Roy Felix Toyorada Abrio, RN

EARTHQUAKES
•Are natural geologic phenomena
caused by the sudden and rapid
movement of a large volume of rock.
•The violent shaking and destruction are
the result of rupture and slippage along
fractures in Earth’s crust called faults.
FOCUS / HYPOCENTER
•The origin of the
earthquake
•At depth between
5 and 700
kilometers
EPICENTER
•The point at the
surface directly
above the focus.
SEISMIC WAVES
•Massive amount of energy released by
large earthquakes.
BODY WAVES
•Are seismic waves that
travel through the interior
of the earth.
BODY WAVES
*Primary (P) Waves
•Are the first waves that
reach the surface of the
earth and make the
ground shake.
•They move the ground back &
forth along the direction they
are traveling.
•They move the ground back &
forth along the direction they
are traveling.
BODY WAVES
*Secondary (S)
Waves
•Waves that vibrate
perpendicular to their
propagation direction, producing
an up & down motion.
•They move slower but shake
the ground more strongly that
P waves.
•They move slower but shake
the ground more strongly that
P waves.
SURFACE WAVES
•Are waves that are
trapped near the surface.
SURFACE WAVES
Rayleigh Waves
•Shake the ground in a
rotational manner with no
transverse motion.
SURFACE WAVES
Love Waves
•Are surface waves that have a
horizontal motion
perpendicular to the direction
they are traveling.
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

•Earthquakes are produced by the rapid

release of elastic energy stored in rock
that has been deformed by differential
stresses. (H.F. Reid)
 AFTERSHOCKS
•Smaller tremors from a strong earthquakes
that gradually diminish in frequency and
intensity over a period of several months.
•Although it is weaker than the main
earthquake, they can trigger the
destruction of already weakened
structures.
 FORESHOCKS
•Small earthquakes precede a major
earthquake by days or in some cases by
several years.
•Monitoring of foreshocks to predict
forthcoming earthquakes has been
attempted with limited success.
 SEISMOLOGY
•The study of
Earthquake
 SEISMOGRAPHS
•Instruments that
record earthquake
waves
•have a weight freely
suspended from a
support that is
securely attached to
bedrock.
 SEISMOGRAPHS
•When vibrations from
an earthquake reach
the instrument, the
inertia of the weight
keeps it relatively
stationary while Earth
and the support
move.
 SEISMOGRAM
•The records from
seismographs
 SEISMOGRAM
•Provide useful
information about the
nature of seismic
waves.
•Reveals that two main
groups of seismic
waves are generated
by the slippage of a
rock mass.
 PLATE
BOUNDARIES
 DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
•Constructive plate margins
•Where two plates move apart,
resulting in upwelling of hot
material from the mantle to create
new seafloor
 CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
•Destructive plate margins
•Where two plates move together, resulting
in oceanic lithosphere descending beneath
an overriding plate, eventually to be
reabsorbed into the mantle or possibly in
the collision of two continental blocks to
create a mountain system
 THREE TYPES OF CON. BOUNDARY

•OCEANIC – CONTINENTAL
•OCEANIC – OCEANIC
•CONTINENTAL – CONTINENTAL
 THREE TYPES OF CON. BOUNDARY
•OCEANIC – CONTINENTAL
 THREE TYPES OF CON. BOUNDARY

•OCEANIC – CONTINENTAL
•OCEANIC – OCEANIC
•CONTINENTAL – CONTINENTAL
•OCEANIC – CONTINENTAL
•OCEANIC – OCEANIC
•CONTINENTAL – CONTINENTAL
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
•Conservative margins
•Where two plates grind past each
other without the production or
destruction of lithosphere.
 Before
Earthquake
THE KEY TO DISASTER
PREVENTION IS
PLANNING
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Know the Earthquake Hazards in your
area
•Follow structural design and
engineering practices when
constructing a house or building.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Evaluate the structural soundness of
the buildings and houses; strengthen or
retrofit if necessary.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Prepare your homes, workplace or
schools:
•Strap or bolt heavy furniture or cabinets
to the walls.
•Check the stability of hanging objects like
ceiling fans and chandeliers.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Prepare your homes, workplace or
schools:
•Breakable items, harmful chemicals and
flammable materials should be stored
properly in the lowermost secured
shelves.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Familiarize yourself with the exit
routes.
•Know where fire extinguishers, first aid
kits, alarms, and communication
facilities are located. Learn how to use
them beforehand.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE…
•Conduct and participate in regular
earthquake drills.
 DURING
Earthquake
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•STAY CALM!!!
•When you are INSIDE a structurally
sound building or home…
STAY THERE!!! Utang na LOOB!
•Do the “Duck, Cover and Hold”
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•Do the “Duck, Cover and Hold”
•If possible quickly open the door for exit.
•Duck under a sturdy desk or table, and
hold on to it, or protect your head with
your arms.
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•Do the “Duck, Cover and Hold”
•Stay away from glass windows, shelves,
cabinets and other heavy objects.
•Beware of falling objects. Be alert and
keep your eyes open.
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•If you’re outside… move to an open
area
•Stay away from trees, powerlines, posts
and concrete structures.
•Move away from steep slopes which may
be affected by landslides.
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•If you’re outside… move to an open
area
•If you’re near the shore and feel an
earthquake, especially if it’s too strong,
move quickly to higher grounds.
Tsunamis might follow.
DURING EARTHQUAKE…
•If you’re in a moving vehicle, STOP and
get out! Do not attempt to cross
bridges, overpasses, or flyovers which
may have been damages.
 After
Earthquake
AFTER EARTHQUAKE…
•Be prepared for aftershocks. Once the
shaking stops, take the fastest and
safest way out of the building.
•DON’T…
• Use elevators
• Enter damaged buildings
• Use telephone unless necessary
•PANIC
AFTER EARTHQUAKE…
•CHECK…
•Yourself and others for injuries.
•Water and electrical lines for damages
•For spills of chemical, toxic and flammable
materials
•And control fires which may spread.
AFTER EARTHQUAKE…
•If you need to evacuate your residence,
leave a message stating where you are
going and bring your emergency supply kit.
•Keep updated on disaster prevention
instructions from battery-operated radios.
•Make a comic strip that shows
earthquake preparedness tips that
can be adopt by the students.