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Q. What is communication? Discuss the types of communication.

Communication is the activity of conveying information. The
word communication has been derived from the Latin word
‘communis’, meaning to share. It basically involves a sender, a message
and a receiver. Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas,
data, information, signals or messages through appropriate media.

Communication is usually a two-way process. It is not just giving

information or signalling someone; it also involves the comprehension
of the information or the signal by the receiver.

Communication is a continuous and dynamic process involving

more than one person. It is a cyclic process denoting continuous flow of
information. It essentially involves sender, message and recipient. The
sender conceives ideas and encodes them into suitable medium (facts,
figures, pictures), sends them through appropriate channel (email,
phone, speech) to the recipient. The recipient decodes the message,
understands it and encodes feedback and sends it to the sender.

Definition:
Communication is simple term is a transfer of information between
people, resulting in common understanding between them.
Communication has been defined differently by different writers and
behavioural theorists-
• According to Newman and summer “communication is an
exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more
persons”.
• Hoben defines communication as “The verbal interchange of
thought or ideas”.
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• In the word of Anderson, “communication is the process by which

we understand others and in turn endeavour to be understood by
them”.
Features:
1. It is Two-way Exchange of Information-
2. Communication is sharing of information between two or more
person.
3. It is a Process-Each message is part of process and does not occur
in isolation.
4. It involves a Sender and a Receiver of Information-
5. Any communication starts with a sender and requires a receiver.
6. lt could be verbal or Non - verbal . Communication could be
thought the use of words in spoken or written form.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:
1. Interpersonal communication
2. Horizontal communication
3. Vertical communication
4. Grapevine communication
Interpersonal communication:
Face-to-face communication between people conveying feelings, ideas,
emotions and information is called interpersonal communication. It
can be applied to all forms of communication expression- oral, written
and non-verbal. Interpersonal communication takes place at staff
meetings, interview, Informal chats.
Horizontal and vertical communication:
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Horizontal communication, also called lateral communication is the

practice of sharing information between employees, departments and
units within the same level of an organization.

When using this method, businesses aim to improve

cooperation and problem-solving by encouraging the flow of messages
from people at the same level. Therefore, when the company grows,
horizontal communication provides a feeling of unity with a team that
works towards the same goals.

Vertical communication is a type of flow of information between

members of organisation who are on different levels of its hierarchy. It
can be used both in a downward and upward direction.
Unlike horizontal communication, vertical communication takes into
account organizational structure and it doesn't allow to pass
information in other way (e.g. omitting supervising manager). Most
communications in organisations are considered to be vertical [1].
Vertical communication examples are:

• instructions,
• business orders,
• formal reports,
• Reports about work done.

Horizontal communication Vs Vertical communication:

• Horizontal communication is formal but less than vertical. Vertical

communication is more formal.
• The horizontal communication method mostly through direct face
to face contact or phone calls. Vertical communication is written,
mostly as e-mail.
• The horizontal communication is short and vertical
communication may have to pass through a longer.
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Grapevine communication:
Grapevine communication is any informal communication that takes
place outside of what is approved by the management. Grapevine
communication is often termed as gossip or spreading rumours. It is
informal but learning how it works helps the management understand
a lot about the organisation. If understood properly, it tells the
management what employees feel about them and their policies and
what potentials problems there could be in the future.
Conclusion:
From communication we concluded that it is motivation to work by
initiating talks, laying down expectations and evaluation requirements.
It co-ordinates between individual employees and department. It gives
an opportunity to alert ideas and attitudes through meeting, feedback
and other forms.
It is very important for business world.

Q. what is communication? Discuss the Elements of interpersonal

Communication.

The word communication is derive from the Latin Word

“Communicare” , “ Communicatum” meaning to Share partake.
Communication is used in common Talk between two and person or
more, through the Medium of writing or/and speaking or sending a
Message. However, now people look at receiver. Communication is
variously defined. Many theorists have given many definitions. Some of
those are quoted Below: According to Keith Davis “Communication is A
process of passing information and understanding From one person to
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another communication is a Two -way process that involves sharing and

understanding A message, including both verbal and non-verbal aspect.

Interpersonal Communication:
Communication is taking place when two or more people dwelling in
the same place are aware of each other’s presence. The communication
may be subtle or unintentional and doesn’t necessarily need to be
verbal.

Although no communication may be intended, non-verbal methods

such as posture and facial expression relay messages from one person
to another. Interpersonal communication is largely dyadic in nature
(occurring between two people) but is often extended to a small group
such as family.

