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not perfectly normal to the bolt axis.
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Since none of the above mentioned stresses can be accurately

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determined bolts are usually designed on the basis of direct

tensile stress with a large factor of safety.
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Answer B
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Answer D
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A stress reversal occurs when a given element of a load-
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carrying member is subjected to a certain level of
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tensile stress followed by the same level of compressive
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stress. R
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AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
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Design Of
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Steel
ho
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R
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Structure
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Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

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Answer A
P)
Leg of a Fillet Weld: The leg of a fillet weld is the distance
M
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from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld.
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There are two legs in a fillet weld.
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Root of the Weld: This is the point at which the bottom of
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the weld intersects the base metal surface.
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Face of the Weld:- This is exposed surface of the weld,
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made by an arc or gas welding process on the side from
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which the welding was done.

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Toe of the Weld: This is the junction between the face of

the weld and the base metal.
Throat of a fillet weld:-
Actual throat:- The shortest distance between the weld root and
the face of a fillet weld.
P)
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Theoretical throat:- The distance from the beginning of the joint
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root perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle
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that can be inscribed within the cross section of a fillet weld.
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Pr
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Pr
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Answer B (IS:800-2007, Page 78)
TE
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Pr
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Answer C
Pr
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Throat thickness = K × Size Of weld
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t=K×S
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S/t = ?
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Sinθ = t / S
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Sin45° = t /S
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1 / √2 = t / S
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√2 / 1 = S / t
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Pr
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Answer C
Pr
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Pr
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
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(L

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Steel
ho
at
R
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Structure
e
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Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
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P)

Answer C
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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Answer A
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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Answer C
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Pr
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Answer B
IS 800: 1984
P)
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The direct stress on the cross-sectional area of axially loaded
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compression members should not exceed 0.6fy nor the
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permissible stress calculated using Merchant – Rankine formula.
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Permissible stress in axial compression (MPa):
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Where,
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fy = yield stress of steel in Mpa

fcc = elastic critical stress in compression
n = factor assumed as 1.4
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P)
Answer A
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In a built-up section, the different components are
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connected together so that they act as a single column.
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Lacing is generally preferred in case of eccentric loads.
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Battening is normally used for axially loaded columns and
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in sections where the components are not far apart.

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Answer B
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Pr
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Answer C
Pr
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Pr
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Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Answer C
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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Answer C
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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🙏☺
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TE
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P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
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(L

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Steel
ho
at
R
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Structure
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ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
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P)

Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Answer B
Pr
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Pr
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Pr
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P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
A plate girder is a built up I-beam section, used to carry heavy
P)
M
loads.
TE
Web:- The deep central vertical plate.
,Dr
Web is responsible to resist shear developed in the plate girder.
re
tu
Flanges:- Flanges or flange plates are horizontal elements of plate
ec
(L

girder which are provided at the top (Compression) and bottom
re
ho
(Tension) and they are separated by the web.
at
R
The main purpose of flange plates is to resist the bending
ep
e
moment acting on the girder.

ad
Pr
Horizontal stiffeners Or Longitudinal stiffeners

Are provided in parallel to the flange plates.
These improve the buckling strength of the web portion.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Vertical stiffeners or ransverse stiffeners:-
Are provided at right angles to the flanges.
Based on their position classified
P)
M
1) End stiffeners Or Bearing stiffener
TE
Are provided at both the ends of the girder.
,Dr
They receive the load from the beam and transfer it to the
re
tu
support.
ec
(L

Play an important role by keeping the web safe from crushing.
re
ho
2) Intermediate stiffeners
at
R
Are required when concentrated loads acting on the plate girder.
ep
e
When the thickness of the web is very less, then the web may
ad
Pr
buckle due to shear.

