Ncume-Vesacd S Ingcle

MTWIESS
Div-T Rell Ne-2° Page Na.:
YOUVA

PRNo12010217 Date:

utial

tautleulept
in u

unes e Tlo Pias

eueex Peslexms the cpexahan&_Pe1Lexto ths

Pin[ ox he I C ie epexat
Rs xramasiagelu s e c l n Lannéchion taols
Ceud
igital
eAnala4-
t a Ta iaput eceaaa clack
Deleiut endtiaas =
TE he (anclen that al eigtexs_and
I o pins uilLhoaue at usex ON

A / e Hiqh Ahve Whan h h)

This iclicates at A Paxhculax Dih ls adve
Sy SV(VCC Alsa
whea helel hiaa e
N TE
thex erAainG K that when tunec
clelivexs a Hiq h_(6V) 5iamalL

Achve Low LActive hen Lele

This iackicetes hat aPaxticlax pia ik
Ov(GND).
Ucive Lheaheld leL l@ o
ttagx mecAlMg SThat hen tialded
Also
AV) Kiadaal
ON TStaus atE
u&esNetae
33Vavacl 12 V dxe thexALevdtu
levels
 YOUVA
Date

laexe axe
dillexeut lsgic founaikicz LLec
1TTL angiktox-TaaniztoxLsqae

2CMOS Lepaplimentau Metal (9xiclaSemilouducloy

3 ECL- inarttex_Lapled LscAC

4 RTL- Regis ta cngISton Lega

5 NTL i@ge-ÇALISD Log4L-
alL Vp and u l DeLn Regiztex

These Cxe u&edd tG (oxectly l21a tha

la2uuts Gcieatal gades tta 9p the laa om
ocrting lscut xca denls LAlAe1a theze
l1 hPLut Ccandihon

RulL Upxeaagtoxs axe

`implexed Velu
xeigtx taot Axe ceulad
ctee ootusena
tae Votogk uppl acl the
Ts Pur PaLe t
PannculexDLl4o
CnLre \VeAtcae- laetuwe
Geunch ciac Vee 1&
When ultcA 1& Actvelycevbrelle e
9neu

O Pin Ho a_hieyn Veulue

eull -tae pia to C leOxeLiLtgx
Valuae bnatecdL
R Voltaae
Cu etut
 Nome- Vasacl.S.Inoade
Div-T Rol No-2 MTWTES
PRNo 12010217 Page NO. YOUVA
Date:
toial
Clockaystal OLcillotox
IY MuC,

ClockSigmal
T &a PaxicLalax -type OL kigpncltaat
sclates lsetweenO ig a lous
SLate_at a paxticulax ceqjueucy nc t -
i s used tCoxdinate actionRdigitad
Lalut

Cleck ia MuC
2 S0s1 mcxOLEtrsllex have 2 tinyslceeters
Lich lWex K OV Tha LleLR EXEauaL4
Ti@xS Ccin le Useod Lipae dlalauqnLxaa
Catinter6 OX Coutiug Cxteual eveuts

1he oteoaa Cixcui tax y n K05 Mxa CcintxcLey

thO ta sats_@ ugtaulatached

alled Macatiae
cle tqnlancY

ORcillatexs electicall
The CxCult waica_Cau(xecoke An
ZiganalheMPezaclectmc wMatenal kkke

cillatox _Axe used to eviole clock ta

tae mOOCoutallex
Chip_cilatox _u Cquiaeg
E05|h a s Gu
Qn Atema clockto xun
(oscillcctOx auaactecl
A Cesctz Ga&tcuk 2Lopacitas ,
pins lurth
te XTA 2andxTAL2
 Page No,
YOUVA
Date:

A n escillatos ix a LCuit Lhca paroducon

(o
tiiaaug,xepet ec altenahine

Lwavefsm wrtaceu auu A

acllatexs s bagicallu tLhaicliixéctie
Ceuuvext Lckleecti
Uaeat_ loug_ m_a NC LeUxLL nte
an
adtesan.ahvag wave faxM
ugtal Oscillodos
An ele ctronic L c i t thec iz Led ts
ncte_av elecbica gigmal ecl

