‘These are the Contents ofthe Fist Book ofthe Online of Septic: i The mos fundamental diference among philosophies ii Theascounts constintiv of Spica |v Whatistheconcepe of Scepiim? ¥ The epa ti Tespeacipes vit Do Septic old bei? vill Do ey belong to 3 shoal? x Do hey seudy naar scence? x _Dothey reject what apparent? Xi Thesundard of Seprici ai Ieain ili The ger modes of Sep xiv The'len Modes xv TheFve Moder asi The Two Mode swil_Whatue the modes which overthrow those who oer casa explanations? sei The Septic phrases xix The prase‘No more xx Non-aserion sui Pethaoe Maybe and ‘Possibly acc ‘suspend judgement xii ‘Tdetemine nothing? sv ‘Everphing is underemined? sav ‘Eveeyhing is inapprehesible azn ‘Thaveno apprehension and I donot apprehend? sil “Opposed wo every account ther is an equal acon sll Rule forthe Seepal Phrases sat _Is Scena path ro the philosophy of Heras? smx_Does tie school of Democis diferfom Seepsism? xa Docs Cyrenaii dif from Sepia? szali_Does Botagoreani die rom Seep? rasl_Does Spi die from the Academies? sunlv Is Medical Empizcam che same as Sorpiisn? 2 J The mos fundamental difference among philosophies [0] When people are investigating any subject, the tel res is ithe 2 dicovery, of 2 denial of ditcory and a conesion of Inapprchensbilry, or ese 2 continuation ofthe investigation. [3] "Tas, no doubr is why nee case of philosophical investigations, 00, some have said dat dey have discovered the trth, some have asserted that it cannot be appended, and others are sil invest — [3] Those who are caled Dogmatins ir the proper sense of the ‘word think thar they ave discovered the tith~ for example, the schools of Arte and Epicurus and the Stoica, and some ote. ‘The schools of Glomachus and Cumeads, and other Academic, ‘have steed chat ching cannot be apprehend And the Septic ae sl investigating. [4] Hence the mot fundamental Kinds of pllosophy are reasceably shought to be sre: the Dogmatic, he ‘Accemic, nd the Scepical The former wo ie wil be appropriate ‘rote todecrib: in the present work we el discus in tine the Secptical persuasion. By way of prefiele us say that on none of ‘he maser be discussed do we afr tht things eral ze us 1s we say they ae: rather, we fepor? desipively on ch em according to how it appears to sa the tine* i The accounts constiutive of Scepticism [s} The Scepicl philosophy contains bot a general anda wpe sccount Inthe gene aecount west ou te dancive character of ‘Seep, saying what the concep ofits, whar arts pines and * Tepe tite Cymraeg Pe tie Seeapee ramet se * naire bern nage Sapo oa ae Ne Shee 1 Be Beene em eanvat it arguments, whatis its andar and what tsi, what arthe ‘modes of suspension of jadgement, how we understand sceptical ‘seerons, and wat distinguishes Scepcsm fom aeighbouring piilorophies (6) The specie accoun isthe one in which we argue gsnet each ofthe part of what they ll pioropy. ‘Le us se del wich the general acount, beginning our sketch withthe names given to the Septic! persion. {ij The nomenclature of Scepticism [FY The Sepia persuasion, then, is ao called Investigative, fom i civ im investigating and inguiings* Suspensive, from che feeling dat comes about in the ingucer after the investigation; Aporeic, ether (some sy) fom the fc tha i pues ova? and investigates everything, or ce from is beings & lose wheter to ‘ssen or deny; and Pyethonan from te fat that Pytho appears t0 ‘use have atached himself to Scepticism more systematically and ‘comspiouly than anyone before hin iy Whats Scepticism? (8 Seis an by tose ou oppositions among tings which ‘open and ae hough of i ay way all" an any by which, teen of te equpllene inte opposed obec and coun, we coe fit spenon of gent al aterwads oso {o] We ea ean abit pox i ay fancy ses, bu snp in he scree of be ale Thnge which appear we tt in epee content be objec of peepon, wich is why we comms them vith objesof ugh nan way al cantbe tke er wth bili’ (show tat we are to undead the word by i i ‘nightwear sense, we si), or ee wih to ou oppo, ‘i SEAT Mepis saennecemcend 1 ae ee wa ween deo eon ap a wih pee” ees ests cps ciate Tyrone tas Fo pee * StDopac tacts aca (eng melas) among the things which appar and ae thought of: we sy in any ‘way at all Besixe we 4c up opposition ina vary of ways — ‘opposing what appears to what appears, what isthough of whats thought of and croswis, 0 at inede al de oppositions ® Or tls we cae the prs with things which appear and ae thought (oF, to show that we ate not to ivestigate bow