Interpersonal communication involves interdependent people

Interpersonal communication is the communication where two or more
people are connected in some way. It would include the exchange
between a teacher and their students, a married couple, a boss and an
intern and so on.

The people involved in the communication are interdependent;

meaning the action of one person has effects on the other
person. Example: A child’s temper tantrum will affect his parents and
siblings.
Interpersonal communication essentially defines a relationship
Interpersonal communication is relational in nature; it takes place in a
relationship and the way we communicate depends on the kind of
relationship we have with the other person. Example: You wouldn’t call
your boss by their nickname, but you would for a sibling or a friend.
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The kind of communication can range from relatively impersonal to

highly personal. Example: You wouldn’t gossip about your ex with your
boss, but would with a friend.

It is a Face-to-face communication:
Face-to-face communication between people conveying feelings, ideas,
emotions and information is called interpersonal Communication. It can
be expression oral, writing and non-verbal, but is usually when referring
to face -to- face communication Place at staff meeting, interview,
informal chat and so on. Interpersonal communication be one-way to
two way.

Elements of interpersonal communication:

They are the people involved in interpersonal Communication. One
sends a message and the other person receives it. There be two or
more communicators.
The Different Elements in The Process of Communication

Sender
The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person
who transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message
which may be a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and
postures and gestures, even a momentary smile. The sender is
therefore the initiator of the message that needs to be transmitted.
After having generated the idea, information etc. the sender encodes it
in such a manner that can be well-understood by the receiver.
Message
Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in
speech and write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the
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situation and the nature and importance of information desired to be

sent. Message is the heart of communication. It is the content the
sender wants to covey to the receiver. It can be verbal both written and
spoken; or non-verbal i.e. pictorial or symbolic, etc.
Encoding
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Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium

which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time,
space and nature of the message to be sent. The sender puts the
message into a series of symbols, pictures or words which will be
communicated to the intended receiver. Encoding is an important step
in the communication process as wrong and inappropriate encoding
may defeat the true intent of the communication process.

Channel: refers to the way or mode the message flows or is transmitted

through. The message is transmitted over a channel that links the
sender with the receiver. The message may be oral or written and it
may be transmitted through a memorandum, a computer, telephone,
cell phone, apps or televisions.
Since each channel has its advantages and disadvantages, the choice of
proper selection of the channel is paramount for effective
communication.
Receiver
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Receiver is the person or group who the message is meant for. He may
be a listener, a reader or a viewer. Any negligence on the part of the
receiver may make the communication ineffective. The receiver needs
to comprehend the message sent in the best possible manner such that
the true intent of the communication is attained. The extent to which
the receiver decodes the message depends on his/her knowledge of
the subject matter of the message, experience, trust and relationship
with the sender. The receiver is as significant a factor in communication
process as the sender is. It is the other end of the process. The receiver
should be in fit condition to receive the message, that is, he/she should
have channel of communication active and should not be preoccupied
with other thoughts that might cause him/her to pay insufficient
attention to the message.
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Decoding: Decoding refers to interpreting or converting the sent

message into intelligible language. It simply means comprehending the
message. The receiver after receiving the message interprets it and
tries to understand it in the best possible manner.
Feedback: Feedback is the ultimate aspect of communication process.
It refers to the response of the receiver as to the message sent to
him/her by the sender. Feedback is necessary to ensure that the
message has been effectively encoded, sent, decoded and
comprehended.
It is the final step of the communication process and establishes that
the receiver has received the message in its letter and spirit. In other
words, the receiver has correctly interpreted the message as it was
intended by the sender. It is instrumental to make communication
effective and purposeful.
Consider the following points related to the feedback involved in the
process of communication:
It enhances the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the
sender to know the efficacy of his message.

* It enables the sender to know if his/her message has been properly

comprehended.

* The analysis of feedbacks helps improve future messages. Feedback,

like the message, can be verbal or nonverbal and transmitted through
carefully chosen channel of communication.

*We can represent the above steps in a model as the model of

communication process.

Types of Feedback
Kevin Eujeberry, the world famous leadership exponent mentioned the
four types of feedback. The types are as follows:
Negative Feedback or corrective comments about past behavior
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Positive Feedback or affirming comments about future behavior

Negative feedforward or corrective comments about future behavior
Positive feedforward or affirming comments about future behavior

Q. what is horizontal and vertical communication? Write their merits

and demerits?
Ans. Horizontal Communication:-

Horizontal Communication is between people at the same level or

position within an organization is called as horizontal Communication.
Horizontal communication, also called lateral communication is the
practice of sharing information between employees, departments and
units within the same level of an organization.