Leustas mechanila xeen ante Madn e

Hezoelectac Matez1al-

805 1 McceLeutsteles or Whicn a extexihca

Cays-tol sCllatex LrCuit o 12 MHz

Geuetal 0acillckAns Ke Pxeexed 0CoLQ4

Accurate
oaaloe use fOx lMicn_ eauoaCs inexdtAN
LeuG Cost
&mall M Size
>lauI ouex leniuMPou

ype2 0ba dgeaaq

igqex 13 Waart PuLaeL_that

avceg
elech9niSa
emn0ACtV-tu 2tate eo
acttve &tote IEA C 3mall
the inpuct 2lcweul. Change u.
 No Accity Active2
Ktete Ste

upes ia Klge
0Ecdge bggeilg
2)level aqq ng

Eolae agqeang i g a tspe Ohgqexi ng

th alleuss ut te
eccpa Active at thoigina(Iasitie)_edge
Bx thaaldingnegatve ) ed o tha clack kiglnal

levellangexnug 8 a tupe OL tag gexua

that alleu
Lhen the cleck pulse A_au aPanicular.
Level
 NoaYmeVarsa c S mgoule
Roll No. - M T W T

Page No.
PR No12 o10217 Date:
YOUVA

Tutema-3
xoduchicn to liming cliaxan
Machine Cuclead Eecutian

nsauction lycle
mAmlex Dktepg xeauixed leq the CPU to
Lewaplete theCatixe Paecoi2 iC, etching and
CXecuthou Cue Ih&rucaen

Machine cle=-
H& tae ime sCauixedpy tho vmicxgoxaLL3LGN
to_emplete _tlhe @pexatiou e/ _alcesgiag tlae
Mem@xu deiceg_ T/o deviceg .

3ate -
Each_Cleck_ cucle i& lalledas T-&tateg k
One Complete ycle ClacR /2 Called a

wlhexe Tnstauction Lycle =lcteh lycle beatecle

What_cdseL [Macuina ycle Meau 1

1 AMachiae_CucleCensigt8 the Ltepe
he/ex
that a amputex pzCLLLOA LxeLutes LAlue
a MaclataeLaaguage n&txUCUaA
t xeceves

2 he Cycle Conki2t2_a elXtaadaxd &teps

-DFeteh
l e code
recute

Seme ase3, tase kals MSaPxkec wto ycle.

 PHcu3e-
Fetca
Eelchin
ustuchon&

Phaze-2
Pha&e 4 becode2

Sto se -the DeLode

In&tauchon Tnstauchon
Phoge3
bxecute

Exccute
Ln2txuchOn

imingDicgxam
t z a Graphical
xepxe&ettatuon xepxeLts
the eKecutian time taken y
each lnstxuctieu
n-a gKepaicau o at

Thabauchon lycle
e tme eamrsed to exe
cute an matauctieu
Machine Cucle
Tae time xe4puixed
C
tydCLezgthe me maxs
put /Output cOvicee

&tote -
The mCchlne cleOncl
tukeg vmulhple clock luLtxuchou ycle
Penocle
EiveCcovrtaolSignals t acdixstancd liai a
clicieg aam

TOM-Indicatez hetaox Io o
Memeay Cpex atugn Cc ed u t

5 0 canc 51 adicatesthe type

macaine ucle ln OqeL
ALE -lindicateg CVailnleility el aValid
addrez3
Ra -Indicates Hac occta ho& te xead
spm the 2elected meymGxy

WRA= ndicades Hact cdodr Au the dlta

Size 1 2yte
Execitiou time -12 cleck cycleg
Hag& ALLected

(vesflave-yes
Auxllan- Yeg
AD
Value peaancl to tae ValuL the
Oele tlal
Accuayuhcetoxleaviu theKEL Whiug ValuesM
th aLcLAVMUlatex

ADD A Rn
Desciphan A < LA+Rl
Nome -Vorsuc S. Ingale P a g e No,.:

YOUVA
iv-T Rol Neo.- Date
PRNo12O102 17

utoial 445
Mlicxoantzoex MeymgxY

emsedlde
impeatant Paxe OLan_
c@y&ah
em liecdded
memexu uLecd u
ytemlhe
Progxam&tDXAG
2 moau
Mer
ysteM_Can pe_eithex
-LRoM) Ox Dacta Memoxy [BAMJ-

ypes oCaputex MemOxu

Lomputex emaa Y

Atex MaK
Extemal

ache Victua Magmeti

Seameatal Salie Gpthical

RAM Accegs ROM &tede
MROM
SRAM PRO M
RAM EPROM
FFPROM

atexnal OpexakionS -_
>MicxaCovtsollexConaKt& o taGuLanda e
digatal Ccuite.
>ata G MCsOCoutxplAex_Axe U&ek to ame
oaaCAnck sogxamS.
ROM 8tgxes h x0qxam eIAlla£d
micso Cotxeuex To
tae
AEhOn Cnc Ceatrele heus
the chP Compeent& epaate,
 1s0gxam stuc-tiad
ROM
Decece
Dota
Vosicusel Acddr Memers [hee220
RAM Ces Ttexkace
Avd Buttin
at aialers
Stack
RAM

RAM Memexu=
RAMLkancam-Accegg-Memaxy) Velcchle
uLea Le Xtpxe the vexiaole&_eluma
Pa9gxAn_xec-tien
lHexe e gaNexal tupes eAAM Mema
1 5RAM
2DRAM

SPAM - Ltathic RandAm Acce8 Memex

Data is ktosed ia tacvasi&toxs and xequuisg

C Lon&tant PouLe x Heug
SRAM Lallecd Btatie asna change
e elxeslalng & Mot aeededto Regep
the dota intact Tt uLeS& Lache mema

Aglveanaqe-eue leLgex_Lonsuaphiau_alnc
kcstex Acesg &peedg.

Di&AkVautaqe Loaa Mem@a CoPaciteg alac

higa_Co8t&.ofmalaLactu
 DRAM (Dacumic Rondcm Acces&
MemOaY
Dacta i& Slosed i Capoacttaxs.
DBAMLe Lalled_dyaamicn& Con3tavt cbange
0
ALthen e : Xeacshiag 1& heeded ta Reep the
d
claka iatact
T g ULed te implemeht

Advautago_Leu? Coste o Maaula chnng

Qeatex mea@xs Capacmes

Di2Advautaad Aeue Accesz &peed auc iala

eaLMpiiM

ROM (Read Caly Me moxy)

ROM heldetae pxoqxamiagtuchang Ond

tae Censtaut data Miaolontreilex use
one MOxe _elaa oiloging memary bpe2

pes eROM= 0MeOM Lmagk= KrogxAmwA Rom_

PROM (sqyammalale Keao Gnly
Memgx
EPROMLEield Beqammoadsle
auc LLBuLally UVecgaale
EEPROMElectaicaly EsLLoa-le
eadpamalale Rao
u Memga
Hash MewM
I 2 Uged tro &toxe sO.gxAm 2 O Velcuile
T hlole ewmlsecleleol_capplicakiaa Ph0yaavm_code
Clac eme clautalhS LCelleel.cuaLcocle we aaxi
 Nme-Vouruc S-Inoale PageNo.
YOUVA
Roll Ns. 2 Div-T Date:

PRNo-12.0IO2|7

hatcasicl- 6
nteaupts i S05

heedlg the MIOo

olevice
henevex Aay
agiy I t u
allexs Sexvide, tla_devices
Sendiag- A nL A t e t L P t S i g a a

tntexLPE_Algna
tae
penRecieving An
iCxacoutxellE 8Ktope Whate
CLng CuadSeveg Hae clevie

ulltla the AtexxLpts

E eBqanm aseeciate
aezavceKeuiinalTsA
K Cal2 ag Lutexupt
Latexmupt Haiudllex

EvexY Dateup taxe 1g xC

aLanGu lhmemaa tact helos t h e

heeTauN _L MEmet lolaens hat hale

theDddkesse 18 Cclle
ntex2upt Vectex loleleLTVT

Iotexupt Enalle (TE) Regigte

Respensikle fox evaaleling And digaleliiag
o Inteupt

Itexupt Ea@atyKceastex -
Past Tho aiktex an le chauald
Lschcinging ihe pioaits-levelke the
ivetezupÉstohe Caxdespendliac 'eit
in the Tteaupt Pmeartu aester
 StepsfOx Cxecutinq_An
J
wtexupt
hias heg the latauctiou, Avez adldz ez2-

2 uvaps to xed wMemoxy Loccchon_Collec

VLIatexaupt Vectax larle)
8) T dxectg miCaa ovtollex ty ISSR

IC) iOCOntelles Gets th2 acdadxers ocl

Cxecute it s &ulgaOUtiae

SS) Len ExecutioMMickocottellex Xeun2

tto the LcoCetioy ulaaxe Lulce utezzuted

EA 18 &et to 1 to enalle iutexxuPt ane

EA & e t to to_clisuule itexpts

2 IutesaUpt2_CoALFexent Bicnty-
Oxe ecieyec Simwtane2u&ly Hhe_
high Pioity_leveA \& Keved

Highest to Lowgst Piaaits

OExteaualIatexxpt O NTO
mex Tute>aupE O LTEO
3 texnal ltexxupt1 TNTI
)Twmex Tute LAPE 1 TE 1D
S Xeziak CevmmilAlCcctiou ( K I + T I )
 |Novme-Vaxad5Ingale Page No.

Aiv-T RoU Ns.-2 Date YOUVA

PR No--(2010217

lutoa-7-

ADCavncd DA

h e d t ig DAC
i g a t a l t o 2 C e l a / e x t e L D A

Lcaavexts
L a a v e x t e

olig
chigatalZ9malito analag
2ignallhe
gatal
naxuCode
epxesentedLwtth a
acul
bits 2anel 1
Lwhichis comleivcthon

DicitalL igatal-to Aaalaq

Taput Avaculcg utpui
Cenvextex!

/A
LrANextex Avcdog OlPe-
D1 (AA Vsut
DO>
Digital
TPng

ApeaiheostienL G DAC= 0 Resaltion

ACCUXdu
3Coavexsicon
( Speped
S uMamic kang
Nov- Liadcat
DNAlexettial
Nca LAlodt
anc MOnOtoutC
 Reseltian
Kese.luuhou o DA Canvetex ig fhe MLa lses
- States_Cohy nto uelaich tthe kull-2ale.
xClge&divioled

Ccun OUSe lL dejned asau Pesenta ae

tlhell=8cale Veltaqe
Re&eltou = Step-tze

Accux
Histhethe dilexence leetusea tlaa_cletuCaA
Aaalag utput aud the icdeal expected
Cltpu lallaen_a Gavea oligte hapL &
applied

whc ik ADC1
Zy2tem thot CcaANextsav Aucleg Aiqaèul
Zucl that_a &0uvnch Pickech up le L
ymiCxephane_Ox Liglt_entOsilaCdgatal
Camexaito d oieatalL
ADC BO Ces&
Scmplhag AncucqSiqmal to Suwap.liug
2 ucurtzive Scasliag o Cuautizia
3 aCacduaq acudtiZ ivaq to Eacs.cling
Peikic cticnsg-0 Resaluctica
AccKaCy-

Gcainclad Cset dats

Samplihq kequenCu_Ond
alia&iac
ucuctizinq xox-
d
Acn-accutu-
Deeatic Neu-Lasarats
) CohvexSIan TMme
lo) Apctuxe

XAclvcurtageS - _high_ ALLLUxUCY

2eLLe Koey loniLLa prtieM
FcLss to Vge
App liccctieus
O sed toeethez rth tanscluCOx

&e ia disital Siqnal ecessiug

sed ivn Diatal Stoage kaulles tepel
sech in &Centalnitument&
) kech in mLSie XepKOduchan technalog