Roy Felix Toyorada Abrio, RN

VOLCANO
Volcanoes are formed when
magma from within the
Earth's upper mantle works
its way to the surface. At the
surface, it erupts to form lava
flows and ash deposits. Over
time as the volcano continues
to erupt, it will get bigger and
bigger.
 What determines
whether a volcano
extrudes magma
“violently” or “gently”?
What determines whether a volcano extrudes
magma violently or “gently”?

•Primary Factors include the

magma’s:
•Composition
•Temperature
•Amount of dissolve gases
The more viscous the
material, the greater
its resistance to flow.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
VISCOSITY OF MAGMA

•Temperature
•The higher the
temperature, the less
viscous.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
•Chemical Composition
•A magma’s viscosity is directly
related to its silica content.
“The more silica in magma, the
greater its viscosity”
 FACTORS AFFECTING
VISCOSITY OF MAGMA

•Chemical Composition
 Rock Composition and Volcanic Gas Content
Magma Solidified Chemical Temperature Viscosity Gas Content Explosivity
Type Rock Composition
Basaltic Basalt 45-55 SiO2%, 1000-1200 Low Low Least
High in Fe, C (0.5-2%)
Mg, Ca, Low
in K, Na
Andesitic Andesite 55-65 SiO2%, 800-1000 C Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate
intermediate (3-4%)
in Fe, Mg, Ca,
Na, K
Rhyolitic Rhyolite 65-75 SiO2%, 650-800 C High High Greatest
low in Fe, (4-6%)
Mg, Ca, High
in K, Na
 FACTORS AFFECTING
VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
•Volatile
•The amount of volatiles (the gaseous
components of magma, mainly water)
•water dissolved in the magma tends to
increase fluidity because it reduces
polymerization by breaking silicon–
oxygen bonds.
 LAVA FLOWS

90 % Basaltic in composition
9% Intermediate in composition
1% Felsic in composition
LAVA
•Is a molten rock or magma
that has reached the surface
of the earth.
LAVA FLOWS
•Occurs when magma contacts
the surface of a volcano and
erupts or overflows downhill
from different volcanic
openings.
Remember!
•Lava is a molten material. It is
not solid, liquid, nor gas, but a
combination of combination
of all three.
 TWO TYPES OF LAVA FLOWS

•AA FLOWS
•The most common lava flow
•Have surfaces of rough jagged
blocks with dangerously sharp
edges and spiny projections.
 TWO TYPES OF LAVA FLOWS

•PAHOEHOE FLOWS
•Exhibit smooth surfaces that often
resemble the twisted braids of rope
•Means “on which one can walk”
•High in temperature and are more
fluid.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
LAVA FLOWS
 Negative Impacts of Lava
Flows
•Threatens human life
•They can crush and bury structures
and livelihoods
•If it hardens, it may block the roads
and paths
•Lava Flow also burn surroundings
 MITIGATING THE
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
LAVA FLOWS
 MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS OF LAVA FLOWS
•Artificial barriers can be
constructed to prevent and divert
lava
•Use of explosives can also alter the
pathway and source of the lava
flow
WHAT TO DO BEFORE,
DURING AND AFTER
ERUPTION?
Before an
Eruption
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Always monitor the status of volcanic
activity. Be prepared to evacuate
whenever a warning is issued that
requires leaving danger zones. Proceed
to designated evacuation centers using
routes indicated in evacuation plans.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Prepare a family evacuation plan which
should be consistent with that for the
community. Be familiar with primary
and alternate evacuation routes.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Make provisions for transportation and
communication. Prepare food and
water supplies, medicines, and survival
kits that you can bring when the need
for evacuation arises.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Review materials and listen to advisories
regarding the primary volcanic hazards and
hazard zones. Take note of the secondary
volcanic hazards such as earthquake,
tsunami, and flooding that may not be
emphasized. Inform family members about
the measures to be taken for safety from
these hazards.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Fireproof house premises from passing
lava flows and hot falling fragments by
clearing flammable objects. Remove
roof gutters or clear debris to allow
flow and avoid accumulation of ash.
Strengthen the weak parts of house to
avoid collapse from the weight of ass
accumulation.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION…
•Participate in community efforts to
prevent or mitigate the effects of
volcanic hazards. These may include
preparation of preparedness and
evacuation plans, piling sand bags for
flood protection, construction of
diversion structures, and formation of
lahar monitoring aand alert system.
During an
Eruption
DURING AN ERUPTION…
•Those within danger zones should
evacuate carefully and orderly with
your family to designated evacuation
center. To avoid exposure to volcanic
hazards, consider alternate routes
included in evacuation plan.
DURING AN ERUPTION…
•Once inside the evacuation shelters,
stay there. Venturing outside could
expose you to ash and other volcanic
hazards and hamper smooth flow of
activities within the evacuation area.
Wait until it is safe to search for friends
and relatives.
DURING AN ERUPTION…
•Keep doors and windows closed to
minimize ash exposure. Be prepared to
take cover under sturdy structures in
case of volcanic earthquakes and
rainfalls that might cause collapse of
roof covered with thick ash.
DURING AN ERUPTION…
•Be ready to use gas mask to protect
eyes and respiratory system from ash.
In the absence of a gas mask, use a wet
towel to cover face.
DURING AN ERUPTION…
•Be alert of advisories regarding status
of volcanic activity and for possible
reevacuation to safer evacuation sites.
After an
Eruption
AFTER AN ERUPTION…
•Stay where you are and do not attempt
to go back to the danger zones unless
advised by competent authorities that
the crisis is over and that it is safe to go
back.
AFTER AN ERUPTION…
•As a precaution, allow only adults and
responsible members of the community
to check on the livability and safety of
the areas affected before going back.
AFTER AN ERUPTION…
•Proceed to one’s respective area with
caution. Take note of other sources of
danger in one’s respective area as a
consequence of the eruption and which
may not have been anticipated by
authorities. These may include landslides,
flooding, weakened buildings, hot volcanic
materials, and lahar.
AFTER AN ERUPTION…
•Participate in community efforts to
ensure availability of safe food, decent
shelter, clean water, sanitation
facilities, medicine, and other
evacuation center necessities for
yourself, your family, and for all
evacuees.
AFTER AN ERUPTION…
• Assist in maintaining peace and order
and cleanliness within the evacuation
center.
God of compassion, you are our refuge and
our strength, our sure rock in the midst of any
storm, the light which pierces every darkness,
and an anchor of hope for those who contend
with despair. Reach out your hand to all those
who fear that they are sinking beneath the
waves, or feel as if they’re too weary to carry
on through the heat of the day. May they
receive that courage, resilience, and healing
grace that can only come from you. We ask
this in your holy name. Amen.
VOLCANIC
GASES
Volcanic Gases
•Water Vapor (H2O)
•Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
•Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
•Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
•Hydrogen Flouride (HF)
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
VOLCANIC GAS
Volcanic Gases
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ATMOSPHERE

SULFURIC ACID
Component of
ACID RAIN
Acid Rain
•Does not only harm people but the
environment as well
•Increase in the acidity of aquatic bodies
is harmful to plenty of animals.
•It may also damage buildings, cars,
statues and other man-made structures
Sulfur Dioxide
•Can irritate the eyes
•Cause skin rash
•Poison to respiratory system
Carbon Dioxide
•Colorless and odorless gas
•Dangerous especially in high
concentration
•Atmosphere normally contains 0.03-
0.05% of CO2
Carbon Dioxide
•2-3% shortness of breath
•7% headache, shortness of breath,
dizziness, loss of mental ability,
weakness, and ringing of ears
•10% loss of consciousness within
10-15 minutes
•>15% lethal, if >30% unconscious→death
 MITIGATING THE
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
VOLCANIC GAS
 MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC GASES
•Evacuation and resettlement of the
affected population
•Installment of automated gas alarms
•Loudspeakers, warning lights, and
other communication equipment are
used to relay information.
 MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC GASES
•Public awareness
•Use of protective clothing and
masks
 To prevent worsening of
pre-existing
noncommunicable
respiratory disease by acid
rains, gases, and ash, the
following actions are
recommended:
•Drink fluids to encourage loosening
of secretions and coughing. Staying
hydrated will help clear the
particles and inhaled sulfur
compounds from the lungs
•During periods of volcanic
pollution, avoid contact with
people who have colds
•Avoid smoking and inhaling
second-hand as smoke will only
add to breathing problems
•Avoid overexertion. If one have to
go outdoors, limit physical
activities.
•In heavy pollution, stay indoors,
close windows and doors, turn on
air conditioners or purifier. An air
conditioner will condense water
out and will remove the particulate
sulfur compounds and acid gases.
•Use gas masks. The use of
commercial masks made of vinyl or
rubber gas mask fitted with
cartridges rated for acid gases and
particulates is highly
recommended.
PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS
Pyroclastic Flows
•Are among the most harmful volcanic
hazards.
•Are hot, dry, turbulent mass mixtures of
different pyroclastic materials and gases
that move downwards along the slope of a
volcano at speed that can go up to several
hundred meters per second.
Pyroclastic Flows
•Dangerous:
•Speed >710 km/hr
•Temperature >1,000C
Types of Pyroclastic Flows
Soufriere Type
•Forms from the
collapse of a high
vertical column
coming from a highly
explosive eruption.
Pelean Type
•Occurs when a highly viscous
lava dome blocks the
opening of a volcano,
building pressure until it can
no longer be contained and
explodes to one side of the
volcano w/o forming a high
eruption column.
Merapi Type
•Occurs when a lava
dome grows too steep
over a volcanic crater
which then falls due to
gravitational force
ASSIGNMENT:
•Some notable Pyroclastic Flows
•Vesuvius, Italy, 79AD
•Tambora, Indonesia, 1815
•Hibok-Hibok, Philippines, 1951
•Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
https://forms.gle/3rj
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EFFECTS of Pyroclastic Flow
•BURN
•The extreme temperatures of rocks
and gas inside pyroclastic flows can
burn people, houses, and
vegetation.
EFFECTS of Pyroclastic Flow
•IMPACTS & BURIAL
•By its speed, mass, and volume, a
pyroclastic flow will knock down,
shatter, bury, or carry away nearly
all objects and structures in its path.
EFFECTS of Pyroclastic Flow
•INHALATION OF HOT ASH AND
GASES
•Burn but also impair breathing.
EFFECTS of Pyroclastic Flow
•LAHARS AND FLOODING
•The thick accumulation of loose
pyroclastic flow deposits is easily
mobilized by stream flow to become
part of lahar.
EFFECTS of Pyroclastic Flow
•LAHARS AND FLOODING
•PF can melt snow and ice and send
sudden torrent of water that can
carry new pyroclastic flow deposits
as well as older debris on the way
down.
LAHARS
LAHARS
•Is an Indonesian term for mudflow that has
been globally used as a term for a specific
type of mudflow.
•is created when tephras mix with water
and form a slurry
LAHARS
•It flows along the slopes of a topography.
As they move downhill, lahar incorporates
other materials along its path which can
result in its volume growing more than ten
times its initial size.
PRIMARY LAHARS
•can form when pyroclastic flows occur
along areas where bodies of water such as
streams and rivers are present.
•The pyroclastic flow is eventually
converted into lahar as the pyroclastic flow
engulfs more water as it flows down the
slope.
SECONDARY LAHARS
•can form after an eruption event.
•flows are generated when rain falls on
unconsolidated tephra and mobilizes
them downslope collecting more
tephra as it progresses downward.
REMEMBER!!!!
•Lahar is a type of mudflow, having
a specific source of material that
comes from volcanoes.
•Lahars can occur with or without
any volcanic activity.