When using this method, businesses aim to improve

cooperation and problem-solving by encouraging the flow of messages
from people at the same level. Therefore, when the company grows,
horizontal communication provides a feeling of unity with a team that
works towards the same goals.

Moreover, this type of communication is effective because it allows

employees from different departments to work together in
a synchronized work environment in order to solve issues and increase
productivity.

Horizontal Communication saves time, increase co-ordination, checks

the grapevine and can even help increase productivity. The method is
mostly through direct face to face contact or phone calls.
The main objectives of horizontal communication are developing
teamwork, and promoting group coordination within an organization. It
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takes place between professional peer groups or people working on the

same level of hierarchy. Horizontal communication is less formal and
structured than both downward communication and upward
communication, and may be carried out through informal discussions,
management gossip, telephone calls, teleconferencing,
videoconferencing, memos, routine meetings and so on.

Vertical communication:-
Vertical communication is the communication where information or
messages flows within the top level of the organizational structure and
bottom level of the organizational structure. According to Ricky W.
Griffin, “Vertical communication is the communication that flows both
up and down the organization, along formal reporting lines.” It
happens between people at different levels within an organization. It is
also important as it helps improve management-employee relationship
and helps in explaining reasons for organisation- wide decisions. An
organization needs to use the right form of communication in the right
situation to be effective. It is written mostly as e- mail.
Advantages of horizontal Communication:-
Horizontal Communication presents some distinct advantage.
Decreases misunderstanding: It decreases misunderstanding between
departments working on the same project, thereby increasing
efficiency and productivity.
Better implementation of top level decisions: It may result in better
implementation of top level decisions because employees on levels are
permitted to coordinate directly with each other in the implementation
of the decision made at the top.
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Facilitates teamwork: Horizontal Communication facilitates teamwork

if a project requires take from different people or department.
Increase job satisfaction and motivation: It may also increase job
satisfaction and motivation by creating more employee employment in
communication.
Disadvantages of horizontal Communication:-
Horizontal Communication dose come with same disadvantages.
• Management may have a greater problem maintaining control as
horizontal Communication increases.
• This is, in part, because management can derive much control and
power if it controls the flow of information.
• Horizontal Communication can also create conflict between
employees exposed to each other through the communication
process.
• It also more time – consuming if vertical communication is
required to ratify decisions made during horizontal
Communication or to confirm information received through
horizontal Communication.
• Finally it creates a lack of discipline if strict procedural rules of
communications are not imposed.
Advantages of vertical communication:-
There are some advantages to vertical communication. Those
advantages are highlighted below:

Conveying message of subordinate: Through upward direction of

vertical communication system, the upper-level management covey
their suggestions, complains and recommendations to the
subordinates.
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Maintains good labor-management relations: There is a systematic

flow of information under his communication system, so a good
relationship can be developed between superiors and subordinates.

Maintains organizational discipline: There is a chain of command in

vertical communication system. So, a sense of discipline may be
developed among the employees.

Explaining policies and plan: Through vertical communication system,

upper level management can send the policies and procedures to the
subordinates.

Effective decision making: Superiors needed various information to

take decision making in the organization. With the help of vertical
communications, superiors collect information form subordinate.

Help in decentralizations: Duties and responsibilities can be delegated

among departments thorough vertical communication.

Avoid by-passing: Under this communication system superior and

subordinates exchange message directly. So there is no chance to by-
passing.

Maintains chain of command: proper chain of commands is easily

maintained through vertical communication system.

Assigning jobs and evaluating performance: Vertical communication

facilitates job assignment and job evaluation of the employees.

Increase efficiency: Necessary instructions are sent to subordinates and

they perform their duties and responsibilities accordingly that is help to
increase efficiency both superior and subordinate.
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Disadvantages of vertical communication

In spite of having many advantages vertical communication, there are

some disadvantages which are given below:

Delay process: Vertical communication system is a delay process. It

maintains long chain of command in large organization to exchange
information.

Disturbing discipline: In this communication, if the boss’s role of

direction is seen by doubtful eyes by the subordinates, the chain of
command and discipline may be broken.

Efficiency reduces: Downward direction of vertical communication is

commanding in nature. So, there is no opportunity of the workers to
become efficient.

Loss or Distortion of information: Information may be fabricated by

the employees to maintain lengthy channel. So, through his
communication information may lose its originality.

Reduces relationships: By this communication system relationship

between superior and sub-ordinate may be reduced due to inability
and inefficiency.
Q. What are the distinct features of Indianisation of English?
English came to India with the British traders in the eighteenth century.
Since this time it has been influenced by India languages giving rise to a
new variety of English called Indian English which has become an
accepted variety, just like American English, Austrian English and British
English. Indenisation of English can be seen in the following three area:

Sounds :
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The influence of a person’s mother tongue on the way they pronounce

English sounds Is quite normal. Think about someone from another part
of India learning your language. There are regional differences in
pronunciation, but it is possible to device some common Features of
Indian English pronunciation.

In Indian English All syllabus are generally given equal stress and there
is no distinction between primary and secondary stress. English is a
stress timed language, which means that in a word, certain syllabuses
are stressed.

There is no difference in the pronunciation of/v/ and/w/ sounds

with/w/ being Used instead of /v/ in words like video, vehicle and so
on. There is a tendency to pronounce /r/ in all positions. Native
speakers don’t pronounce /r/in all positions. Sometimes a schwa is
pronounced instead of /r/. The ‘schwa’ is written as an Upside down ‘e’.
If you see it in the phonetic script, it looks like/ $/. It is pronounced
‘uh’. For Example in Indian English words ending with ‘er’are
pronounced with an /r/ at the end, but British English speakers would
use ‘uh’at the end of words like mother, father, sister etc….
Vocabulary :
If you look around you, you will find plenty of examples of how English
vocabulary
has been indianised. For example _
Indian words in English:
Many words from English are words of Indian origin that were
borrowed from
Various Indian languages. These are called load words. For example,
pyjamas, bungalow,
Shampoo, veranda, tifin, jungle and shawl are all words of Indian origin.
These are all words
You will find in a Standard English dictionary.
Code mixing:
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When a speaker mixes English continuous and their mother tongue

within a sentence, linguists call it code-mixing. ‘Hinglish ‘is a term that
refers to this and it is generally used to refer to the mixing of not just
English and Hindi, but also other Indian languages. You will find this in a
lot of advertisements Bollywood movies and TV shows, try collecting a
few examples of code mixing from tag lines in advertisements and
dialogues from films, notice how the mixing of languages makes for
some interesting and memorable lines. Share the examples with your
class and discuss the benefit of code mixing.
Indianisms:
There are certain words or phrases that are unique to Indian English.
Some of them Are old fashioned words no longer used by native
speakers, while others are direct translation From Indian languages in
to English. While they may be understood by everyone who is familiar
With Indian English. You should be careful when speaking or writing to
people from other countries.
Grammar:
Sentence structure can also be influenced by your mother tongue.
There are several distinct
Grammatical features of Indian English. Here are two examples:
• Use of present for continuous for routines and habits: what is the
difference between ‘I am going to the market ‘and ’I go to the
market? ‘The first one shows the action is happing How while the
second indicates a routine action. However, very often speakers
of Indian English Say, ‘I am going to the market every Sunday ‘or ‘I
am going to e everyday ‘. The use of
The present continues for daily, routine actions are a feature of
Indian English.
• Uncountable nouns: uncountable nouns are names of things that
don’t a take a Plural‘s’ or a singular ‘a’. English has a lot of words
that are uncountable nouns: For example rice, butter, sugar,
bread, advice, news, information, work and so on. Many speakers
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of Indian English use these as countable nouns. For example, ‘l

have Got a news for you’ instead of ‘ I have got a news for you’.

Q. What is intercultural communication? How does it affect the

Communication process?
In today’s globalised world, organisations communicate with
other business around the world. Understanding how to interact with
people from other cultures is very important and this is the study of
intercultural communication. A very good intercultural communication
will also be willing to accept cultural differences and adapt his/her own
behaviour accordingly.
There are 3 areas of differences to consider carefully when
interacting with people from other Cultures.
*Differences in customs:-
It is important to understand a little bit about their customs, traditions
and beliefs. a lot Of websites and blogs provide information related to
culture and customs, spending time doing a Little research will help
gain knowledge of some of the most important ones. EX: Gifting varies
in cultures across the world individual gifts to one person when doing
business could be interpreted as bribery because of the strict anti-
corruption laws in China. