JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 95, NO.

B8, PAGES 12,449-12,473, AUGUST 10, 1990

Quantitative Measurements of Shear Wave Polarizations

at the Anza Seismic Network, Southern California:
Implications for Shear Wave Splitting and Earthquake Prediction

RICHARD C. ASTER,PETERM. SHEARERAND JON BERGER

Instituteof Geophysics
and PlanetaryPhysics,ScrippsInstitutionof Oceanography,
La Jolla, California

We analyzeshearwave polarizations from local earthquakes recordedby the Anza networkin southem
California,usingan automated methodwhichprovidesunbiasedandquantitative measurements of the polari-
zationandthe durationof linearmotionfollowingthe shearwave arrival(the linearityinterval). Initial shear
wave particlemotionsare stronglyalignedat four stations,a featurethat is not predictedby focal mechan-
isms. The particlemotionalignmentis mostlikely causedby shearwavesplittingdueto anisotropy beneath
thesestations,a resultsupported by the clear shearwave splittingseenin a boreholerecordingnear one of
the Anza stations.Theseresultsare consistent with an earlieranalysisof thesedataby Peacocket al. [1988].
However,our analysisdoesnot supportclaimsby Crampinet al. [1990]thatshearwavesplittingdelaytimes
at stationKNW exhibittemporalvariationswhichcan be correlatedwith the occurrence of the North Palm
Springsearthquake(h/It.= 5.6) of July 8, 1986. Automaticallydeterminedlinearityintervalsscatterwidely
from 0.02 to 0.15 s and exhibitno cleartemporaltrends.We find a correlation betweenearthquake moment
and the linearityinterval,possiblya resultof longereffectivesourcetime functionsfor the larger events.
The inabilityto identifya distinctslow quasi-shearwavepulsefor the vastmajorityof theseeventsindicates
that scatteringstronglyaffectsthe particlemotion,even in the very early shearwave coda. Analysisof
earthquake clusterswith similarwaveformsrecordedat KNW showsthat seismicGreenfunctionsare stable
throughoutthe observational periodand that mostlinearityintervalvariationis due to sourceand ray path
differencesbetweenevents. If shearwave splittingis causingthe observeddelaytimesbetweenhorizontal
components, the waveformstabilityfor eventsin theseclustersrestrictsany temporalchangesin shearwave
splittingdelaytimesto lessthan5-10%.

INTRODUCrION particlemotionis lost and the particlemotionbecomeselliptical

or chaotic,but clear identificationof a secondpulseof similar
Numerousstudiesof shearwave particlemotionsfrom earth-
shapeto the initial shearwavepulsecannotbe made, Although
quakeshave shownanomalousbehaviorwhich may be diagnos-
these observationsare strongly suggestiveof shear wave
tic of shearwave splittingdue to crustalanisotropy[e.g., Gupta,
splitting,they are not conclusivebecausescatteringand/orlocal
1973b; Booth et al., 1985; Buchbinder,1985; Crampin et al.,
site responseeffectscouldpossiblymimic thisbehavior.
1985, Crampin and Booth, 1985; Crampin et al., 1986a;
Kaneshima et al., 1987, 1988a,b; Peacock et al., 1988; Shih and
Becausecrackswhichcan causeanisotropy may be sensifive
to any stresschangeswhich occur before earthquakes,it has
Meyer, 1990; Savage et al., 1989; lannocconeand Deshamps,
been proposedthat temporalchangesin shearwave splitting
1989]. Resultsfrom Vertical SeismicProfile studiesin the shal-
observations may providea way to predictearthquakes [Gupta,
low crest are also consistentwith shear wave splitting [e.g.,
1973a,b; Crampin, 1978, 1987; Crampin et al., 1980, 1984].
Robertsonand Corrigan, 1983; Peacock and Crampin, 1985;
This ideawas originallyrelatedto the dilatancytheoryof earth-
Leary et al., 1987; Liet al., 1987; Majer et al., 1988]. Based
quake prediction[e.g., Nur, 1972; Scholz et al., 1973], which
on these and other studies,Crampin [1987] hypothesizesthat
appearedto explainboth resultsof laboratoryrock experiments
azimuthal anisotropycausedby aligned cracks may be near-
and apparentobservations of significantchangesin P to S wave
ubiquitousin the shallow crust and that shear waves traveling
velocity ratios before large earthquakes[e.g., Aggarwal et al.,
throughthis region will almostalwaysexhibit shearwave split-
1975; Whircombet al., 1973]. Dilatancyis the slightinelastic
ting.
volumeincreaseand associated crackingobservedin laboratory
The abovestudiesvary greatlyin the clarity with whichshear
experimentswhich occursin brittle rocksat high stresses prior
wave splittingcan be seen. In somecases,a time offset can be
to failure. This crackingcan lower P and S wave velocitiesand
seen between two orthogonallypolarized pulses with similar
thus might be an observableeffect for seismic waves which
shapes[e.g., Kaneshimaet al., 1987, 1988a], an observation
crossearthquakesourceregions.
which clearly indicatesshearwave splitting. In othercases,the
Gupta [1973a] suggestedthat dilatancyshouldhave anisotro-
primary observationis that initial shearwave polarizationstend
pic characteristics,
noting the laboratorywork of Nur and Sim-
to be aligned, independentof the azimuth of the event [e.g.,
mons [1969] and the observationof Brace et al. [1966] that
Booth et al., 1985; Crampin et al., 1986a; Peacock et al.,
high-stress-inducedaligned cracking should result in seismic
1988]. After a short time interval, the initial linearity of the
anisotropyin bulk rocks. Oupta proposedthat this anisotropy
might be detectablewith shearwave splittingobservations and
claimed to see premonitoryvariationsin shear wave splitting
Copyright1990 by the AmericanGeophysical
Union.
prior to two earthquakes(up to Mr.=4.0) in Nevada [Gupta,
Papernumber90IB00353. 1973b]. A more detailedanalysisby Ryall and Savage[1974],
0148-0227D0/90JB 410353505.00 however, indicated that the observed fluctuations were not

12,449
 12,450 ASTERESAL.: ANZASHEARWAVE POLAR2AT•ONS

exclusivelycorrelatedwith earthquakeoccurrenceand suggested In order to addressthese difficultieswe have developeda

that crustalcomplexitymakesit difficult to distinguish
between quantitativemethodfor objectivelymeasuringthe polarization of
effectsdue to shearwave anisotropyand thosedueto scattering three-component rexx)rdsand have appliedit to the problemsof
andphaseconversion. estimatingthe degree and direction of polarization,and the
Many otherstudiesduringthis time periodalsocastdoubton durationof the linearityintervalfor three-component recordings
the idea that precursoryvelocity changesoccur before earth- of local earthquakes.We applyour techniqueto datafrom the
quakes.Perhapsthe mostconclusive reports[e.g.,McEvillyand Anza network,for whichpreviousstudies[Peacocket al., 1988;
Johnson, 1973, 1974] were the observationsthat P and S wave Crampin et al., 1990] have reportedobservations of temporal
traveltimesfrom quan'yblastsshowedno significantvariations, changesin shearwave splitting. We addressseveralbasicques-
even for pathswhich passedcloseto earthquakehypocenters. tions:
Evidencealso began to accumulatethat stresseswithin crustal (1) Do the initial shearwaveparticlemotionalignments require
rocksare generallyfar below the yield strength[e.g., Zobacket a modelwith widespread crustalanisotropy,or couldthe align-
al., 1987], implying that dilatancy,if it occurs,is probably mentsbe explainedby focal mechanism patternsor by local
confinedto a very small region near the earthquakesource, near-receiver structures?
rather than being a regional effect more readily observedby (2) What is theprincipalcauseof the onsetof motionfollowing
seismic means.
the direct shear wave arrival; can we reliably distinguish
Some authors, however, continued to advocate ideas based on
betweenshearwave splittingeffectsandscattering?
the dilatancytheoryof earthquake prediction,andsuggested that
(3) Are theretemporalvariationsin shearwavesplittingparam-
polarizationanomaliesassociated with anisotropymightprovide
eterswhichcanbe associated with earthquakeoccurrence?
a way to monitordilatancyepisodes[Cran•in, 1978; Cran•in
et al., 1980; Cratr•in and McGonigle,1981]. Cratr•in et al. NETWORK DESCRIPTION
[ 1984] proposedthat fluid-filledmicrocracksin the shallowcrest
would exhibitwhat they termedextensivedilatancyanisotropy The Anza network [Bergeret al., 1984; Vernon, 1989] is
whichwouldaffectthe velocityanisotropy of the bulk material. locatedin a recognizedseismicgap [Thatcheret al., 1975;
This model was differentfrom that proposedby Brace et al. Sanders and Kanamori, 1984] and has been more or less con-
[1966] in that it was not a high-stressphenomenon(i.e., it did tinually operationalat three-component statussince October
not requirestresses on the orderof thebreakingstrengths of the 1982. The 10 stationsstraddleapproximately 40 km of the San
rocks) and did not involve changesin crack fluid contern(and Jacinto fault where it intersects the mid-Cretaceous Southern
thusdid not requireconnected cracks). They hypothesized that CaliforniaBatholith(SCB) [Sharp, 1967]. The systemhas
this crack-induced anisotropy couldbe muchmorewidespread loggedmore than 3000 local and regionaleventsto date. All
than the high-stressdilatancyzone, and might permit the Anza data are sampledat 250 sampledswith a bandwidthof
monitoring with shearwavesplittingobservations of precursory approximately2-62.5Hz using 2-Hz-resonantHS10-1 geo-
stresschangesprior to earthquakes. phones. Resolutionis 16 bits (=96dB). Three-component
Peacock et al. [1988] reported an approximately100% seismicdata are digitizedon site and sentfrom individualsta-
increasein shearwave splittingdelay timesat stationKNW in tions to Toro Peak in the Santa Rosa Mountains via VHF
the Anza network,southernCalifornia,and suggested that it telemetrylinks. The stationchannels aremultiplexed atopToro
mightreflectthe buildupof stresspriorto an earthquake.Sub- Peakand telemetered by microwavelink to the Instituteof Geo-
sequently Crampinet al. [1990]reporteda decrease in thedelay physicsandPlanetaryPhysics(IGPP) in La Jollavia a repeater
timesfor thisstationaroundthe time of the July8, 1986,North station atop Mount Soledad(Figure 1). At IGPP a short- to
Palm Springsearthquakeand claimed that theseobservations long-termaverageratio algorithmdetectsevents, which are
indicatedthat shearwave splittingmight providea meansof logged onto nine track tape. Compressionaland shearwave
predicting earthquakes.Temporal changeshave also been arrival times and sourceparametershave been determinedat the
reportedin shearwave splittingbeforeand afterhydraulicfrac- U.S. GeologicalSurvey,Menlo Park [Fletcheret al., 1987] for
turingin Cornwall[Crampinand Booth, 1989] and beforeand the majority of eventsin this data set.
after eventsin the Enola swarmin Arkansasin 1982 [Boothet In November1986 a seismicboreholewas drilled approxi-
al., 1990]. mately 391 m N212øE of the KNW Anza station, and three-
While observations of crustalanisotropyhave becomewell componentMark ProductsL-22D geophonepackages(2-Hz
established,detailedmodelingof the processand its possible resonance)were installedat depthsof 300 m, 150 m and at the
use as an earthquakepredictiontool remainsproblematical.For surface (Fletcher, et al., Near-surface velocities and attenuation
the reasonsoutlinedby Ryall and Savage[1974] (see above),it at two boreholesnear Anza, California,from loggingdata,sub-
has becomeincreasinglyevident[e.g., Buchbinder,1987; Ebel, mitted to Bulletin of the Seismological Societyof America,
1989] that the high-frequency signalsnecessaryto observecru- 1990; Carroll et al., Implicationof siteresponse on determina-
stal anisotropyin detail are very susceptible
to crustalhetero- tion of Fm•: Resultsfrom a boreholeexperiment at Anza,Cali-
geneity. In addition,the use of naturalearthquakesources fornia, submittedto Journal of GeophysicalResearch,199.0).
makes the resultssubjectto the effectsof variationsin earth- Data were recordedon GEOS data loggersat 400 samples/s
quake locationsand sourcemechanisms.The observationalevi- with a bandwidthof approximately 2 to 100 Hz at 16-bitresolu-
dencefor temporalchangesin shearwavesplittingis basedon tion. We haveused300-m recordings in thispaperto examine
the pickingby eye of apparentdelay times from polarization effectsof near-surface structure
on shearwaveseismograms.
plotsin the horizontalplane. This procedure,while suitablefor Scottet al. [ 1988] usedapproximately 6500 P waveand2700
preliminaryobservations, has severalsignificantdrawbacks: (1) S wave readingsfrom the 10 Anza stationsand 13 stationsof
the measurements may be affectedby subjectivityand observer the CaliforniaInstituteof Technology/United StatesGeological
bias, (2) measurements are time consuming for largedatasets, Survey SouthernCalifornia Seismic Network (SCSN) that are
(3) quantitative
errorboundsare lacking,and (4) motionout of sited upon the SCB to simultaneously locate 435 eventsand
thehorizontalplaneis not considered. invert for a continuous and smoothone-dimensional velocity
 AST•RETt&.: A•vZ•,SHE•,gW•,VEPOL•m7_•T•O•S 12,451

Anza Regional Stations

• -• --- , . • - __ ....•._._\\
'x •.,=•?.._ -. .-A Anza s•al:%ons .
,,,
.... .

33.8
"•_5 "', '-
'' ••ffo•-

- '•"•, '• c '•

':% _ BZN. •-- PRO

• %- ,,
'-.',,
ez
'• 33.4
- '•
• ,.• ,
,' •' O•

33.2- •
0TM ß

, • JU/,0

• g['•, '-.
32.8 100 km
, ,. , , , , , . ,
-117.2 -116.8 -1 16.4 -116.0

Longitude
Fig. 1. Tm • (ffi•glcs) •d 13 SCSN stations(•rclcs) usedfor cst•a•g canhqu•e l•adms and vel•ity structure.
• stationsare sima• on •c •u•cm •o•a BaYoUS. •c • telme• •ts of Mo•t Sol•ad and IGPP • La
JoUaam •dicatcd • sq•ms.

model that increasesmonotonicallywith depth. We have used set. In Figure3 we plot self-scaled
horizomalparticlemotions
hypocenter locationsobtainedwith thismodel(Figure2) in our of Anza shear wave arrivals (first 0.08 s [20 samples]begin-
analysis. ning at the USGS shearwave pick) from earthquakes with
To minimize the presenceof convertedphases,we limited hypocentersthat lie within the 45ø shearwave window. We
our analysisto earthquakes from the Anza catalogthat were foundthat the first 0.08 s providesa reasonable time window
within a 45ø shearwave window [Boothand Crampin, 1985]; for investigating
thepolarizationproperties
of initialshearwave
those that had straight-linestafion-to-hypocenter
dip angles phases at Anza;resultsdid notchangeappreciablywhenshorter
greaterthan 45ø (i.e., hypocentersthat lie within a 45ø half- (0.04 s) and longer(0.12 s) windowswere used. Theseplots
angleverticalconewith the stationat the apex). We restricted clearlyshowthatmostAnza stations exhibita preferredinitial
our studyto eventswith USGS pick qualitiesof 0 or 1 (on a 0 shearwavepolarization, regardless
of the azimuthof the event,
to 4 pointscale),so as to eliminatecomplications due to weak a result consistent with the earlier Peacock et al. [1988]
or emergentarrivals. Note thatif the velocityin the SCB does analysis.
in fact increasemonotonicallywith depth,the actualdip of the Althoughtheseparticlemotionsplots give a qualitative
arrivingray at the surfacewill be somewhat
steeperthan45ø in impressionof the degreeandorientation of initialshearwave
all casesdueto concaveupwardray curvature,thusreducingthe particlemotionalignment (particularly
for stations KNW and
effectsof free surfacephaseconversions [Boothand Crampin, WMC wherethe effectis mostpronounced), the variancetensor
1985]. Each selectedseismogram was then visuallyinspected formalism(seethe Appendix)canbe usedto obtaina quantita-
problems(e.g., tive measureof polarizationorientation.
and thosethat were off scaleor had instrumental
faulty componentsor excessivetelemetry dropouts) were The measurewe chooseis the vectorlinearity
excluded. The event number breakdown is shown in Table 1.

SHEAR WAVE PARTICLE MOTION DIRECTIONS

where I is the linearity(equation(All)) and •] is the unit
It has been previouslyobservedat Anza and elsewherethat eigenvector
corresponding to the largesteigenvalue of thevari-
the initial shearwave particlemotionoften displaysa consistent ancetensor(equation (A1)). The unit vector•] is the direction
directionfor many independent eventsobservedat a singlesta- ofgreatest
signal energy (witha 180
øambiguity;
• isactually a
tion, althoughthis directionmay vary appreciablyfrom station pseudovector,definingan axis)andthe scalarI (•[0,1]) is a
in the Anza data measureof its linearity.
to station. This propertyis well represented
12,452 AsvrmET AL.: ANZA SH]gAR
WAVIi POLARIZATIONS

Earthquakes Recorcled by the Anza Array

34.0

33.8

33.6

33.4

33.2

33.0

-117.2 -116.8 -116.4 -116'.0

Longitude
Fig. 2. The 824 earthquakeslocatedby Scottet al. [1988]usinga minimum-residual and optimallysmoothone-dimensional
velocitymodelfor the periodOctober1, 1982,to November24, 1988. NPS refersto the epicenter of theJuly8, 1986North
PalmSpringsearthquake (MI. = 5.6) referredto in thetext.Depthsfor theseeventsrangefromapproximately
2 to 22 kin.

To obtain an estimateof the mean alignmentdirectionfor the for the i th observation. The three eigenvectorsof M, /hi, axe
distxibutionof first shearwave motions,we evaluatethe eigen- the principalaxesof rotationalinertiafor N pairsof point unit
values and eigenvectorsof the orientationmatrix, M, where masses,
wherethei th pairis located
at +•. We takethe
eachmeasurement is assigneda weightof l eigenvector,/hi, corresponding
to the largesteigenvalue,I-q (the
N axis of minimum rotationalinertia) as the estimateof the align-
ment direction [Fisher et al., 1987]. The choice of this axis as
i=1
the alignmentdirectionestimateis perhapsmade clearerwhen
where N is the nmber of particle motion observations(the one realizes that it is the choice that minimizes the sum of
number
of earthquakes)
and• is thevectorlinearity
measuredsquaredperpendiculardistancesfrom the axis to the pointsin

TABLE 1. Anza EventsWith ShearWave Pick Qualitiesof 0 or 1 (October1, 1982, to November24, 1988)
Station Total Number Events Within Usable Events
of Events the 45 ø Shear Within the
Recorded Wave Win- 45 ø Shear
dow Wave Win-
dow

BZN 458 45 43
CRY 493 110 63
FRD 438 74 64
KNW 512 151 125
LVA 211 0 0
PFO 379 17 10
RDM 386 80 72
SND 464 65 44
TRO 117 17 10
WMC 398 90 70

Anzaeventcountsby stationfor totaleventsrecorded

andnumberof eventswithina 45ø haftangleshear
wavewindowfor theperiodOctober1, 1982throughNovember 24, 1988.
 AST•Rfit AL.:ANZASHEAR
WAVEPOLARIZATIONS 12,453

the data set. The relative magnitudesof the !& constrainthe the horizontal plane and a multimodality visible in the
distributionof the vector linearities;in particular,small and distributioncontour plots. This is presumablydue to large
approximately equal values for g2 and g3 indicatea strong scatteringcontributionsto the energysignaturearoundthe time
linearaliglunentandaxial symmetry. of the directshearwave;if the velocitywere smoothly-varying
We calculateapproximate95% angularconfidenceintervals and approximatelymonotonically-increasing with depth, we
for the rh• assumingaxial symmetryand usingthe asymptotic would expectto seevery litfie energyon the verticalcomponent
normalapproximation [Watson, for thesenear-verticalray paths.
to the Watsonaxial distribution
1965, 1966] We do not further examine the particle motions at CRY,
FRD, and SND in this paperfor two relatedreasons. First, we
t•(d
,K)=C(K)e
•'t"•l)2 (3) are interestedin determiningthe causeof the alignmentand of
the terminationof the linearity interval. We thus concentrate
where d is the direction of the maximum and
our analysis on those stationsthat exhibit the most idealized
1
behavior. Second,the a•ance of appreciableenergyon the
C0c)
-•= (4) vertical componentaroundthe time of the shear wave arrival
raisesthe possibilitythat scatteringhas also contaminatedthe
The circular confidencehalf angle A satisfies[Fisher et al., horizontal motions.
1987]
SOURCE RADIATION PREDICTIONS OF SHEAR WAVE POLARIZATIONS

(a) We now considerthe possibility that the observedinitial

sinA = (5) shearwave particlemotion alignmentsmight be a sourceradia-
g•-g2
tion pattern effect. Peacock et al. [1988] obtained focal
where mechanism solutions for 22 well-constrained events from
October1983 to January1985 using Anza and SCSN P wave
e(a) = -ln(a) = -In(0.05) (6)
first polarities. They showedthat there were many disagree-
andW is the sumof weights mentsbetweenpredictedand observedinitial shearwave parti-
cle motionsfor theseevents,but did not perform a comprehen-
w = (7) sive comparison.
i=1
We estimatedP wave emergenceangleson the focal sphere
The results of these measurements are shown in Table 2. using the one-dimensional model of Scott et al. [1988] and
To estimatethe statisticaldistribution of the vectorlinearity measuredfirst motiondirectionsfrom the verticalcomponents of
we use a Watson densitysmoothingfunction[Fisher et al., 10 Anza and 18 SCSN stations. P wave polarities were
1987]. The densityestimatein an arbitrarydirection,2, is then assignedweightson a three-pointscale:impulsive,emergent,
and indeterminate.We then searchedall possiblefocal mechan-
= (8) isms for each event (at an angularincrementof 2ø, requiting
i=1 approximately500,000 focal mechanisms)and calculatedthe
number of stationpolarity misfits for each possiblesolution.
wherethe smoothingfunctionis Next, we used an adaptivemethodto find thosefocal mechan-
•(••i'e)2 ismswhich were equallycompatiblewith the polaritydata(i.e.,
Si(L-•,•)=lie (9) had the samemisfi0. We first lookedfor fault plane solutions
which fit all of the data perfectly. If no solutionswere found,
The constant ,c is obtainedby maximizingthepseudo-log likeli- we then allowed one emergentmisfit. If an exact fit was still
hoodH obtainedusingsubtract-1 jackknifeestimates[Watson, not achieved, then the misfit criterion was relaxed to include
1983;Diggle and Fisher, 1985] two, thenthreeemergentmisfits,etc., up to n, the total number
of emergentmotions for the event. If a fit was still not
H 0c)= •ln[f/(xi)] (10) achieved,increasingnumbersof impulsivemisfitswere allowed
(and the emergentmotionswere disregarded
completely)until a
wherethe individualjackknifeestimatesare setof fitting fault planeswas found.
This procedurewas generallyquite successful;
of 206 total
= cY.f (11) events within the 45 ø shear wave windows of stations BZN,
KNW, RDM, and WMC, 140 (68%) had solutionsthat fit all P
wave polarity data exactly, 27 (10%) requiredone emergent
and C is a normalizationconstantchosenso that the integralof
the axial densityoverthehalf sphereis 1. misfit, and 40 (19%) requiredone impulsivemisfit. Only 2%
Schmidt-Lambert equal-areaupperhemisphere projections requiredmore than one impulsivemisfit. The averagenumber
of
for the shearwaveparticle of motionsper event was 15.6, 13.9 of which were impulsive.
the estimateddensitydistributions
motionsegmentsof Figure3 are contouredin Figure4 using In somecasesthe availabledata place quite fight constraintson
CONTOUR (Parker et al., unpublishedFORTRAN program, the focal mechanismsof the events. More typically, this pro-
1989). cedurefounda rangeof focal mechanisms which fit the polarity
Four of the stations0tZN, KNW, RDM, WMC) exhibit dataequallywell.
dramatic,near-horizontalalignmentsin the initial shearwave Predictedshearwave polarizationswere then calculatedfor
particlemotion. The remainingthree(CRY, FRD, SND) are the range of focal mechanismsassociatedwith each event,
clearlycontaminatedby significantverticalenergy,so muchso assuming an idealizedfar-fielddouble-couple
radiationpattern
rotationof the alignmentpole out of [Aid and Richards,1980] projectedalongtheray pathto the sta-
thatthereis a significant
 12,454 AsTm••-T A•.: Ams StmA• WAV• POt.AmZAT•ONS

BZN • b CRY

w E

W $
E $ d KNW

W E W E

S S

Fig. 3. Serf-scaled
horizontalparticlemotionsfor the first20 samples(0.08 s) of the shearwavearrivalfor eventswithinthe
45ø shearwavewindowat six Anzastations (Table1). The originof eachparticlemotionplotis determined by an azimuth-
dip polarprojection;
the eventbackazimuthis mappedto theprojection azimuth,andtheeventemergence angleis mapped to
theprojectionradius,sothatparticlemotionsfromeventsdirectlybeneath the stationwill be plottedat theorigin. Theprojec-
tionperimetercorrespondsto an emergence angleof 45ø.

tion of interest. In this way we obtainedboundson the initial ever, alwayspermit unambiguousinterpretations and it is quite
shearwave polarizationswhich are compatiblewith the P wave possiblethat different analystswould pick differentlinearity
polarity data. This techniqueoften placesfairly narrowbounds intervalsfrom the same particle motion plot. We believe that
on allowedshearwave polarizationsat individualstations,even more quantitativemethodsof measuringthe linearityintervalare
when the focal mechanismfor an event is not completelycon- neededwhichincludeerrorboundsto estimatethe uncertainty in
strained. the measurements and which can applieduniformlyto all avail-
Figures5 and 6 show a comparisonof the observedand able data, thuseliminatingthe possibilityof subjectivitydue to
predictedhorizontal projectionsof initial shear wave particle observerbias. This is particularlyimportantif observations of
motionsfor earthquakes
withinthe 45ø shearwavewindowof this type are to be used to evaluateearthquake
prediction
the Anza stations BZN, KNW, RDM and WMC. The observed
alignments(Figure5) are far strongerthan any predictedalign- We estimatethe linearity interval for each seismicevent as
ments(Figure6). This result agreeswith the focal mechanism follows:
analysisof Peacocket al. [1988] and providesclear evidence
that the observedinitial shearwave particlemotion alignments For eachstation,calculatethe meanparticlemotiondirectionrh•
are not due to source effects and therefore must be the result of (equation(2)) and the Watsonaxial distributiondecayconstant
structure between the sources and receivers. Furthermore, •: (equation(3)) for the observedshearwave arrivals.
borehole records (see below) indicate that at least some of this
structureat KNW mustbe deeperthan300 m. For each event,

DURATION OF LINEAR SHEAR WAVE MOTION

(1) Evaluatethe directionallinearity of the variancetensor(See
the Appendix)as a functionof time, d 0c;t;W) (equation(A13)),
Anza initial shear wave particle motions(Figure 3) become for rectangularzero-lagmoving windowsof many lengths,W.
ellipticalor chaoticafter about0.02-0.15 s. This time interval In practice,we use window lengthsranging from 0.040 to
(the linearityinterval)was interpretedby Peacocket al. [1988] 0.008 s.
as the shearwave splittingdelay time. In mostpreviousstudies
of this type, linearityintervalshave beenestimatedby eye from (2) Estimatethe durationof the linearityintervalx for eachwin-
particlemotionplots. Observedparticlemotionsdo not, how- dow length W. Because the directional linearity generally
 As'mR•r A•.: AI•A SH•A• WAVBPOLARIZATIONS 12,455

RDM
SND

WMC

TABLE 3. (continued)

resemblesa pulsewith linearleadingandtrailingedgesanda pulsehasbegunto breakup into subpulses due to the band-
flat maximum,we parameterize the directional
linearitytime limitedsignal. To ensurethat our uapezoidalparameterization
function
by a bestfit trapezoidal
envelope,characterized
by five remainsvalid, we do not acceptx determinations if the 1-norm
parameters:fourcomertimescti,anda heighth. Thetimeson error in the besttrapezoidalfit is greaterthan 25% of the tra-
theleadingandtrailingedgeswhered(,c;t;W) reaches 33%and pezoidalenvelopearea.
67% of its maximin level were usedto obtainan initial param- The aboveprocedurewasappliedto datafromstations
BZN,
eter estimate and Powell's method of functional minimization KNW, RDM, andWMC usingvaluesfor • theWatsonaxial
[Presset al., 1986]wasusedto find an optimal(minimum1- distributiondecay constantdeterminedby equation(A14)
normerror)envdope(Figure7). The starttimesof theleading (Table3). An exampleof a x determination is plottedin Fig-
andtrailingedgesof the trapezoidal envelope
areestimates
of ure8, showing the directional
linearityd as a functionof time
the beginningandend of the directshearwavephase,respec- for a shearwave arrival, alongwith the timespickedby our
tively. The linearitytimeestimate
is thus methodfor thebeginning andendof thelinearityinterval.The
verticaland two horizontalcomponents are shown,alongwith
x = or3- oq (12)
particlemotionsin three orthogonalprojections.Particle
The quadrature
sumof theof theleadingandtrailingedgehalf motionsduringthe linearityintervalare indicatedwith solid
widthsis usedas an uncertaintyestimatefor x lines,with dashedlinesbeginningat the end of the linearity
interval. Examinationof thesetypesof particlemotionplots
A'g
[[ 1 [.:]1
= 0'2--0[!+ O. 0.3
2
(13)
shows that our method estimates the time of the termination of
linearmotionverycloseto thatwhichanoperator
eye. An advantage of our technique
mightpickby
is thatit usesverticalas
well as horizontaldata. This can be seenin Figure8, in which
(3) Decidewhichwindowlengthproduces
the bestestimateof
the linearityintervalis terminated
by motionin the vertical
thelinearity
time.Westart
withX•,m•,
theestimate
obtained
by direction.If onlythehorizontal
particlemotionplot(Hx versus
usingthe longestwindowlength(thesmoothest estimate)
and H2) wereexaminedfor thisexample,a linearityintervalmight
successivelycompare trapezoidalenvelope parametersat be pickedwhichwaslargerthantheactualduration of thelinear
shorterwindowlengthsuntil a jumpis located,definedasbeing motion.
whenthe beginningor endof the trapezoidalenvelope changes
by morethanW, sayat a windowlengthof M. We thentake TEMPORALAND OTHER VARIATIONSIN LINEARtrY TIMES
the best estimate of x as the one that has the minimum Ax and
hasW > M. In thisway, we usetheestimate
of x thathasthe Linearityinterval,x, is plottedas a function
of timefor the
sharpest wherethe linearity fourselected
edgesbut do not acceptestimates stationsin Figure9. We do not normalizex with
 12,456 As•.a • nL.: A•rZAS•mna WAW PoLnm•oss

TABLE 2. Anza Mean Initial Shear Wave Polarization Directions

Station

BZN 0.78 I.I ø 179.4 ø 23.8 ø 0.13 76.7 ø 274.2 ø 0.09 13.2 ø 89.1 ø
CRY 0.60 30.5 ø 194.5 ø 50.3 ø 0.32 52.1ø 333.9 ø 0.08 20.1ø 92.0 ø
FRD 0.51 65.5 ø 16.0 ø --- 0.42 24.0 ø 207.9 ø 0.05 4.5 ø 115.9 ø
KNW 0.96 1.5ø 140.0 ø 7.4 ø 0.03 40.4 ø 48.7 ø 0.01 49.6 ø 231.8 ø
RDM 0.79 2.1 ø 17.6 ø 19.0 ø 0.19 14.7 ø 287.0 ø 0.02 75.1 ø 115.4 ø
SND 0.65 22.9 ø 18.1 ø 35.4 ø 0.25 66.0 ø 179.0 ø 0.10 7.0 ø 285.1 ø
WMC 0.95 5.4 ø 358.5 ø 10.6 ø 0.03 84.2 ø 200.5 ø 0.02 2.2 ø 88.7 ø

Inertia ellipsoid(equation(2)) parameters

for vectorlinearity(equation(I)) distributions.The
threesemiaxes are•i, eachof whichhasa length,}ti andis oriented
at a dip 0 andan azimuth
(eastof north). The uncertainty
angleestimateA on n•1 (equation(5)) did not converge
for the
significantly
bimodaldistribution
at FRD (Figure4).

respectto ray path lengthin theseplots becausewe find no scatterwith no discerniblelong-termtrends. We find a hint of
clear correlationbetweenour measuredlinearity times and the the increasein KNW lineaxityintervalsbetween1983 and 1986
ray path lengths.The meanray pathlengthwas21.0 km with a reportedby Peacocket al. [1988] in the KNW plot andthe sub-
1-• variation of 1.8 km. These plots show a great deal of sequentdecreasereportedby Crampin et al. [1990], but with

BZN CRY
a b

rain: O. 044
max: O. 909

KNW
c d

mir•:
O.
331
max:• 6.941 • •
Fig. 4. Shadedandcontoured densityplotsof vectorlinearitydistributions
usingtheWatsondensitysmoothing function(equa-
tion (9)) andplottedin an equal-area projection.Twelveequallyspacedcontoursare plottedfor eachdistribution.An addi-
tionalboldcontourindicatesthe 1/'2•rlevel (thevaluecorrespondingto a uniformdistribution).Contourlinesaboveandbelow
the I/2•r levelaresolidanddashed, respectively. Thetriangleindicatestheaxisof minimumrotational inertia,• for thevec-
tor linearitydistribution.
 As'mRm' nL.: AlVZAStmn• WAV• Po•.nmzn'noNs 12,457

RDM SND
e f

............................
, ? ............. \
..

WMC
g

ß o z o8 ""4 -••%"x3•
max: 4.368

Fig. 4. (continued)

considerably
morescatterthantheirdatasuggest.Figure9b Thereis a strikingamountof scatterin theobserved
linearity
also indicatesthe time of the North Palm Springsearthquake intervals,with variationsup to severalhundredpercent. As
whichCrampin et al. [1990]claimis correlated withchangesin mentionedabove,this scatteris not reducedif the times are nor-
theselinearityintervals.Clearly,our observations do not sup- malizedby ray path length. A simplemodelof shearwave
portthisclaim:thereis no significant change in thelinearity splittingdueto an anisotropiclayerbeneaththestations cannot
intervals near the time of this event relative to the matter. explainthis scatterbecauseit wouldpredictnearlyconstant
To furthercompareour linearityintervalmeasurements at linearity intervals
(i.e.,shearwavesplitting
delaytimes)for the
KNW with thoseof Peacocket al., we divided our data set into dataat eachstation. As we will arguebelow,we believethat
two groups,accordingto whetherthe apparent ray incidenceseismicmomentvariationsand near-receiverscatteringare the
anglewitha vertical
planestriking wavepar- primarysources
in theinitialshear of thevariationsin theobserved linearityinter-
ticle motion direction(Table2) is less than or greaterthan vals, andthat this scattering
severelylimitsthe accuracy with
14.5ø. Peacocket al. foundthatthisdividinganglemaximized whichshearwavesplitting delaytimescanbemeasured at these
thesignificance
of theincrease
in linearity
intervals
whichthey surface sites.
observedbetween 1983 and 1986. Our results for these data Becausethe observedlinearityintervalsdo not correlate
subgroups
areshown in Figure10. Again,wefinda hintof the significanfiy
with time, otherpossiblesources for systematic
temporal
variations
whichPeacock et al. andCrampin et al. differences
in linearityintervalsshouldbe considered.
We con-
noted but with no clear associationof thesevariationswith the centrate our efforts on KNW and WMC, which have the most
NorthPalmSprings earthquake.
Asa finalcheck,wecalculatedevents within the shear wave window (Table 1) and the most
linearity
intervals
usingtheKNW horizontal dataonly(bythe pronounced initialshearwaveparticlemotionalignments (Fig-
sameprocedure butsetting
thevertical
component dataequalto ure 5). One factorthatcouldaffectthelinearityintervalis vari-
zero)but againfoundno association with the North Palm ation in the sourcetime functionof the event. Conceivably,a
Springsevent. longersourcetime function(or effectivesourcetimefunction
 12,458 AsTr• ET AL.: AWIA SHEARWAVEPOLtaUZ•TIONS

a BZN . b KNW N

w E w E

$ $

c RDM . d WMC

w E

Fig.5. Horizontal
projection
ofvector
linearifies
(equation
(1))observed
atfourAnzastations,
plotted
using
theprojection
of
Figure
3. Thevector
lineafifies
wereobtained
fromthe20-sample
particle
motion
segments
shown
in Figure
3.

due to rapturepropagation directivity)wouMresultin a longer where E,, and E• are the signal energiesfor the three-
directpulseseenat the station,whichmightin mm manifest component time series• and y', DFTq denotesthe inverse
itselfin a longerlinearityinterval. An exampleof thisis shown discrete
Fouriertransform,
theasterisk
denotes
complex conju-
in Figure 11 for stationKNW. The observedsourcetime func- gation, and Xi and Yi are the discreteFourier transformsof 2•
tion for this event consistsof at least two distinctpulses. andy'. C3• is invariant withrespectto coordinate system.
Althoughthe time separation betweenthe pulseswas great We searched all uniqueseismogram pairsoutto a hypocenter
enoughin thiscasefor the linearityintervaldetermination pro- separation of Ah=2.5km (a totalof 3559pairs). The timewin-
cedureto discriminate betweenthe two, a lesserseparationdowwas64 samples (0.256s) beginning
at theshemwavepick
would have resultedin a considerably longerestimateof the time. The meanvalueof C3,• was 0.38 with a 1-o variation
linearityinterval,reflectingthe durationof the sourcetimefunc- of 0.14.
tion. We plottedx versusmomentusingmomentsestimated We identified22 event pairs (25 total events)that were
from long-period•tral displacements by Fletcheret al. separated in timeby morethan30 daysandhadC• valuesof
[1987] andobserved a roughcorrelationbetweenmomentandx 0.8 or better. These eventssort into six distinctclustersof 2 to
(Figure12) for both KNW and WMC. Althoughthereis a 9 events, fourof whichareassociated withtheHotSprings fault
greatdealof matter,plotsof momentversustime (Figures13c (B,D,E,F) andtwo of which(A,C) are associated with themain
and 13d)displaysomesimilarities to the slighttemporalvaria- trace of the San Jacintofault (Figure14). Althoughthese
ntionsseenin theplotsof x versustime(Figures13aand13b). seismograms are not exactwiggle-for-wiggleduplicates
(Fig-
Much of the scatter in these measurementswhich is not asso- ure 15), they have highervaluesof Ca•,• than 99% of all
ciatedwith momentis probablydueto pathandsourcemechan- seismogrampairs with fib<2.5 km and are the best available
ism variations.In an attemptto find a subsetof the datawhich approximations of repeatedshem wave sourcesrecordedat
mightcontainearthquakes with morerepeatable we KNW.
properties,
searched theKNW seismograms for eventswithnearlyidentical Table4 liststhe numberof events,the timespanandthe
waveforms.The similaritycriterionusedwas C•, the max- averagedepthfor theseeventclusters,as well as •, the mean
imumof the three-component
circularcrosscorrelation
function straight-line
raypathanglewithrespect to a verticalplanestrik-
ingin theinitialshear
waveparticle
motion
direction
(thisangle
= , •[-1 11 (]4) was usedby Peacocket al. to divide the KNW data into events
Ca.•xmax
(E,,E•
)m•DFr4(X,
Y,' •=1 , whichshowedtemporalchanges
fromthosewhichdid not;see
 ASTER
!ITAL.:ANZASHEAR
WAVEPOLAR•ZAT•OSS 12,459

a BZN . b • N

w E W E

S s

C RDM d WMC

w E w E

S S

Fig.6. Horizontal
projection
ofpredicted initialshear
waveparticle
motionscorresponding
totheobservedlinearity
vectors
of
Figure5, obtained
byraytracing
theallowed sourcepolarizations
tothestation
foreachearthquake.
ff eachfaultplanesolu-
tionhasequallikelihood,
thesetof directions
approximates
a probability
distribution
forthesurface
shearwavepolarity.Note
thattheobservedalignments
(Figures3, 4 and5) aredearlynotpredicted
bythescattered
predicted
orientations.

Figure10). Themajority for completedata set (Figures9 and 10), corresponding

of theraypathsarenearlyvertical moment
theseevents,but clustersA andC haveray pathswith fi values versustime plotsindicatethatthe observedx variationis corre-
of 13.7ø and 21.5ø, respectively. lated with moment (with the exception of cluster C)
Somesignificant variations areseenrela- (Figure16b), as previouslysuggested
in linearityintervals by the completedataset
tive to the errorbarsfor theseevents(Figure16a). As with the (Figures12 and 13).
The linearityintervalsof Figure16a werecalculated
with the
1.o
variance tensor method discussed earlier, where each event in
the clusterswas consideredindividually. Due to the exceptional
_aϥ_a3 waveformsimilarityin the seismogram
pairsof Figure15, we
• 0.8- were able to use cross-correlation
techniquesfor theseeventsto
ii
obtainmore accuratemeasurements of possibletemporalvaria-
tionsin waveforms.In particular,we examinedthe possibility
• o. 6- of time shifts between waveforms in the slow horizontal direc-
tion (Hz) relative to waveformsin the fast horizontaldirection

0.4-
ii
TABLE 3. •c Values for Anza Stations

Stadon •:

0.2 BZN 1.76

KNW 4.98
RDM 1.85

0.0 • • •a/i i •& • •

WMC 4.45
1o 20 30 40 50 60 70
•rr• (s=rnpZes) Valuesof the decayparameter
of the bestfit Watsonaxialdistribu-
tion (equation
3) obtained
usingpseudo-logmaximum likelihood(equa-
Fig.7. Trapezoidal bestfit (minimum difference for a tions(10) and (11)). •c controlsthe directionalityin the directional
in area)envelope
directional showingthe comerpoints,a i referred linearitydeterminations
linearitydetermination, (equations(A13) and (A14)). As •: increases
to in thetext. The seismogram corresponding linearity from 0, the Watsondistributionprogresses
to thisdirectional from uniformityto high
determination
is shownin Figure 8. alignment.
12,460 As• ETAt,.: ANZASHEARWAX'BPOLARIZATIONS

KN#'•823010622 If' = 7 ß = 0.072 s A• - 0.019 s

•0.8

0.0
1400 1440 1480

200

-200
I I I I I I

1400 1440 1480

S
2OO

-200

1400 1440 1480

$
2OO

-200

1400 1440 1480

Time (sc•mi•les)

Fig. 8. Examplelinearityintervaldetermination for Anza stationKNW. H 1 is the horizontalprojectionof the direction

specifiedby the eigenvector
•tl (equation2, Table2), H 2 is thehorizontaldirectionorthogonalto H • (H• andH 2 arethefast
and slow horizontaldirections,respectively,
in shearwave splittingparlance),and V is vertical. (V, H•, H2) form a right-
handedcoordinatesystem. Seismogram unitsare Iaxn/s.The total time depictedis 0.5 s (125 samples).The large box and
largecirclecorrespondto the shearwave arrivaland endof l/nearmotion,0h and a 3, respectively, with attendantsmallboxes
and circlesindicatingerrorbounds.The dashedoutlineindicatesthe bestfit trapezoidalenvelope(Figure7). S notesthe
USGS shearwavearrivalpick. At fight arepolarization diagrams, withthe dottedtimeperiodindicatingmotionfollowinga 3.

(Ha) which might be inttuencmtby temporalvariationsin the explainedas a focal mechanismeffect (see above) and suggest
shear wave splitting delay time. We calculated the single- the occurrenceof shearwave splittingdue to anisotropybeneath
componentdifferentialbest lag, • (the differencebetweenthe the stations. Conclusiveevidencefor shear wave splitting is
bestlag usingthe H2 componentrecordsand the Ha component lacking,however,becausedistinctslow quasi-shear wave pulses
records), for each event pair. The time period used was cannot be seen in these data. Thus it is conceivable that some
64 samples(0.256 s) beginningat the shearwave pick. By our sort of scatteringand/or local site responseeffect could cause
convention, a positive• valueindicatesa laterarrivalfor energy the observedpolarization aligmnentswithout requiring aniso-
polarizedin the H2 directionrelative to energypolarizedin the tropyor shearwave splitting.
Ha direction,as might be expectedfrom an increasein aniso- In order to help resolvethis issue,we examineddata from a
tropy. To within one sample(0.004 s), however, the best lags three-component boreholeseismometerlocated at 300 m depth
for the H2 and Ha componentsare in agreementfor all pairs, approximately391 m N212øE of stationKNW (J. Fletcheret
even thoseseparatedin time by more than 5 years (Figure 17 al., submittedmanuscript, 1990; L. Carroll et al., submitted
and Table 4). This result arguesslxonglyfor stability of the manuscript1990); [Aster eta/., 1990]. The orientationof the
Earth responseover this approximately7-year period. By horizontalseismometercomponentswithin the boreholeis not
extension,the large scatterin linearity times at KNW for the known; we obtainedan approximateorientationusing initial P
completedata set (Figure9) mustbe due to sourceandray path wave particle motionsfrom explosionsat the Nevada Test Site
differencesbetweenearthquakes ratherthanto temporalchanges and from regional events near the U.S.-Mexico border. Fig-
in materialpropertiesalongray paths. ure 18 showsa comparisonbetweeninitial shearwave particle
If shearwave splittingis causingthe time offsetbetweenthe motions(0.08-s window, horizontalcomponents)for l0 events
pulseson the H x and H2 components(Figure15), our cross- recorded both in the borehole and at Anza station KNW on the
correlationanalysisof similar eventslimits temporalvariations surface. Both the boreholeand surfacedata clearly show the
in the shearwave splittingdelay time to lessthan 0.004 s. For NW-SE alignmentin the initial shear wave particle motion,
absoluteshearwave splittingtimes of 0.04-0.08 s (Figure16), althoughthis pattern is somewhatless distinct in the borehole
this corresponds to changesof less than 5-10%. Figure17 data. The boreholeseismograms in the first 0.08 s are likely to
shows many examplesilluslxatingthis temporal stability for be dominatedby upcomingshearwave energybecausethe first
event pairs throughout a 7 year period that includes the downgoingsurfacereflectionsshouldnot arrive until over 0.2 s
occurrenceof the North Palm Springsearthquake. later (basedon the boreholevelocityloggingdata of J. Fletcher
et al., [1990]. Thus it appearsthat at least some of the initial
BOREHOLE SEISMOMETER RES• AT KNW
shearwave particle motion alignmentat KNW must be due to
structurebelow 300 m depth. This arguesagainstthe alignment
The preferredalignmentsin the initial shearwave polariza- being a very local site effect and strengthens the casefor shear
tions at stations BZN, KNW, RDM, and WMC cannot be wave splittingdue to anisotropyat deeperlevels.
 As•BR•'r Ai•.: Al•rzAS•mA• WAVBPOLAmZA•IONS 12,461

ß .

-,fl. -

(sp•ooes) .•
 12,462 AsTr• El' AL.: ANZAStlF•AR
WAVEPOLM•dZATIONS

KNW Shear Wave Linearity Interval rs. Time, fi•_14.5ø

0.18 An examplethatis suggestive
of shearwavesplittingcanbe
0.16 seenin theborehole
recordfor event881322211 (lowerrightin
NP$
0.14
Figure18). Figure19 showsa comparison betweenborehole
0.12
and Anza KNW surfacerecordings of this event(which was
unfortunately
not recordedby the 150 m or surfaceborehole
•0.10 insmunents).
Two distinctshearwavepulsesof similarshape
0.08 and orthogonalpolarizationare seen in the boreholerecord
0.06 (Figure19a),consistent with shearwavesplittingdueto aniso-
0.04 tropybelow300 m depth.The surface record(Figure19b)also
O. 02 showsthe initial shearwave pulse,but the secondshearwave
0.00 I I I I I I I arrivalthereis muchlessdistinctand significant energyhas
•/82 •/83 •/84 •/85 •/86
Date
•/87 •/88 •/89 •/90 beenscatteredintotheverticalcomponent. It appears
fromthis
examplethat the secondshearwavearrivalat KNW may be
more susceptible to attenuationand scatteringthan the first
KNW Shear Wave Linearity Interval rs. Time, fi•14.5 ø
0.18 arrival.Thisscattering canbe expected to complicateattempts
0.16
to measurethe shearwave splittingdelay time at the surface,
0.14
NPS eerth•luake
and,alongwith complications
arisingfromsourcetimefunction
duration,providesan explanation for the largevariabilityin
0.12
observed linearityintervals
at KNW (seeabove).Thissuggests
O.lO thatmorestableestimates of shearwavesplittingdelaytimes
o.o8 may be possibleusingboreholedata. Many of the borehole
0.06 polarizationplots (Figure18), however,show complicated
0.04 featuresnotconsistent witha simplemodelof shearwavesplit-
0.02 ting,indicatingthatscatteringeffectsmaybe important evenat
I t I i I I I
300 m depth.
0.00
•/82 •/83 •/84 •/85 •/86 •/87 •/88 •/89 •/90
Date

Fig. 10. Linearityintervalversustime for stationKNW. The time RELATIVECONTRIBUTIONSOF ANISOTROPY

seriesis dividedintothetwo groups of Peacock
et al. [1988]basedon AND SCATTERINGTO THE WAVEFORM
g•, the anglebetween the stationto hypocenter
vectorandthevertical
planestrikingalongthe initialshearwaveparticlemotionazimuth If theeffectsof scattering
arerelatively
weak,it is possible
(N140øE):(a) eventswithD•14.5ø (b) eventswithD•_14.5
ø. thatAnzawaveform characteristics
couldbemodeled effectively

KNW/822892312 W= 3 ß = 0.045 s /t• = 0.023 s

0.0 • •.. ' '

1120 1160 1200 1240
20
10
0
-10
-20 • • • I • •
1120 1160 1200 1240 H1
20 $
10
0
-10
-20 i i

1120 1160 1200 1240

20
10
0
-10
-20 i • • I i
1120 1160 1200 1240
Time (scumlores)
Fig. 11. Exampledetermination of the linearityintervalx for an eventrecordedat KNW showingthe effectof a complex
sourcetime function(seeFigure8 for a description of the plot format). The total time depictedis 0.5 s (125 samples).The
observedsourcetime functionfor this eventconsistsof at leasttwo distinctpulses. As a result,the meanparticlemotion
remainspolarizedin theH 1 directionfor an anomalously longtime(particle motiondiagramat lowerright). Although thetime
separationbetweenpulseswas great enoughin this casefor the linearityintervaldetermination procedureto discriminate
betweenthe two, a lesserseparation wouldhaveresultedin a considerably longerestimateof the linearityinterval,reflecting
the duration of the source time function.
 ASTERET AL.: ANZA SHEARWAVE POLARrZ,•.T•ONS 12,463

0.18
KNW Shear Wave Lineartry Interval rs. Moment significantexcitationof both fast and slow quasi-shearwaves.
For • near 90ø we expectpredominant excitationof the slow
0.16 quasi-shearwave. If scatteringis truly a second-order contribu-
0.14
tion to the waveformnear the end of the linearityinterval,then
eventswith [1 near 45ø shouldhave shorterand more sharply
0.12 defined linearity intervalsbecausethe linearity would be ter-
minatedby a strongarrival that is orthogonalto the initial shear
0.10
wave particlemotion. Alternatively,for • near 0ø or 90ø the
O. 08 linearityintervalshouldbe terminatedmore graduallyas energy
in the initial shearwaveparticlemotiondirectionis convertedto
O. 06
energypolarizedin otherdirectionsby scattering.Seismograms
0.04 from sucheventsshouldexhibitlesscomplexityandhavelonger
linearity intervals. Figure20 shows x versus • for events
O. 02
recordedat stationsKNW and WMC. There is a very weak
I I I I Ifil suggestion of a minimumnear • = 45ø, a resultconsistentwith
0.001010
• , • •,,,•1011 : f f t•ff1012 : • f f ,,,,,
1013 10•4 the shearwave splittingmodel, but scatteris considerable,and
mo
many eventsare inconsistentwith this model.
Second,we compared• and the H1/Ha amplituderatio,
whereH 1 is the horizontalprojectionof the initial shearwave
0.18
WMC Shear Wave Lzneamty Interval vs Moment particlemotiondirectionandHa is the horizontaldirectionper-
pendicularto H• (Figure8), finding the ratio of the absolute
0.16 -
maximain 10 samplewindowsbeginningat the shearwave pick
0.14 -
for the H• componentand beginningat 0t3 for the Ha com-
ponent(Figure21). If significantshow-quasishearwave energy
0.12
is present,the simple shearwave splittingmodel predictsthat
theseratiosshouldtrendlike cot• (shownas the dashedline in
'•O.
lO Figure21). These determinationsare widely scatteredand do
o. oa not exhibitthepredicted
• dependence.
Third, we examined the mean three-comixmentenergy
0.06
envelope, obtained by stacking energy-normalized,squared
0.04 seismograms [Savageet al., 1989] to see if there was any ten-
dencyfor energyarrivingafter the linearityintervalto be polar-
0.02 -
ized in the Ha direction(Figure22). This stackingprocess
0.00 i i i i iiiii i i i IllIll I I I i illif I I I I IIII reducesthe noise associatedwith individualeventsand clearly
101o 101• 10•,• 10•,a 10•,,t showsthe averagetime offset betweenthe energy arriving on
mo (,V-m)
the different horizontal components.These plots show that
Fig.12. Linearity interval x asa function ofmoment, mo [Fletcher et more energydoesremain in the horizontalplane, especiallyat
al., 1987]forevents withintheKNWandWMCshear wavewindows.WMC (Figure22c), but the two horizontal pulses differ
Note thegeneral increase oflinearity interval withmoment thatmaybe significantlyin shapeand breadth. The scatteringof some of
driven bylonger source timefunctions associated withlarger earth-
quakes(Figure11). the shearwave energyinto the verticalcomponent at KNW can
be clearlyseenin Figure22a.
Theseplots showthat althoughthe initial shearwave polari-
zationsat stationsKNW andWMC are consistent with a simple
by shearwavesplitting caused by a uniformly anisotropic struc- shearwave splittingmodel, subsequent detailsof the waveforms
ture. As we haveseen,the alignments in theinitialshearwave are not very predictablewith such a model. The borehole
polarizationsare consistentwith such a model. We now con- recordsat KNW supt•t this conclusion,becausethey show
siderhowwell thegrossfeatures of theshearwavesignalcan significantdifferencesbetweenwaveformsat the surfaceand at
be explained with a simpleshearwavesplitting model. The 300 m depth(see above). Strongnear-surfacescatteringeffects
most importantpredictionof this model is a detectableslow apparentlydominateshearwave particlemotionsat Anza very
quasi-shear wave. For the near-vertical ray pathsconsideredsoon after the initial shearwave arrival. This, alongwith the
here,thisarrivalwouldbe nearlyorthogonally polarized with momentcorrelationdiscussedearlier,causeslarge variationsin
respectto the initial shearwavepulse(i.e., to the horizontal apparentshearwave splittingdelaytimes.
component of the fastvelocityaxis) and wouldhavemostof its
energyin the horizontalplane. To searchfor evidenceof the SHEARWAVE SPL1T1XNG AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
slowquasi-shear
wavepulse,we performed
severaltests.
First,we compared
x and[1,theanglebetween thepredicted Crampinet al. [1990] claimedthat temporalchangesin shear
(Figure
6) andobserved 5) initialshearwaveparticle wave splittingdelay times at Anza stationKNW can be associ-
(Figure
motion. For [1near0ø we expectlittle or no excitation
of the ated with the occurrenceof the North Palm Springsearthquake
slowquasi-shearwavepulsebecausetheshear waveispolarizedof July 8, 1986 (ML=5.6, locatedabout34 km from KNW), and
at thesourcealongthefastanisotropic
axis. Thelinearity
inter- argued that precursory changes in shear wave splitting
val for theseevents
mustbe terminatedby scattering
(i.e.,by observationsmay be usefulin predictingearthquakes.We have
theonsetof theshearwavecoda).For• near45ø we expect shownthat measurements of the linearity interval at Anza sur-
12,464 As'r• •r nL: A.nznS•-m,•Wnv• POL•Z•T•O•S

%.1

i • • i
i

IIIIII I I Illlilt I I Illfill I I II1'11 I I •

!11111 I I I IllIll I I I IIIIII I I I IIIIII I I I

(uz-v) ouz
 ASTER
ETAt..:ANZA
SHEAR
WAVE
POLARIZATIONS 12,46.5

Similar Earthquake Locations V (0.296 s) H, (0.296 s) Ha (0.296 s)

33.74

33.72
]a$269tsot
• • •
• KNW
A
33.70

33.68
861641351
33.66

.'• 33.64 12] C

• 33.62,

33.60 13] D

33.58

14[ D
33.56

33.54
•5 km I I
-116.80 -116.70 -116.60
15] E
Longitude
]841902322
••J• •
Fig. 14. Map viewof similarearthquake
locations
nearKNW. Each
labeledclusterindicatesa setof eventsthatare linkedby C a•x (equa-
tion(14)) coefficients
of 0.8 or greater.Estimated
locationerrorsare
approximately
I lea (/. Scott,personalcommunication,
1989).
Waveformsfor theseeventsare shownin Figure15.

17] C
V (0.206 s) H t (0.206 s) Ha (0.206 s)

18] D

19] A

20[ F

Fig. 15. (continued)

face stationsin general,and ICNW in particular,showlarge

variabilityand are severelycontaminated by the effectsof
scattering.Linearityintervals
calculated
for stationKNW using
an automatic procedure basedon signalenergyshowno tem-
poralvariations
whichcanbe clearlyassociated
withtheNorth
PalmSpringsevent,evenfor variousselectedsubsetsof the
dam. The scatterin observedlinearityintervalsat Anza is so
largethatsmalltemporalchangesdueto variation
in shearwave
splittingdelaytimeswouldbe difficultto see. Conceivably,
long-termaveragingof thesedatamightpermitmoreaccurate
Fig. 15. Seventy-four
samples(0.296s) of theshearwaveseismogrammeasures of the shearwave splittingdelay timesto be made.
for similarpairsof eventsrecordedat KNW. All traces havebeen However,muchof the linearityintervalvariabilityis probably
alignedonthemaximum of thethree-componentcross-correlation
func- not random but instead is related to differences in the earth-
tion(equation
(14)). Notethattherearenohrgechanges in thecharac- quakelocations or sourcefunctions.Thusevenif temporal
ter of the waveforms
or time shiftsof the components
for thesepairs,
whichareseparated 5.5years.Thelabelatleft changesin apparentshearwave splittingdelay timeswere
byupto approximately
indicatestheclusterfamily (Figure14). observed,it wouldbe difficultto separateout the changesdue
 12,466 ASTEREl' AL.: ANZASHEAR
WAVEPOLARIZATIONS

TABLE 4. Similar Events Observed at KNW

Cluster n T, years Y, km gl
A 9 5.6 15.8 21.5 ø
B 4 5.7 21.4 2.8 ø
C 3 1.7 16.9 13.7 ø
D 2 4.3 19.7 3.7 ø
E 3 0.3 20.5 7.7 ø
F 3 0.7 20.5 3.0 ø

Locationinformation
for the six dustersof similareventsshownin Figure15. n is thenumberof events,T is the time
period,
r is themeandepth,
and• is themeandiscriminatory
angleofPeacock
etal. [1988](Figure10).

ß rs. T•.rne rr•o •s. T•rr•e

A]
B
ß A

......•........
:........
•'•"{' '•"'::
........
i.......
0%0
...... ..'
.........•.... !...... :........:............ :

O0 ' 0

o.2. ::':'i:'-:'-:}:
......
i-.-:.:.i:-::.-::i:
...... 10t4 F

' f
.
o.o :!':'i"ii":'i':
........
i"........... •,• 10tœ
0.04::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
0.00' 10to I I I I

82 84 86 88 90 82 84 88 90

Fig. 16. Linearityintervalx andmomentmo [Fletcheret al., 1987]asfunctionsof timefor eventsbelongingto the six clusters
indicatedin Figure14. The soliddot labeledNPS indicatesthe time of the North PalmSpringsearthquake.Note the similar-
ity betweenthe temporalvariations
in x andm0, aspreviously observedfor the entiredataset(Figure13).

to anisotropyalongthe ray pathfrom thoseresultingfrom earth-
quakesourceandray path differences.
As discussed by Lindh et al. [1978], earthquakes
oftendo not
constitutea statisticallystationarypopulationwith respectto
depth,magnitude,or fault-planesolution. Lindh et al. showed
that apparentpremonitorychangesin velocitybeforetwo magni-
tude5 earthquakes alongthe San Andreasfault in centralCali-
fornia could be explainedby differencesin earthquakedepth
andmagnitudeunrelatedto any changein velocityprecedingthe
events. The nonrepeatabilityof earthquakesourcesmakes it
difficult to use thesesourcesto monitoraccuratelyany changes
in materialpropertiesalong the source-receiver path. This pro-
rides a possibleexplanationfor why someof the early studies
supportingthe dilatancytheory of earthquakepredictionfound
premonitoryvelocityvariationsof 10-20% basedon analysisof
earthquaketravel times [e.g., Aggarwal et al., 1975; Whitcomb
et al., 1973; Robinsonet al., 1974], while other studiesbased
on repeatablesourcessuch as quarry blastsfound no velocity
variationseven at 1% accuracy[e.g., McEvilly and Johnson,
1973, 1974; Boore et al., 1975; Kanamori and Fuis, 1976; Chou
and Crosson,1978]. Our analysisof the Anza data suggests
that apparentshearwave splittingdelay time measurements may
behavein a similarway: observations usinggeneralseismicity
tend to exhibit large scatterand hints of temporalvariations,
while analysesbasedon more repeatablesources[e.g., earth-
quakeclusterswith similar waveforms)showmuch greatersta-
bility.
Crampin[1987] recognizedthe difficultiesin measuringshear
wave spliuingdelay times using surfacerecordingsof natural
events,and suggestedmonitoringwith vertical seismicprofile
techniquesin which repeatableshear wave sourcescould be
used [Crampinet al., 1986b]. Shearwave splittinghas been
seen in recent vertical seismicprofile studiesin the shallow
crest [e.g., Robertsonand Corrigan, 1983;Peacockand Cram-
pin, 1985; Leary et al., 1987; Li et al., 1987; Majer et al.,
1988], and effortsare now underwayto use artificialshearwave
 ASTram' At..: A•ZA S•mARWAV• POLARIZATIONS 12,467

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
I:'
......-:................i.......;.................:......':'''.14:.: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
• .......-.'
......• .....i.......:.---o--+
.......i.......-.'
.......
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

'• EI-Di"i i....i "i i--3

.......:.......:........ ;...... i........i......,:.-..,•.
• :::El::::::: :;::" :i;..::':"!:'::';;'i;:.;:;;;i;:;;;;;•:
;:: :'•:;::;;:';:...;' ==============================:'•'
;;'
=======================================================
::C:

...: .: ..... :.. .... .; .... :

; .
,,c::) Z•- Z2 ' - ß :: ..:
. .

: ß
6 ,• ...... o o"t"": ';'
• ..... ,• ....... .•....... i ......... o--+-- .:. A..• ....
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:'::;:;."
i; :;.;::i:
::7.

• ..... ,•i ........ •-....... i ....... :---o.-•. ..... i ..... -:......

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
.....
:::::::':
-:i.
•-:-,:
::8

,,:, .....
i..n:;i...!;i
.......
ii...
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

o.ooo
o!0 :_!ii!iiii!i:•iii:::::::
' ' ======================================
ß ..... •........ 0.010
,.......
-0.0 ! 0 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-0.010 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
82 84 86 88 90 82 84 86 88 90
Fig. 17. Differential
bestlag8 between
H 1 andH 2 components
for thesimilarseismogram
pairsof Figure15,plottedfor each
cluster(Figure14). Thelabelat upperrightindicates the clusterfamilyandthesoliddotlabeledNPS indicatesthetimeof the
NorthPalmSprings earthquake.In everycase,8 is il sample (i 0.004s) or zero. Withrespect
to themeanlinearityinterval,
ß = 0.062s (Figure16),thisrangeof 8 impliesanupperboundon linearityintervalvariationof =6.5%for theseevents.

300 rn Surface 300 rn Surface sourcesto monitorpossibletemporalchangesin aniso•opy in

the Parkfieldregion [McEvilly et' al., 1988; Karageorgi et al.,
1990].
Some authors[e.g., Crampin et al., 1984; Crampin, 1987]
have suggestedthat measuringshearwave splittingprovidesa
possibletechniquefor monitoringthe buildup of stresswhich
occursbeforeearthquakes.They hypothesizethat crack-induced
anisotropyis widespreadthroughoutthe Earth's crust and that
stress-induced changesin these cracksmay causeobservable
changesin the anisotropyeven at distancesoutsidethe immedi-
ate source region of earthquakes. This is the basis for the
extensivedilatancyanisotropytheory of earthquakeprediction
[e.g., Cratr•in et al., 1984]. This theory does not, however,
directly explain how thesechangescould be used to predict
earthquakes;such predictionswould only be possibleif there
were widespreadprecursorychangesin the regionalstressfield
before earthquakesand these changeswere large enoughto
effect significantlythe elastic propertiesof the crust. Even if
suchchangesdo occurit is not clear that shearwave splitting
providesthe best way in which to measurethem. As discussed
above,measuringthe shearwave splittingdelay time is difficult
due to the effectsof scatteringand sourcevariation. Our obser-
vationsof linearityintervalsat Anza (Figure9) show scatterof
Fig. 18. Horizontalparticlemotiondiagrams (0.08 s) for 10 earthquakesseveral hundred percent (although identification of quasi-
recordedat the (surface) Anza KNW station and the KNW 300 m repeatableevents in earthquakeclustersat KNW reducesthis
borehole. Note that the initial shearwave particle motion alignment scatterto approximately 5-10%). In contrast,studiesof absolute
observed at the surface station is also visible at the bottom of the
P and S wave travel timesappearto be capableof muchhigher
borehole, indicating that the alignment is not a near-surface accuracy. For example, repeated measurementsof P wave
phenomenon. Also notethe largechanges in the particlemotioncurves
betweenthe boreholeand surface. Event 881322211 (lower left, which travel times f•om airgunsto surfacereceiversnear the San
showsthe bestboreholeevidencefor shearwave splitting)is examined Andreas fault found that the travel times were stable to better
in detailin Figure 19. than1 partin 10a [Learyet al., 1979;LearyandMalin,1982].
 12,468 AST•R•-r AL.: ANZA StmARWAV• POLAmZATIONS

a 881322211 300 m W = 11 • = 0.039 s A• = 0.014 s

•0.8

1600 1640 1680 17'20 17'60

80 S
40
0
-40
-80

1600 1640 1680 1720 1760 H•

8O S
40
0
-40
-80

1600 1640 1680 1720 1760

80 s

-40•-
-80

1600 1640 1680 17'20 17'60

Time (samples)

b KNWff881322211 W = 2 r = 0.048 s A• = 0.005 s

•0.8

1560 1600 1640

$
200

-200

1560 1600 1640 Hf

$
200

-200

1560 1600 1640

200

-2,00

1560 1600 1640

Time (samples)

Fig.19. Linearity
interval
determination
foraneventrecorded
at theAnzaKNWsurface
station
andat 300-mdepth
onJune
11, 1988(seeFigure8 for a description
of theplo•format).Thetotaltimedepicted
is 0.5 s (125samples
fortheAnzastation
and200samples fortheborehole station).
Thisrecordingshows goodevidence
forshear wavesplitting;
similar
pulseshapes
areobservedin thefastandslowquasi-shear wavedirections
(H1 andHi, respectively),
thehorizontal
polarization
diagram
0owerright)exhibits
a distinctive
cruciform
aspect,
andenergy is mostly
confinedto themy-perpendicular
plane.No•e,how-
ever,thedegradationof thissignaluponpropagation
to thesurface;
besides
theattenuationof highfrequencies
on all com-
ponents,
theslowquasi-shear wavepulsehasbeenselectivelyattenuated
and/orscattered
intotheverticalcomponentto the
pointwhereit is barelyvisible.

The strengthof the dilatancytheoryof earthquake

prediction
[e.g.,Nur, 1972;Schohet al., 1973]wasthatit explained some
seismicobservations in termsof a phenomenon which labora-
tory experimentspredictedshould occur just prior to rock
failure. Dilatancyocc•s, however,at sLresses
closeto theyield
strengthof rocks, and general crustal stresslevels are now
thoughtto be muchlowerthanthe yield strength[e.g.,Zoback
et al., 1987]. The extensivedilatancyanisotropyhypothesis
doesnot requirehighstressesbut, unlikethedilatancydiscussed
by Nut and Scholzet al., is no longerlinkedto any •ific
physicalchangewhichis knownto occurimmediately before
rock failureor earthquake
occurrence.Stresslevelsmustgem
 ASTERET AL.: ANZA SHEARWAVE POLARtZATIONS 12,469

KNW Shear Wave Linearity lntervul rs. fi KNW H t to H2 amplitude ratio rs. fi
a 5

0.14•
0.12

0.10

•o0.08
0.06

0.04

0.02

0 I I I I I........ .
0.00 • • • I • • • • 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(degrees)
(degrees)

WMCHy to Hœ amplitude ratio rs. fi

b 5

b WMC Shear Wave Linearity Interval rs. fi

0.14

0.12 3

0.10

•o0.08 i

0.06
Tt A A

0.04
0 i i I I I I I I .......
.I I : o 1o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.02 '1 T fi (degrees)

0.00 • I • • • • • • Fig. 21. H x/Hi amplituderatioversus15,where[• is theanglebetween

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 the predicted(Figure6) andobserved (Figure5) initial shearwaveparti-
cle motion. The dashedline showsthe cotl5dependence predicted
by a
(degrees) simpleshearwave splittingmodel. Only eventswith stricterrorbounds
on 15of lessthan30ø are shownfor clarity.
Fig. 20. Linearityintervalx versus[•, where[• is the anglebetweenthe
predicted(Figure6) and observed(Figure5) initial shearwave particle
motion. The horizontalerrorbarsare strictboundson [5obtainedfrom
the rangeof shearwave polarizations allowedby the acceptablefault
planesfor eachevent. Only eventswith errorboundson [5of lessthan Springs earthquake,
at anaccuracy
betterthan10-?(Wyattet al.,
30ø are shownfor clarity. 1988].
The mostvaluableaspectof shearwave polarizationobserva-
tions for earthquakeseismologymay be their possibleuse to
determine stress orientation at depth. Several studies [e.g.,
erally increaseprior to earthquakes, but suchlong-termstress Crampinet al., 1986a;Kaneshimaet al., 1988b]haveindicated
changesare of no directuse in intermediate- to short-termpred- a cogelationbetweeninitial shearwave polarizationdirections
ictions of earthquakes, which require precursory stress and regionalstressorientation,a resultconsistent with models
anomaliesprior to the events. The lack of precursorystrain of vertical cracksalignedparallel to the directionof maximin
changesbefore severalearthquakes in California [e.g., King et compressirestress. If this correlationcan be positivelyesta-
al., 1981; Wyatt, 1988] arguesagainstthe commonoccurrence blished, measuringinitial shear wave polarization directions
of regionalstressanomaliesprior to earthquakes.Strainmeter from local earthquakes may providea practicaladjunctto more
data from the PinbnFlat Observatory,locatedabout26 km ESE expensivein sire stressmeasurement techniquesin seismogenic
of KNW, show no changein strain prior to the North Palm regions.
 12,470 ASTF• ET AL.: ANZA SHEARWAVE POLA•ZA'nONS

!(Nil' E'.norgy Stacks

1.o FRD, SND) have shear wave arrivals that are significantly
0.8
affectedby vertical energy,while the remainder(BZN, KNW,
0.6

0.4
RDM, WMC) exhibit near-horizontalalignments.An analysis
0.2 of BZN, KNW, RDM and WMC events shows that the initial
0.0 ' '
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
shear wave particlemotion alignmentis not predictedby the
1.0-0,!
focal mechanisms,but must result from structurealong the
source-receiverpath. These conclusionsare consistentwith the
•04 earlieranalysisof Anza databy Peacocket al. [1988].
0.2
0.0 '• ' The especiallystronginitial shearwave particlemotionalign-
mentsat KNW and WMC, which are separated by only 15 km
1.0•0.! O0 0.1 0.2 0.3
and yet have orientationsthat differ by 40ø, suggeststhat the
0.6
aligmnentoccursat shallow depth, where all ray paths for a
0.2 given station will traverse a nearly common region. The
300 m-borehole records at KNW show, however, that some of
-0.! 0.0 0 I 0.2. 0.3
Time (seconds) the alignmentis presentprior to propagationthroughthe weath-
KN• r 300 m Borehole Energy Stacks
ered layer (which J. Fletcheret al., submittedmanuscript,1990,
1.0
estimateto begin above90 m) and hencemustbe due to deeper
0.8

0.6 structure.Shearwave velocityanisotropy,as opposedto a shal-

0.4 low site effect, is thusa viable explanationfor the initial shear
0.2
wave particlemotion behavior,althoughthe availableborehole
0.0

1.0
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 recordsprovide only one fairly strongcase for observablefast
0.8 and slow quasi-shear wave pulses.
•0.6 The initial linearity in the shearwave particlemotionsgen-
•0.4
0.2
erally lastsfor only a fractionof a second,at which point the
0.0 • - particlemot:.cnbecomesellipticalor chaotic,indicatingthe pos-
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
,.o-O.• sible m,xi• al of a slow quasi-shear
wave and/orscattered energy.
0.8
0.6
We have developedan automatedprocedurefor determiningthis
linearity interval w.•.therror boundsand have appliedit to the
0.2 Ar.za dat•. These resultsare highly scatteredand exhibit no
0.0 '
-0. ! 0.0 O. I 0.2. 0.3 clear •em.poral trends. We find no evidenceto supportthe claim
Time (seconds) of Crc•v•pinet al. [1990] that large linearityintervalvariations
at station KNW are correlated with the occurrence of the North
WMC Energy Stacks
1.0

08
Palm Springsearthquake.The existenceof six dustersof earth-
0.6 quakesnear KNW that maintainsimilar waveformsthroughout
0.4
the observational perioddemonstrates significantstabilityin the
0.2

0.0 • •-I- -'-'"-1-'"-- •

seismicGreen functionfor at least someray pathstraversing
1.0
-0.1 0.0 0.! 0.2 0.3
approximately20 km of the crust. Temporalvariationsin shear
0.8
wave splittingdelay timescannotexceed5-10% alongtheseray
•0.4
paths. This strongly suggeststhat linearity interval variations
0.2 reportedin this paper and by Peacocket aL [1988] are driven
0.0
-0.• 0.0 0.1
i

0.2 0.3
primarilyby sourceandpathdifferencesratherthanby temporal
1.0

0.8
changesin the Earthresponse.
0.6 Reliabledetectionof the slow quasi-shear wave pulsefollow-
•0.4 ing the initial shearwave arrival is difficult at the Anza surface
0.2
0.0 , • , stations.Simpleshearwave splittingmodelsdo not explainthe
-0.• 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 observed variations in shear waveforms. The failure to detect
Time (secohas)
slow quasi-shear
wavesagainindicatesthat scatteringis a first-
Fig. 22. Stackedenergy-normalized seismograms (arbitraryunits). For
eachevent,eachseismogram component recordwassquared andnor- ordercontributorto the surfacerecordsandis probably respon-
malizedby the totalthree-•omponent energyin a 0.5-s windowbegin- sible for the majorityof variationin the linearityintervaldeter-
ning 0.12 s beforethe shearwavepick time. The normalizedseismo- minations. Someof the linearityintervalvariationis cclrelated
grams were then stackedfor all events within the 45ø shearwave win- wit.h momentand may be attributableto differencesin source
dow for the (surface)Anza KNW station(199 events)the KNW 300 m
time functions. Scatteringeffectsare reducedat 300 m depth
borehole(10 events),andthe AnzaWMC station(111 events).Note the
appreciable partitionof energyontotheverticalcomponent at thesurface below Anza stationKNW, but still appearto be appreciable.It
KNW stationrelativeto the 300 m borehole; thisincrease is especially is thus likely that determinationsof the shearwave splitting
significant because raysat 300-mdepthshouldbe appreciably lessverti- intervalat Anza do not actuallyindicatethe velocityanisotropy
cadthan at the surfacedue to refractionin low velocity,near-surface but are insteaddrivenby inhomogeneifies, especiallyin shallow
materialand shouldthushave a greaterprojectionof energyontothe
vertical,if scatteringwerenot significantfor the surfacesite. layersand by the effectivedurationof the sourcepulse. Future
investigationutilizing the borehole records will enable us to
CONCLUSIONS evaluatemore quantitativelythesenear-surface effects.

We find that initial shear wave particle motion directions
have distinct alignmentsat seven Anza stationswhich have
recordedappreciablenumbersof near verticallyincidentshear
waves from local earthquakes.Three of the stations(CRY,
APPENDIX: ESTIMATtNG TtME DOMA• POLARtZATION
wrrH THE DATA VARIANCE TENSOR
Variationson the data covarianceconcepthave beenusedin
manypreviousstudiesof polarizationphenomena[e.g.,Archam-
 AST•R trr AC.: ANZA SHEARWAVE POLARIZATIONS 12,471

beau, et al., 1965; Kanasewich, 1975; Vidale, 1985; Cichowicz Ellipsoid Classification
et al., 1988;lannocco• and Deschamps,1989]. The definition
of the data variancetensorthat we use is an expectationover
some time window 0.5

V = <•ffr>, (A1)
0.4
where the three dimensionaltime series, {•}, representsthe s•ph,
ere
responseof three orthogonal,matched, seismometersto the s

motion of the Earth (all vectors are column vectors and that unit
0.3
vectorsare denotedby caretsin the followingdevelopment).

The varianceellipsoid. 0.2

BecauseV is symmetricand real valued, it characterizes

an C' L'
ellipsoidalsurfacein space 0.1

FrV-'?= 1 (A2)
0.0
with semiaxesgiven by the eigenvectors,•i, scaledby their
respectiveeigenvalues,qi.
I I I I I I

Physicalsignificance
of the varianceellipsoid. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Xz
The varianceellipsoidhas the followingrelationships
to the sig-
nal power: Fig. A1. Theprojection
of T ontothe(X2,X3)plane. All triaxialellip-
soidsmap into this area. Becauseonly two of the normalizedeigen-
is proportionalto the total signal values,Xi, areindependent
(1) Trace(V)= ml:+ q2 + m13 (equation
(A4)), no information
is lostin this
two-dimensional projection. Ellipses,oblate spheroids,and prolate
power.
spheroids map to the segments LC (X3 = 0), SC (X• = •2) and LS
(X2= •3), respectively.Dottedlines representcontoursof constant
(2) Each eigenvalue,q•, is proportionalto the signalpower in linearity,circularityand sphericity. For an arbitrarypointP in T, the
the • direction. followinggeometric definitions
apply:lineadty:I = L•ILr'W; circular-
ity: c = •r•l•-r•; sphericity:
s = ffrff/•'•.

Classification
of varianceellipsoids.
To classifyvarianceellipsoidsaccordingto signalpowerwe the corresponding
eigendirections)
with integer coefficients.
Note that
firstnormalizethe eigenvaluesby the totalsignalpower,
l+c +s--1 (A9)
Trace(V) (A3) and

The 3./ are confinedto the plane,R, in (X•,•2,•.3)spacedefined l, c, s • [0,1] (A10)

by
The essentialrelationships
may be expressed
by the linear
X• + L2 + X• = 1 (A4) homogeneous
system
Sortingthe eigenvalues
z., > x>a>0 (AS)
furtherrestrictsthe allowedvaluesof Xi to a triangularsubarea,
;][i_1
--3;]
[•1
= 2
0
It is important to emphasizethat the variance tensor
(All)

T, in R (FigureA1; [Woodcock,1977]). Eachpointin T maps

one-to-oneto the set of all ellipsoidalshapes,with the apices representsthe three-dimensionalpowerslxuctureof the signal
corresponding to the canonicalforms: over sometime window; a high c value,for example,
doesnot
necessarily imply thatthe particlemotionis nearlycircularbut
line: X, = 1, k2 = • = 0 (A6) insteadimpliesthatthe windowedsignalis nearlyconfinedto a
plane(withunitnormal•3), andhasapproximately equalpower
circle: X• = •z = 1/2, • = 0 (A7) in all directions
withinthatplane.
sphere:X• = X2= X3= lB (A8)
DirectionalLinearity.
The edgesof T correspondto ellipsoidsthat are intermediate
More robustlinearitydiscriminants may be obtained,pro-
between two canonicalforms: the oblate spheroids,prolate
videdoneis contentto havea measure thatis preferentially sen-
spheroidsand ellipses. Distancesin T haveunitsof power, and
sitivein a particulardirection[e.g., Archambeau et al., 1965].
we define the linearity I circularityc and sphericitys for a
The essentialmodificationis to multiplythelinearity,circularity
givenellipsoidin termsof the normalizeddistances of thatpoint
or sphericity (or somecombination of thosemeasures) by a
from eachof the apices(FigureA1). In termsof the X/, these
directionality
factor. We definethedirectional linearityas
distancesare linear combinations of the normalizedeigenvalues
(which are proportionalto the fractionalpower of the signal in d = I'D ((• •'•i)2)= I'D (cos2qt) (A12)
 12,472 ASTr_•
L:tT
AL.:ANZASI-IBAR
WAVEPOLARIZATIONS

where•t is the anglebetweenthe preferreddirection•i andthe Buchbinder, G.G.R.,Shearwavespliuingandanisotropy in the Char-

observed direction• andD is a directionalityfunctionthatpre- levoixseismiczone,Quebec,Geophys. Res.Lett.,12, 425-428,1985.
ferentiallyadmitsenergypolarizedin the •i direction.We usea Buchbinder, G.G.R., P wave deflection or off-azimuth arrivals in the
Charlevoixseimai½zone,Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 77, 2152-2167,
directionalityfunctioninspiredby the Watsonaxial distribution 1987.
[Watson, 1965, 1966] Chou,C.W. andR.S. Crosson, Search for time-dependent seismic P
traveltimesfromminingexplosions nearCentralia,Washington, Geo-
D(cos2•lt)
= eg•2*-O-cos2•lt
0c> 0) (A13) phys.Res.Lett., 5, 97-100, 1978.
Cichowicz,
A., R. Green,andA. vanZyl Brink,CodaPolarization
pro-
where•c is obtainedfor an individualstationby solving[Wat- pea.
ties of microseismic
events,Bull. Seismol.Soc. Am., 78, 1297-
son, 1966] 1318, 1988.
Cramps,$., Seismic-wave propagation
through
a cracked solid:Polari-
zationas a possible
dilatancy
diagnostic,
Geophys.
J. R. Astron.Soc.,
g! Ie•2 33, 467-496, 1978.
Crampin,S., G-.clogicaland industrialimplications
of extensive-
-• =• (A!4) dilatancyanisotropy,
Nature,328, 491-496, 1987.
x2e Crampin,S. and D.C. Booth,Shearwavepolarizations
Anatolian
fault,II, Interpretation
nearthe North
in termsof crack-induced
anisotropy,
Geophys.J. R. Astron.Soc.,83, 75-92, 1985.
whereW is the sumof the linearitymeasurements
(equa- Crampin,S. and D.C. Booth,Shearwavesplittingshowinghydraulic
tion(7)) and gl is the eigenvalueassociated
with the axis of
dilationof pre-existing
jointsin granite,Sci.Drill., 1, 21-26, 1989.
minimum rotational inertia for the set of vector linearitiesmeas-
Crampin, S. andR. McGonigle, Thevariation of delaysin stress-induced
uredat thestation
(equations
(1) and(2)). Theexponential
term polarizationanomalies,Geophys.J. R. Astron.Soc., 64, 115-131,
1981.
in equation(A13)approximates theobservedalignment
of vec-
Crampin,
S., R. Evans,B. Ucer,M. Doyle,J.P.Davis,G.V. Yegorkina
tor linearities.The factorcos2•tensures
thatD equalszero and A. Miller, Observations of dflatancy-induced
polarization
when•t--90ø for all anomalies
andearthquake
prediction,
Nature,286, 874-877,1980.
Crampin,
S., R. EvansandB.K. Atkinson,
Earthquake
prediction:
A
Acknowledgements. newphysicalbasis,Geophys.
The authorsthank J. Scott and G. Mastersfor J. R. Astron.Soc.,76, 147-156,1984.
assistance
in obtainingfault planesolutions Crampin,S., R. Evans,R. and S. Ucer,Analysisof recoreds
andeventlocations.J.B. of local
Minster,
D. BoothandR. Evans
provided
helpful
discussion
in theearly earthquakes: The Turkishdilatancy projects
(TDP1andTDP2),Geo-
stages.F. VernonandJ. Battideservemuchcreditfor maintainingthe phys.J. R. Astron.Soc., 83, 1-16, 1985.
Anzaarrayovertheyears.Thevariance tensorformalismwasfirstsug- Crampin,S., D.C. Booth,M.A. Krasnova,E.M. Chesnokov, A.B. Maxi-
gestedby P. Silverandthemornent-•:
correlationwasfirstsuggestedby movandN.T. Tarasoy,Shearwavepolarizations in thePetertheFirst
A. Frankel.Borehole dataandsysteminformationweregraciouslypro- Rangeindicating crack-induced anisotropy
in a thrust-faultregime,
videdby J. Fletcher.DonBeusassisted in preparing
thefigures.The Geophys.J. R. Astron.Soc.,84, 401-412, 1986a.
comments of M.K. Savage andananonymous reviewerwerehelpfulin Crampin,S., C. Naville,andD. Taylor,Estimating theinternalstmcture
writingthefinaldraft.Funding
wasprovided of Geophysics of reservoirs
byInstitute withshearwaveVSPs,LeadingEdge,5, 35-39,1986b.
andPlanetary Physics,LawrenceLivermore National
Laboratorygrants Crampin,S., D.C. Booth,R. Evans,S. Peacock, J. Fletcher,
Changes in
number89-14 and GS90-45,and by U.S. Geological Surveygrant shearwave splittingat Anza near the time of the the North Palm
number 14-08-0001-G1767.
Springsearthquake,
J. Geophys.
Res.,in press,1990.
Diggle,P. andN. Fisher,
SPHERE:A contouring program
for spherical
REFERENCES data,Cornput.Geosci.,11, 725-766, 1985.
Ebel,J., The effectof crustalscattering
on observed
high-frequency
Aggarwal,
Y.P., L.R. Sykes,D.W. Simpson
andP.G.Richards
Spatial earthquake
seismograms,
Geophys.
J. Int., 98, 329-341,1989.
and temporalvariationsin ts/tp and in P wave residualsat Blue Fisher,N.I., T. Lewis,B.J. Embleton,
Statistical
Analysis
of Spherical
Mountain
Lake,New York:Application
to earthquake
prediction,
J. Data, Cambridge
UniversityPress,New York, 1987.
Geophys.Res.,80, 718-732, 1975. Fletcher,
J., L. Haar,T.C. Hanksand L. Baker,The digitalarrayat
Aki, K. andP. Richards,
Quantitative
Seismology,
W.H. Freeman
New Anza, Caldomia:Processing and initial interpretation
of source
York, 1980. parameters,
J. Geophys.Res., 92, 369-382, 1987.
Archambeau,
C., J. Bradford,
P. Broome,W. Dean,E. FlinnandR. Sax, Gupta,I.N., Dilatancyandpremonitory
variations
of P, S traveltimes,
Dataprocessing
techniques
for the detection
andinterpretation
of Bull. Seismoi.Soc.Am., 63, 1157-1161,1973a.
teleseismic
signals,
Proc.IEEE, 53, (12), 1860-1884,1965. Gupta,I.N., Premonitory
variations
in S wavevelocity
anisotropy
before
Aster,R.C.,P.M.Shearer,
F.L.VernonandJ. Berger,
Seismic
polariza- ear&quakesin Nevada,Science,182, 1129-1132,1973b.
tionsobserved withborehole
instruments
in theAnzaseismic
gap Iannoccone,
G. andA. Deschamps, Evidence of Shear
WaveAnisotropy
(abstract),Seismol.Res.Lett., 61, 44, 1990. in the Upper Crust of CentralItaly, Bull. Seismol.Soc. Am., 79,
Berger,J., L.N. Baker,J.N. Brune,J. Fletcher,T.C. Hanks and F. L. 1905-1912, 1989.
Vemon,TheAnzaarray:A high-dynamic-range, broadband,
digitally Kanamori,
H. andG. Fuis,Variation
of P wavevelocity
beforeandafter
radiotelemetered
seismicarray,Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 74, 1469- the GalwayLake earthquake (Mœ = 5.2) and the GoatMountain
1481, 1984. ear&quakes (Mœ= 4.7, 4.7), 1975,in the Mojavedesert,California,
Boore,D.M., A.G. Lindh, T.V. McEvilly and W.W. Tolmachoff,A Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 66, 2017-2037,1976.
searchfor travel-timechangesassociated
with the Parkfield,Califor- Kanasewich,E., TimeSequence Analysisin Geophysics,
University of
nia, earthquakeof 1966, Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 65, 1407-1418, AlhertaPress,Edmonton,!975.
1975.
Kaneshima,
S.,M. Ando,M andS. Crampin,
Shear
wavesplitting
above
Booth,D.C. and S. Crampin,Shearwavepolarizations on a curved smallearthquakes
in the Kitfiddistrictof Japan,Phys.EarthPlanet.
wavefrontat an isotropic
free-surface,
Geophys.
J. R. Astron.Soc.,83, Inter., 45, 45-58, 1987.
31-45, 1985. Kaneshima,S.,M. AndoandS Kimura, Evidencefromshear wavesplit-
Booth,D.C.,S. Crampin, R. EvansandG. Roberts, Shearwavepolari- ting for the restriction of seismicanisotropyto the uppercrust,
zationsneartheNorthAnatolian fault,I, Evidence for anisotropy- Nature, 335, 6274529, 198ga.
inducedshearwavesplitting,Geophys. J. R. Astron.Soc.,83, 61-73, Kaneshima, S., H. Ito andM. Sugihara, Shearwavesplittingobserved
1985.
abovesmallearthquakes in a geothermal
areaof Japan,Geophys.J.,
Booth,D.C., S. CrampinandS. Peacock, Temporalchanges in shear 94, 399-411, 1988b.
wavesplitting, duringan earthquake
swarmin Arkansas, J. Geophys. Karageorgi,E.D.,R.W. ClymerandT.V. McEvilly,Seismic monitoring
Res.,in press,1990. at Parkfield:Variations in controlled-source
parameters(abstract),
Brace,W.F.,B.W. Paulding Jr.andC. Scholz,Dilatancy in thefracture Seismol.Res. Lett., 61, 49, 1990.
of crystalline
rocks,J. Geophys.
Res.,71, 3939-3953,1966. King,N.E., J.C. Savage,M. LisowskiandW.H. Prescott,
Preseismic
and
 ASTERST At,.: ANZA StmA• WAYS POLARIZATIONS 12,473

coseismicdeformationassociatedwith the Coyote Lake, California Savage,M.K., X.R. Shih,R.P. Meyer and R.C. Aster,Shearwave aniso-
earthquake,J. Geophys.
Res.,86, 892-898,1981. tropy of activetectonicregionsvia automatedS wave polarization
Leary,P.C., Y.-G. Li and K. Aid, Observation
andmodelingof fault- analysis,Tectonophysics,
165, 279-292, 1989.
zonefractureanisotropy,
I, P, SV andSH traveltimes,Geophys.•. R. Scholz,C., I. Sykesand Y. Aggarwal,Earthquake prediction:A physi-
Astron. Soc., 91,461-484, 1987. cal basis, Science,181,803-810, 1973.
Leary,P.C. and P.E. Malin, Millisecondaccurate of seismic Scott,J.S., T.G. Masters,and J. Berger,Three-dimensional
monitoring structureof
traveltimesover 13- and 18-kilometer
baselines,
•. Geophys.
Res.,87, the San Jacintofault zone near Anza, California(abstract),Eos Trans.
6919-6930, 1982. AGU, 69, 1324, 1988.
Leary,P.C., P.E. Malin, R.A. Phinney,T. Brocherand R. VonColln, Sharp,R.V., SanJacintofault zonein the Peninsular
Rangesof southern
Systematic monitoringof millisecxmdtraveltime variationsnearPalm- Caldomia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 78, 705-730, 1967.
dale,California,•. Geophys.Res.,84, 659-666, 1979. Shih, X.R. and R.P. Meyer Observation of shearwave splittingfrom
Li, Y.-G., P.C. Leary, and K. Aki, Observationand modelingof fault- naturalevents: Southmoat of Long Valley caldera,California,June
zonefractureanisotropy, II, P wavevelocityanisotropy,Geophys. •. 29 to August12, 1982,J. Geophys.Res.,in press,1990.
R. Astron. Soc., 91, 485-492, 1987. Thatcher,W., J.A. Hilemanand T.C. Hanks,Seismicslip distribution
Lindh, A.G., D.A. Locknet,and W.H.K. Lee, Velocity anomalies:An alongthe San Jacintofault zone,southernCalifornia,andits implica-
alternative
explanation,
Bull. Seisrnol.
Soc.Am.,68, 721-734,1978. tions, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86, 1140-1146, 1975.
Majer, E.L., T.V. McEvilly, F.S. Eastwood,and L.R. Myer, Fracture Vernon,F.I•, Analysisof Data Recordedon the Anza SeismicNetwork,
detectionusingP wave andS waveverticalseismicprofilingat The Ph.D. thesis,ScrippsInstic of Oceanogr.,Univ. of Calif., San Diego,
Geysers,Geophysics,53, 76-84, 1988. La Jolla, 1989.
McEvilly,T.V., T.M. DaleyandR.W. Clymer,Monitoringof anisotropy Vidale, J.E., Complex polarizationanalysisof particlemotion, Bull.
with VSP surveysand surfacearray data at Parkfield,CA, paper Seisrnol.Soc. Am., 76, 1393-1405, 1986.
presentedat ChapmanConferenceon SeismicAnisotropyin the Watson,G., Equatorialdistributions on a sphere,Biometrika,52, 193-
Earth'sCrust,AGU, Berkeley,Calif., May 31 to June4, 1988. 201, 1965.
McEvilly,T.V., andL.R. Johnson,
Evidence of thequestionof dilatancy Watson, G., Statisticsof orientationdata, J. Geol., 74, 786-797, 1966.
in centralCaldomiaearthquakes of strike-sliptype, Science,182, Watson, G., Statisticson Spheres,Univ. ArkansasLect. Notes Math.
581-58, 1973. Sci., Vol. 6, JohnWiley, New York, 1983.
McEvilly, T.V., and LR. Johnson,Stabilityof P and S velocitiesfrom Whitcomb,J.H., J.E. Gannanyand D.I. Anderson,Earthquake
predic-
centralCaliforniaquarryblasts,Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 64, 343-353, lion: Variation of seismicvelocitiesbefore the San Francisco(sic)
1974. earthquake,
Science,180, 632-635,1973.
Nut, A. and G. Simmons,Stress-induced velocityanisotropy
in rock: Woodcock,N.H., Specification
of fabric shapesusing an eigenvalue
An experimentalstudy,J. Geophys.Res.,74, 6667-6675,1969. method, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 1231-1236, 1977.
Nut,A., Dilatancy,
porefluids,
andpremonitory of t,/tr travel Wyatt, F., Measurementsof coseismicdeformationin southernCalifor-
variations
times,Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 62, 1217-1222, 1972. nia: 1972-1982,J. Geophys.Res.,93, 7923-7942, 1988.
Peacock,
S. andS. Crampin,
Shear
wavevibrator
signals-in
transversely
Wyatt, F., D.C. Agnewand M.A. Zumberge,PinbnFlat Observatory:A
isotropicshale,Geophysics,
50, 1285-1293,1985. facilityfor studiesof crustaldeformation,
U•. Geol.Surv.OpenFile
Peacock, S., S. Crampin,D.C. Booth,andJ. Fletcher,Shearwavesplit- Rep., 88-673, 274-277, 1988.
ting in the Anza seismicgap, southernCalifornia: Temporalvaria- Zoback, M.D., et al., New evidence on the state of stressof the San
tionsas possibleprecursors,
J. Geophys.
Res.,93, 3339-3356,1988. Andreasfault system,Science,238, 1105-1111,1987.
Press,W., B. Flannery,S. Teukolskyand W. Vetterling,Numerical
Recipes,CambridgeUniversityPress,New York, 1986.
R.C. Aster,J. Berger,P.M. Shearer,Instituteof Geophysics
and
Robertson,J.D. and D. Corrigan,Radiationpatternsof a shearwave
vibratorin near-surface
shale,Geophysics,
48, 19-26, 1983.
Planetary Physics,
A-025 ScrippsInstitution
of Oceanography
University
of Calif•a, San Diego,La Jolla,CA 92093.
Robinson,R., R.L Wesson,and W.I- Ellsworth, Variationsof P wave
velocitybeforethe BearValley,California,
earthquakeof 24 February
1972, Science,184, 1281-1283, 1974.
Ryall, A. andW. Savage,S wavesplitting:Key to earthquake
predic-
tion? Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am., 64, 1943-1951, 1974.
Sanders,C.O., and H. Kanamori,A seismotectonicanalysisof the Anza (ReceivedNovember 17, 1989;
seismicgap, San Jacintofault zone,southernCalifornia,J. Geophys. revisedJanuary30, 1990;
Res., 89, 5873-5890, 1984. accepted
January22, 1990)