Intermediate stiffeners are provided in order to improve the
buckling strength of the web.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer B
,Dr
re
tu
Minimum thickness of the plates girders
ec
(L

Exposed to weather but accessible for painting, it is 6 mm;
re
ho
Exposed to weather but not accessible for painting, it is
at
8mm. R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
The most critical location for failure due to web crippling is
P)
root of fillet since resisting area has the smallest value
M
TE
here.
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
Top Flange 16t
Bottom Flange 20t

ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r ,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
Bearing Stiffeners:-
M
TE
Are vertical stiffeners provided at points of application of
,D
concentrated loads and end reactions.
r
re
tu
ec
(L
When they are provided at the end

re
called as end bearing stiffeners.
ho
at
R
ep
The bearing stiffeners are provided
e
ad
to prevent the web from crushing

Pr
and buckling sideway, under the

action of concentrated load.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer C
,Dr
re
tu
Splices in the web of the plate girder are designed to
ec
(L

resist the shear and moment at the spliced section.
re
ho
at
R
The splice plates are provided on each side of the web.
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Overhead travelling cranes are used in factories and workshops
P)
to lift heavy materials, equipments, etc and to carry them from
M
TE
one place to the other.
,D
A trolley or a crab is mounted on the bridge. The trolley moves
r
re
along the bridge.
tu
ec
The bridge as a whole moves longitudinally on rails provided at
(L

re
the ends.
ho
at
The gantry girders are
R
ep
the girders which support
e
ad
the loads transmitted through

Pr
the travelling (moving) wheels

of the cranes.
Design Loads
1. Vertical loads from the crane,
2. The eccentricity effects induced by the vertical loads, and the impact
P)
M
factors,
TE
3. Internal (surge) thrust across the crane rail and
,D
4. Longitudinal horizontal thrust along the crane rail.
r
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
Bearing Stiffeners:-
M
TE
Are vertical stiffeners provided at points of application of
,D
concentrated loads and end reactions.
r
re
tu
ec
(L
When they are provided at the end

re
called as end bearing stiffeners.
ho
at
R
ep
The bearing stiffeners are provided
e
ad
to prevent the web from crushing

Pr
and buckling sideway, under the

action of concentrated load.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
Answer A
M
TE
,D
Spacing of Trusses:
r
re
tu
Is determined by the spacing of the columns.
ec
(L

The spacing of the trusses may be such as to minimize the
re
ho
cost of roofing.
at
R
The spacing of trusses may be about 1/3 to 1/5 of the
ep
e
ad
span.
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r ,D
TE
M
P)
The maximum permissible span of AC sheets 1680 mm

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
S is the spacing of the trusses, Ct ∝ 1/S → Ct = k1/S
P)
M
Ct is the cost of trusses/unit area, Cp ∝ S² → Cp = k2S²
TE
Cp is the cost of purlins/unit area,
,D
Cr is the cost of roof coverings/unit area, and Cr ∝ S → Cr = k3S
r
re
tu
C is the overall cost of the roof system/unit area.
ec
(L

re
Total cost C = Ct + Cp + Cr
ho
= k1/S + k2S² + k3S
at
R
For the overall cost is to be minimum, dC/dS should be zero.
ep
e
dC/dS = -k1/S² + 2k2S + k3

ad
Pr
0 = -k1/S + 2k2S + k3S

0 = -Ct + 2Cp + Cr
Ct = 2Cp + Cr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Panel Point – Also called a joint, it’s the location on a truss
where the web members and top or bottom chords
P)
intersect and are connected by metal connector plates.
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
Purlins are beams used on trusses to support the sloping roof
M
TE
system.
,D
They are placed in an inclined position over the main rafters of
r
re
tu
the trusses.
ec
(L
To avoid bending in the top chords of roof trusses, it is

re
theoretically desirable to place purlins only at panel points.
ho
at
R
ep
Dead loads act through the centre of gravity of the purlin section
e
ad
Wind loads act normal to the roof trusses.

Pr
Thus, the purlin section is subjected to bending and twisting

resulting in unsymmetrical bending.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer A
r
re
tu
ec
(L

Live load on sloping roofs,
re
ho
0.75 - 0.2 × (15-10) = 0.65 kn/m²
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Continue........
Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer B
r
re
tu
ec
(L

Internal air pressure depends upon the degree of
re
ho
permeability of roof or wall.
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Internal pressure
Opening of wall area
(L

coefficient
re
ho
±0.2p Low permeability
at
R
(p is basic wind pressure)
ep < 5%
e
Medium permeability
ad
±0.5p
Pr
5-20%
Large permeability
±0.7p
> 20%
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
system. They are placed in an inclined position over the main
TE
,D
rafters of the trusses.
r
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
Dead loads act through the centre of gravity of the purlin section
e
ad
& Wind loads act normal to the roof trusses.

Pr
Thus, the purlin section is subjected to bending and twisting

resulting in unsymmetrical bending.
The recommended bending moments are
Mu = PL/10 and Mv = HL/10
It has to be noted that the purlins at the edges or end spans be designed
P)
M
considering local wind effects.
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
Zone
33 m/s
39 m/s
47 m/s
50 m/s
44 m/s
55 m/s
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
M
Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel
TE
through the Earth.
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Seismic zones in Indian subcontinent is divided into four seismic
(L

zones (II, III, IV, and V) based on scientific inputs relating to
re
ho
seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of
at
the region. R
eep
ad
Pr
Previously, earthquake zones divided into five zones but now the
first and second seismic zones were unified.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer D
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
M
TE
Yield strength is defined as being the amount of stress
,D
applied to a material that will deform it permanently.
r
re
tu
ec
(L

The value of yield strength or stress depends on the grade
re
ho
of steel.
at
R
eep
ad
Mild steel has a yield strength of apprx 250 Mpa in tension

Pr
Fe415 grade has a yield strength of 415 Mpa (N/mm²)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer C
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Weight of tank, wind pressure, earthquake forces are
(L

re
important for supporting structures like column, bracing
ho
at
etc.
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer C
TE
,Dr
re
A system of lateral or diagonal bracing is provided to
tu
ec
prevent the structure from twisting.
(L

re
ho
at
Open sections such as angles and channels are weak in
R
ep
torsion.
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer C
,Dr
re
tu
The capacity of the smallest pressed steel tank is 1950 litre
ec
(L

and corresponding size of the tank is 1.25m × 1.25m ×
re
ho
1.25m.
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
Answer B
M
TE
,D
The main function of the bracing in steel structures that
r
re
tu
the lateral forces due to wind, earthquake etc. are
ec
(L

transmitted efficiently to the foundation of the building.
re
ho
at
R
2.5% of column load is added because braces support the
ep
e
ad
column laterally.
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Steel Stacks OR Steel chimneys
P)
M
Are cylindrical in shape.
TE
,Dr
To provide larger base and greater
re
tu
stability, and to allow for easy entrance of
ec
(L

flue gases, the lower portion of the steel
re
ho
chimney is widened or flared out.
at
R
eep
The steel chimneys are constructed for
ad
Pr
the emission of flue gases to such a

height that the gases do not contaminate
the surrounding atmosphere.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
P)
M
Dead load of trusses:-
TE
(A) Hudson Formula:
,Dr
re
Weight per metre of trusses and bracings = 0.785A N/m
tu
ec
Where, A = Maximum net area of the tension chord
(L

(B) Fuller’s Formula:
re
ho
1. Weight per metre of truss bridges (spans 30 m to 90 m)
at
R
= (150 L + 5500) Newton/metre
ep
e
2. Weight per metre of plate girders (spans 10 m to 30 m)

ad
Pr
= (200 L + 1000) Newton/metre

where L = span of the bridge in metres
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
Impact Factor:- Vehicular Live loads are multiplied with an
TE
,D
Impact Factor to accommodate this dynamic effect in the
r
re
design of bridges.
tu
ec
(L

re
Impact factor = 0.15 + 8/(6+L) ≤ 1
ho
at
= 0.15 + 8/(6+6)
R
ep
= 0.82
e
ad
Pr
Where L is loaded of span in metre

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Classification of Bridge according to the floor location:
P)
M
1. Deck type bridge
TE
Carriageway rests on the top of the main load carrying members.
,Dr
re
In the deck type plate girder bridge, the roadway or railway is
tu
ec
placed on the top flanges.
(L

In the deck type truss girder bridge, the roadway or railway is
re
ho
placed at the top chord level
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Through type bridge
Carriageway rests at the bottom level of the main load carrying
P)
members.
M
TE
In the through type plate girder bridge, the roadway or railway is
,D
placed at the level of bottom flanges.
r
re
In the through type truss girder bridge, the roadway or railway is
tu
ec
placed at the bottom chord level.
(L

re
The bracing of the top flange or lateral support of the top chord
ho
at
under compression is also required.
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Half (Semi) through type bridge
The deck lies in between the top and the bottom of the
P)
M
main load carrying members.
TE
,D
The bracing of the top flange or top chord under
r
re
tu
compression is not done and part of the load carrying
ec
(L
system project above the floor level.

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
Railway Bridges:
M
TE
For Railway bridges the horizontal load and load due to
,Dr
centrifugal force which may be assumed to act at a height
re
tu
ec
of 1830 mm above the rail level, is-
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer A
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Lateral bracings shall be designed to resist in addition to
(L

re
the wind and centrifugal loads, a lateral load due to
ho
at
racking forces.
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer A
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer A
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
Sway bracing is provided between the trusses in the plane of
M
either verticals or diagonals.
TE
,D
Portal bracing is sway bracing placed in the plane of the end
r
re
posts.
tu
ec
(L

re
Sway bracing is Designed to transfer 50% of the top panel wind
ho
at
load to Bottom Bracing.
R
eep
ad
Main function of Sway Bracing:-

Pr
1 Minimizing the relative vertical deflections between the trusses

2. Keeps the rectangular shape of the bridge cross section.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
M
Sway bracing is provided between the trusses in the plane of
TE
either verticals or diagonals.
,Dr
Portal bracing is sway bracing placed in the plane of the end
re
tu
posts.
ec
(L

re
ho
Portal bracing is Designed for Wind force + 1¼ % of the
at
R
compression force in two end posts.
eep
ad
Pr
Main function of Portal Bracing:-

1. Transfer load from top of end posts to bearings.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
Bridge bearings are structural devices installed between bridge
P)
M
substructure and superstructure to transfer the load.
TE
The pin of a rocker bearing in a bridge is designed for Bearing,
,Dr
re
Shear and Bending.
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer A

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer A

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
Elastic Strains:- Strain upto Elastic limit.
TE
,Dr
Elastic Limit- Recover original shape upon the removal of the load
re
tu
ec
(L

Strain Hardening- when a steel is strained beyond the yield point.
re
ho
at
R
Yield point Point at which the material starts to deform plastically
ep
e
After yield point, permanent plastic deformation occurs.

ad
Pr
Elastic Strain = Strain hardening/12 & Maximum Strain/200

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺
r ,D
TE
M
P)

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Lower & Upper Bound theorems are used to predict design loads.
P)
Lower Bound Theorem is used to predict the minimum load at
M
which there is an onset of plastic deformation or plastic hinge
TE
,D
formation at any point in the structure.
r
re
With further increase in the load, the moment at some other
tu
ec
point in the structure exceeds it’s plastic moment capacity
(L

re
leading to formation of one more plastic hinge.
ho
at
When sufficient number of plastic hinges are formed to finally
R
ep
destabilize the structure and cause its collapse. This is called a
e
ad
mechanism.
Pr
Upper Bound Theorem is used to predict the load that shall cause
such a mechanism to form.
Lower bound theorem is known as Statical method and the
upper bound is known as Mechanism method.
P)
M
TE
Statical theorem satisfies the equilibrium and plastic moment
,Dr
condition whereas Mechanism method satisfies equilibrium and
re
tu
mechanism conditions.
ec
(L

re
ho
1. Below the Lower Bound Theorem → Structure Safe
at
R
2. Between LBT & UBT → Some plastic hinges shall form and
eep
deformations shall increase.
ad
Pr
3. Above Upper bound plastic hinges will cause mechanism to

form and cause the structure to collapse.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer D
r
re
tu
ec
(L

When a section is subjected to Axial force & Shear force, then the
re
ho
plastic moment capacity is reduced.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
Procedure of Plastic Analysis
M
Kinematic Or Mechanism or Upper Bound Methods:-
TE
,D
1. Select the possible locations are plastic hinges such as load points,
r
re
frame joints, maximum bending moment points etc.
tu
ec
2. Select the independent and combined mechanism.
(L

Number of independent mechanism
re
ho
= Number of Plastic hinges – Number of Redundants
at
R
3. Form and solve the equilibrium equations for virtual work. Find the
ep
maximum collapse or ultimate load for forming a mechanism. The lowest
e
ad
load forming a mechanism is the upper bound of collapse load.

Pr
4. Check that the bending moment at every point in the structure is less
than or equal to the plastic moment.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
2.0
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
1.5
1.12 - 1.15
1.698 ≈ 1.7
Triangle 2.34

Answer D
The ratio of plastic moment and yield moment is called the Shape
P)
M
Factor (S). It depends only on the shape of the section.
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
Load factor :- it is the ratio of ultimate collapse load and working
ho
load. It is usually constant.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
The ratio of plastic moment and yield moment is called the shape
P)
M
factor (S). It depends only on the shape of the section.
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
Load factor :- it is the ratio of ultimate collapse load and working
ho
load. It is usually constant.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Civil Engineering Pathshala

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Shape Factor (S):- Ratio of plastic moment & yield moment
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
It depends only on the shape of the section.
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
1. Equilibrium Condition:- Sum of the forces and moments acting
M
on the structure must be equal to zero.
TE
,D
2. Yield / Plastic Moment Condition:- The plastic moment must
r
re
not be exceeded any where in the structure.
tu
ec
3. Mechanism Condition:- At ultimate collapse load, the number
(L

re
of plastic hinges must be just enough to form a mechanism.
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer A
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer B
r
re
tu
ec
(L

This is due to favorable redistribution of moments from
re
ho
zones of high moments to zones of low moment.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer A
r
re
tu
ec
Principle of Virtual Work→ “If a particle is in equilibrium under
(L

re
the action of a number of forces, the total work done by the
ho
at
forces for a small VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENT of the particle is zero”.
R
eep
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
1. Elastic Stage (M < My)- For low values of BM(M), the maximum
P)
extreme fibre stress will be within the elastic range.
M
TE
,D
2. Elastic-Plastic Stage (My < M < Mp)- With further increase in
r
re
BM, yielding of extreme fibres will start.
tu
ec
(L

re
3. Plastic Stage (M=Mp)- With further increase in BM a stage will
ho
at
come when the entire cross section will yield and will act as a
R
ep
plastic hinge. The corresponding BM is called plastic plastic
e
ad
moment (Mp).
Pr
The Beam can not resist bending moment more than (Mp).
The NA of fully plastic section passes through the equal area axis.
PLASTIC HINGE
P)
M
TE
→ When the section is completely yielded, the section is fully
,Dr
plastic.
re
tu
ec
(L

→ A fully plastic section behaves like a plastic hinge.
re
ho
at
R
→ Plastic hinge is defined as an yielded zone due to bending in
eep
the structural member, at which Large Rotations can occur at a
ad
Pr
section at Constant Plastic Moment (Mp).

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
IS 800-1984
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
IS 800-1984
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
IS 800-1984
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
IS 800-1984

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
IS 800-1984
Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
P)
M
TE
Lug Angle can be used effectively in designing of tension
,Dr
member.
re
tu
ec
(L

Lug angle is small piece of angle used to connect outstand legs of
re
ho
the members to the gusset plate.
at
R
eep
The purpose of lug angle is to reduce the length of connection to
ad
Pr
the gusset plate and to reduce shear lag effect.

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Stringer:- is an inclined member that supports the threads of
stair.
P)
M
Lintel Beam:- Lintel is a horizontal structural members spanning
TE
and usually carrying load above an opening.
,Dr
Opening may be like the opening of doors and windows.
re
tu
Lintels are provided above the doors and windows to support
ec
(L

load of the wall above it.
re
ho
Spandrel Beam:- are load bearing structural elements around the
at
R
perimeter of a floor of a building.
ep
e
It support loads of wall and some roof load also.

ad
Pr
Header Beam:- is a flooor or roof beam placed between two long

beams that supports the ends of the tailpieces or accept
common joints in order to frame around an opening.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
P)
Web splices:- A joint in the web plate provided
M
to increase its length is known as...
TE
,D
Web splice is designed to resist the actual
r
re
shear at the section.
tu
ec
The splice plate are provided on each side of
(L

re
the web.
ho
at
Flange splices:- A joint in the flange element
R
ep
provided to increase the length of flange plate
e
ad
is known as...
Pr
Flange splice is designed for actual BM at the

section.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
IS 800-1984

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
Answer D
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C*
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,Dr
Answer B
re
tu
ec
(L

ISLB – Indian Standard Light Weight Beam
re
ho
ISWB – Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer D
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer A
TE
,Dr
re
Increasing carbon content increases hardness and
tu
ec
strength.
(L

re
ho
at
But carbon also increases brittleness and reduces
R
ep
weldability.
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer D
TE
,Dr
re
Fatigue failure is the formation of cracks due to a cyclic
tu
ec
load.
(L

re
ho
at
Fatigue cracks normally initiate at stress concentrations,
R
ep
structural discontinuities.
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
Answer C
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
P)
M
TE
,Dr
Shape Factor Type of Cross Section
re
tu
ec
2.34 Triangular
(L

re
2.00 Diamond
ho
at
1.90-1.95 R T - Section
eep
1.7 Solid Circle

ad
Pr
1.5 Square & Rectangular

1.12-1.15 I - Section
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
IS 800:1984

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B IS 800:1984
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
Fatigue failure is the formation of cracks due to a cyclic
e
ad
load.
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

(Longitudinal)
(Transverse)
Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r ,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
TE
Ductility:- Ability of material to deform under tensile stress.
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Yield strength or Yield stress:- stress corresponding to
(L

the yield point at which the material begins to deform plastically.
re
ho
at
R
Toughness:- The area under the stress-strain curve.
eep
ad
Pr
Strain energy:- Energy stored in a body due to deformation.

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
Gross diameter Or Diameter of rivet hole
TE
,D
= Nominal diameter + 1.5 (If d ≤ 25 mm)
r
re
= Nominal diameter + 2.0 (If d > 25 mm)
tu
ec
(L

re
PITCH is centre to centre spacing of rivets
ho
at
in a row, measured along direction of load.
R
eep
ad
GAUGE is the distance between two consecutive rivets of

Pr
adjacent row measured at right angles to the direction of load.

P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Maximum pitch, p = 12t Or 200 mm → whichever is less

= 12 × 6 Or 200 mm
= 72 mm ← Answer
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A*
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
M
Gross diameter Or Diameter of rivet hole
TE
,D
= Nominal diameter + 1.5 (If d ≤ 25 mm)
r
re
= Nominal diameter + 2.0 (If d > 25 mm)
tu
ec
(L

re
Diameter of rivet hole = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm / 10 = 1.95 cm
ho
at
R
ep
The net cross section area of plate
e
ad
= (B – nd) × t
Pr
= (30 – 1 × 1.95) × 1 = 28.05 cm²

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer D
,Dr
re
tu
When the applied load is non-ecentric (concentric). It is assumed
ec
(L

that all the rivet in the riveted connection share the applied load
re
ho
equally. This assumption is valid when applied load is equal to the
at
failure load. R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
Answer B
,Dr
re
tu
At the location of plastic hinge, curvature is infinite and moment
ec
(L

is equal to plastic moment capacity while radius of curvature at
re
ho
plastic hinge zero.
at
R
It means that infinite rotation can occur at fully plastic section.
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C The location of shear centre for the Z-purlin coincide
with the centroid. Therefore both the orientations are
structurally equally efficient.
P)
M
Shear centre:- point on the beam section where load is applied
TE
and no twisting is produced.
,Dr
re
tu
system.
ec
(L

They are placed in an inclined position over the main rafters of
re
ho
the trusses.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
Panel Point – Also called a joint, it’s the location on a truss where
the web members and top or bottom chords intersect and are
connected by metal connector plates.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
Given,
M
Shape factor = 1.12 & FOS = 1.5
TE
,D
Allowable stress is increased by 20% , Load Factor =?
r
re
tu
ec
FOS = Yield stress / Allowable stress
(L

re
With increase in allowable stress, the factor of safety will reduce
ho
at
to = 1.5/1.2 = 1.25
R
ep
e
ad
Load factor = FOS × SF

Pr
= 1.25 × 1.12
= 1.40
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer A
TE
,Dr
re
Web is relatively large in depth and thin. It is poor in compression
tu
ec
and hence, the possibility of vertical and diagonal buckling is
(L

re
always there. Either the web is stiffened vertically as well as
ho
at
horizontally or the compressive stress in the web should be low
R
ep
enough to prevent buckling.
e
ad
Pr
P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
1. The modulus of elasticity (E) of aluminum is about one third
M
that of steel.
TE
,D
EAluminum (69 Gpa) ≈ ⅓Esteel (200 Gpa)
r
re
tu
ec
2. The coefficient of thermal expansion (K at 20°C) of aluminum is
(L

re
double that of steel.
ho
at
KAluminum (24×10-6) ≈ KSteel (13×10-6)
R
eep
ad
3. & 4. Aluminium has greater strength to unit weight ratio

Pr
compared to steel therefore they are being increasingly used for

structural purposes.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
Actual throat – The shortest distance between
M
TE
the weld root and the face of a fillet weld.
,Dr
re
tu
Throat being the minimum section will carry maximum
ec
(L

stress. Thus, it is weakest.
re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer C

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer A

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer B

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
IS:800-1984

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer C

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
M
Crane girder is designed as laterally unsupported beam carrying
TE
,D
vertical and horizontal load at the level of the top flange.
r
re
tu
ec
The channel section provides at top flange areas to resist bending
(L

re
in horizontal plane due to horizontal forces acting in transverse
ho
at
direction →
R
ep
1. It increases moment of inertia about vertical axis.
e
ad
2. Improve lateral buckling strength.

Pr
3. Increase the torsional stiffness of girder.

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
P)
M
TE
,Dr
t1 = the minimum of
re
tu
the nail headside
ec
(L

member thickness
re
ho
and the nail
at
R
ep pointside
penetration.
e
ad
t2 = the central
Pr
member thickness
for a connection.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
P)
Endurance limit:- is the stress level below which an infinite
M
number of loading cycles can be applied to a material without
TE
,D
causing fatigue failure.
r
re
tu
ec
Creep:- deformation under sustained load.
(L

re
ho
at
Ultimate strength:- is the maximum stress that a material can
R
ep
withstand before it breaks or weakens.
e
ad
Pr
Residual stresses:- are stresses that remain in a solid material

after the original cause of the stresses has been removed.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
P)
When external tensile load is applied on a material, initially it undergoes
M
elastic deformation and then plastic deformation starts.
TE
,Dr
re
Elastic Deformation:- The recovery of the original dimensions of a
tu
ec
deformed body when the load is removed.
(L

The limiting load beyond which the material no longer behaves elastically
re
ho
is the Elastic Limit.
at
R
ep
Plastic Deformation:- If the elastic limit is exceeded, the body will
e
ad
experience a permanent deformation when the load is removed.

Pr
Brittle Material:- When an external
force is applied. Brittle material breaks
with very small elastic deformation
P)
M
and without plastic deformation.
TE
For brittle materials elastic limit,
,D
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength
r
re
tu
and breaking strength are the same.
ec
(L

re
Ductile Material:- exhibits elastic and
ho
plastic deformation.
at
R
ep
e
Plastic Material:- Similar to ductile materials, some plastic materials

ad
Pr
exhibit elastic properties upto proportional limit. But plastic material

requires very less stress compared to ductile material to produce
deformation.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Stress-Strain curve represents the behavior of material when an
P)
M
external force is applied.
TE
Upper Yield Point (B) :- is the point at which maximum external
,Dr
load or stress is required to initiate plastic deformation inside
re
tu
the material. Strength of material corresponding to Point B is
ec
(L

known as Yield Strength.
re
ho
Lower Yield Point (C) :- After point C, material length will increase
at
R
with a very small increase in external load. OR It is the point at
eep
which minimum load is required to maintain the plastic behavior
ad
Pr
of the material.
The upper yield point in the stress-strain curve in structural steel
can be avoided by hot working.
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer D

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

AE State PSC
P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
Design Of
tu
ec
(L

re
Steel
ho
at
R
ep
Structure
e
ad
Pr
-By Pradeep Rathore

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer B
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer B
TE
,Dr
re
The effective length of fillet weld
tu
ec
= Overall (Total) length – 2 × weld size.
(L

re
ho
at
The effective length of a fillet should not be less than 4 times the
R
ep
weld size.
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
Answer B
TE
,Dr
First the hinges will form at A and C simultaneously because the
re
tu
carry over factor for support A is zero while support C transfers
ec
(L

half of the moment to fixed support on the right side.
re
ho
The hinge at C will form 0.5Mp while at A the moment Mp is
at
required. R
eep
Now due to redistribution of moments the hinge at B will form.
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer D
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer C

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer B

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
Answer C
r
re
tu
ec
To prevent lateral buckling, the minimum width of the beam is
(L

re
kept equal to are more than L/50 and d/3.
ho
at
In no case width should be less than 50 mm.
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer C
P)
Spaced columns:- consist of
M
two or more parallel single
TE
,D
members separated at specific
r
re
locations along their length by
tu
ec
blocking and rigidily tied
(L

together at their ends.
re
ho
at
R
Built-up columns:- consists of
ep
two or more members join
e
ad
together by mechanical
Pr
fasteners such that the

Assembly act as a single unit
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Answer A
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

P)
M
TE
,D
r
re
tu
ec
🙏☺
(L

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr

Design of Steel - Gupta & Gupta

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

-By Pradeep Rathore

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Net effective area = A1 + K 1A2

Where, A1 is the area of the connected leg, A1 = (b-d-t/2) × t

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. In the case of double angles or tees carrying direct tension,

placed back to back and connected to both sides of the gusset,

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

overlapping, and rivet inserted

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

forces does not exist and hence bending is eliminated,

whereas it exists in the case of a lap joint.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

-By Pradeep Rathore

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Gross diameter = Nominal diameter + 1.5 (If d ≤ 25 mm)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Cold driven rivets:- are driven at atmospheric temperature.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Where, t is thickness of the plate.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Tension/Tearing failure of plates:- The tensile stress in the plate

at the net cross-section may exceed the working tensile stress.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Shearing, bearing and splitting failure of plates may be avoided by

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Minimum pitch = 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the rivet.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)