what appears appears ‘orhow whats thought of though of, bu are simply to take them for gamed [10] By ‘opposed acount’ we do not necesuy have i mind MGzmation an negation, but take the phrase simply in the sense of ‘conflicting account. By ‘equpollence’ we mean equality with egard to being convincing or unconvincing: none ofthe config accounts takes precedence ovr any ober as being more convincing * Saspenson of judgement isa standstill ofthe intellect, owing to which we neither rjct-nor posit anything Teanguliry” is feeom fom durbance or emaess of sul. We hal sogestin the chapter on the tim of scepéiim ow wranguilry accompanies _supension of judgement." v The Sceptic {n] The Pyrthonian philosopher has been implicily define in our scout ofthe concept ofthe Seeptical persuasion: a Fyshonian i omeoae who possesses his aii. +i The principles of Scepticism (12 The causal principe of scepticism we say she hope of becoming tranquil Men of tlen, eoubled by che anomaly in things and + Reaing in ple ff a! onSone py at Maa gg The Se hte dod ed ar nenaaon maker ax oto eae 9 as are oon sea pmpuzzled 2st which of them they should rather asent wo, came to lnvesigate whet in things i true and what fs, thinking that by deciding dese ies they would become tranquil ‘The chief constizatve principle of scepicim is de Cm tat to very account an equal ecount is opposed” for itis from thi, we think, that we come hold no ble vi Do Sceprics hol elit?" {t3] When we sy dhe Sceptice do not hold belie, we do not ake “bel? in the sense in which some ey, quite general tha bbs acquitcng in something; foe Scepicsaset to the felings Forced ‘upon them by appearances™*—for example, they would noe sa, when ‘peated or chilled, Think Iam noe heated (or: chilled)” Rather, we ‘ay that they do noe hold belie inthe sense in which sme ay tat bel is asene wo some unclear object of investigaon i the sciences for Pythons donor asen to anything unclat. (04) Not even in uteing the Scepical phrases about undeae Imtters = for example, ‘Tn no way mor’ of determine nothing’ oF ‘one ofthe oer pass which we sal ater dseus"*— do chey old ‘belie. For if you hold belie the you posi as rel the ings you ‘esd ro hold beliefs about; but Seeptcs poi thse piraes no 5 necessary being re. For they suppose that, just 48 the phrase "Everything is fae’ says shat too, along with everything ee, fe (and simi fr‘Nothng iru), sao Ta no way moc’ says tat it to, along with everthing ese, ino more so than acts, and Inne tances isl along with everything ele. And we sy the same ofthe other Scepical phrases. (s] Ts if people who hold bei post a real dhe thing hey hold bel abou, while Sop ter "hei own phrases in such 2 way chat they are imply cand by 2S a epi a Sina Nan rs see tea se _ fuetaoi sca tah cea saree ace Bat ‘hens, then chy cannot be sid to hold bel in usering fon ‘Bur he main point ish: in urerng these phases they say what is spparentothemaelve and report ther own Flings witht holding, opinions fimiag noching sour external objects Vili Do Sceptcs belong ta school?” (26] Weak the sme aiude to the question: Do Seep belong to 1 schol Ifyou sy tha school iavaves adherence to a umber of bei which ccbere both with one another and with what i apparent and you sy that bebs assent to something unclear, then We shall nya Seep do noe belong to any school. (7) Bui you coun schol a pesuasion which, oll appesrances, coberes ith some account, the account showing how i spose to Live™ coxrecdy (where torecy is taken not only with reference t0 view, bt more loosely and enends tothe ably to urpend judgement) — in that cae we tay that Sceptcs do belong t0 + school, For we coherent fll ll appearances, an account which shows ie in conformity wih waditona cussoms and the aw and persons nd our own feck. ix Do Sceptcs study natural science? [08] We say someting similar again when invesgaing the question ‘of whether Seep should eeady natural scene, We do not scidy 1 ROSES Sousa Ger tvs hr dun afer edo ths hie ea buatevros b fan of the Bw on nd no ‘Santry fw 20 > St icone ctr Dogs noe erecta epee tee Seo = ECE SS eT tice " ieinpaaa aterm ear er Seats See‘natura science in order to mak setons wit firm coavition about any ofthe matters on which scientific beliefs are held. Bue we do touch on manual sence in onder 10 be able > oppose to every ‘sscount an equal acount," and fo the ske of anguliy Thi ‘ls the spit in which We approach the logical an ethical para of ‘what che ell phosoptiy.?™ x Do Sceprics eject what is apparent? (howe pe pa i T think, listened eo what we say.*? As we said before,™ we do not cceanayng wt nv anon Serctan spe pric aioe eea Sees ine tapers eee a Wy gear epee on ape ae imeiger lated getter rete ea cath tw meng pet Sieh apttitepee oe tee see tennis erent pe Sete wines poe a See wots aA ne ne eed eben ae Tends pean ae iy pie pe esteem erantecpe telcos Soc ahr Spay eee eel ET rar ross nea nae ‘rainy gem et Tour nnes wns rie ates rag + ugaarcn oer atternae 2 Easels ens ce mma herbed mp seein dee eanesnaceeseer Ee wp meow orl Ghunnontmeysetio, si The standard of Scepticism” (a1) That we attend to what is apparnt is dear fom what we say bout the standard ofthe Seepial persuasion. ‘Standard’ has to fentes: there ae standards adopted t provide conviction about the realty or unreal of something (we shal elk about these tandards ‘vhen we tum to ack them); and there are standards of acon, {etendng to wi in venay i we pert sme ator apd ot ‘others ~ and ite these tandards which are our present sbjex [G3] Wersay, then, da the standard ofthe Sepia persuasion is ‘what appaten® imply meaning by this the appearances or they depend on passive and nw fcings and ae not objec of investigation, (Lene no-one, presumably, wil raise a conrorersy ‘over wheter an existing thing appears this way or that rather, hey investigate whether iis such 28 it ppears) {Gs} Thus, tending ro wha is apparent, we live in acordance with everyday observances, withowtholting opinions for we ae not let be wel inacve These everyday observances Seam 0 be fourfold, and 10 consist ia guidance by nature, necesstason by felings, handing down of aw nd customs, and teaching of kinds of expertise. [24] By nanue’s guidance we are murally capable of petcving and thinking By the necessitaton of flings, bungee ‘conducts tt food and this t drink. By the handing down of customs and laws, we accept, fom an everyday poin of view, that piety is god and impcry bad By teaching of Kinds f experi we Sr noe inactive in tho which we acept*® "And we sy al this without holding ny opinions. neste of sar repose sna or) 3 HONE party ee “See Diogenes Lari 110 epoing the vew of Acnesdemi. germ reread ane aan fon pp aaa amas po 1 Shenton Cite Spe intact; gens Lacon ‘oy Armes pad Eur ev mal Seay meg POMTEAT fen ms ob. Meee. 1 Sec ofp aegly scpnBle Sap Moa; ’\vuuunes of Seepeism ‘Hook | ai What is the aim of Scepticism? [as I wil be apposite to consider nex the sim ofthe Sopicl ‘euason. Now an ain is that forthe sake of which everything i ane come, while tenet elf dane oe sonore for the sake of anything ese De: ans the fal objec of desire ® Upto now wesay the xim of te Septic is tangy n mee of pinion and moderation of feng in mars forced spon ws. [26] Fee ‘Scepis began t do pilosophy in order to decide among appt ‘ances and w0 appecher which are tre and which fb, so at become tranquil bu: they came upon equipolent dpe, and being unable to decide this they suspended judgement. And when they suspended judgemene, wanquilsy in mater of opinion fol lowed forsitouly [e>P*For those who old the opinion tac thing ate goo or ba by nae are perpetual woubled. When they lack what they belive tobe good, they take themecies tobe perecte by naturales hd they pursue what (40 they think) is good. And when hey have acquired these hing, they experience more troubles for they are lated beyond reson and measur, and in fear of change they do snything sos not to os wher they belive to be ood. [8] But those ‘who make no detemnintion about what is good and bad by nate iter avoid noe pusu:anching with inten, and hence they ate trang ‘A srry told ofthe peiner Apelles applies tothe Scepticn " They say thace was painting horse and wanted ro represent ins pete the lather on te horse mouth; bute wat so unsceefil thathe {ge up, took the spoage on which he had been wiping off the Colours from his brush, ung it the pice. And when iit he + yr An eT nto aang ten to ent SS iguay Cooma nem = URE Or anc cenesta, Seer 3 Fie sapmcurstttarsan Segarra picture, i produced a represettion ofthe howe lathe. 5) Now the Seepaes were hoping te acquire wangullcy by deciding the snomabes in wha appears ands though of, and being unable odo this they auepended judgement. Bue when they suspended jodge- iment, wangullcy fallowed 3 it were foemsiasly, af 2 shadow fellows body ‘We do not, however, tke Serpe 10 be undisturbed ia every sway — we sy that sey are disturbed by things which are forced ‘pon then; for we gee hata tes they shiver anda ties and Ive ocher flings of this kind [Jo] But in these cases oxdinary people ae aftced by two sets of circumstances: by the felings themseves, and no less by beeing that these circumstances ae bad by nature. Scepticy, who shal he aditional opinion that each of ‘hese things is bad in snare, come off more moderately even in these cates "This then, is why we say dha the aim ofScepscs is wanquiiy in mace of opinion nd modention offen in mates forced upon ‘(Some eminent Seep hve ade a further im suspension of judgement in invengations**) sili The general mods of supension of judgement {31] Since we have been saying that tranquility follows suspension of Jidgemen sour cent wil be apposite eto ny Bow "pension ofiogemen coms about ‘Reames tours putter general tough oppoion of ings. We appre whe ape 0 wha spp, Fh i ‘houphofto wha thoagtoh or cose []Forcample we pose wha spent rapes when wes The tame toe ‘ppeus ound om dance and oqo fom ney” WecppseOuatines of Seepecism ‘Book I wha is tbought of to wat is thought of when, agains those wha seek ro esablsh chat there is Providence from the ordsines ofthe heawely bodies, we oppose che view that ofen the good do bacly while the bad do well and conclude ffom this that there is no Providence [3] We oppose what i thoghe of to wh peas as Anstagoas dd when othe view tat now is white he opposed the thought thar snow is frozen water and water is black apd snow is therfore black” In another snse we somtimes oppose present things to present things (asi the above examples) and sometimcs present to pst ot fue things. For example, when someone propounds tan argument we cannot eft, [34] ve sy to him "Before the founder of| ‘theschoolto which you adhere was bor, the argument ofthe choo, hich sno dou sound, was not ye apparent, ldough ews aly there in atue. Ia the same way, i posible thatthe aegument ‘opposing he one you have jst propounded is realy there manure but snot ye apparent tous 0 We should not ye ate 10 what is now thought to bea powerful argument av The Ten Modes! [ss] So thac we may get a more accurate impresion ofthese oppo: sions, I sal se down the medes through which we conlode to suspension of judgement. Bu I make no affimation either about ‘heic number or abour thei power~ they maybe unsound, and where ‘may be more than those [shal describe [be] The older sept nomallyofer ten modes in mamber ‘duough which we are dhough to concid to suspension of judge ike Ma, wee Mucins neon of onan * Wt mpc hea pe ety pne cep 9 Gnd apr ana and nants [oan he campo ween Sci sf Diogenes Las eta os Fp or fh. a ses Sarees following herein PH) ame ment (They ut ‘gument and ‘vhema a synonyms or 'moves") “They acc ist, the mode depending on the variations among animals second that depending on dhe diferences among humans; third, that depending on the diering consis of the sense ‘organs four, that depending on circumstances; fh, that depend ing on posiions and intervals and place; sth that depending on dirs [7] seventh, that dependngon the quasi and prepa tions of existing chins; eighth, chat deriving om ela iat, ‘hat depending on fequent or raze encounters; enh, tha depending ‘on persasions and cstoms and ans andbelifinmyths and dogma ‘apposition. [8] (We we this onde for the sake of argument) ‘Seperonlnate to these ae three modes: that deriving fam the sje jing; chat drving from the object judged: tha combined fiom both, For under the mode dessing from the sabject judging are ranged thei four, snc what judges ier an animal human ‘or ens, an! i sume Cranach seve al eae ‘eter to the made deriving from the objex judged. The 6B, ist, Cgith and ninth ae refered othe mode combined robot. [9] “These hice ar in tm refered the reliiy mode. So we have as ost generic relative per the eres, a subordinate thee. ®* ‘So mich by way of plausible acount of thee number: now for ‘hei power. [40] Fit, we sid, ithe argument aconding to which animals depending on the difrenes among them, do not rece the sume appearances ftom the same things. This we deduce both from the ‘dferencer inthe ways in which they are predaced and ffom the ‘aration inthe composition ofthe bois” [Us] ln the cise ofthe ways in which they are produced, eis ‘because some animale are produced withour copulation and some 252 * Reinga wih baa: Macrae Mu emend 4 "). "Gf Dip Lana Fi dr A, a, For abematve ordering of the mode ax Diogres Laas 7 <0. as Caer thls taeda ae pp tp opt 46 Php eae an ‘sts oes. ob sre paren se mas) 4-7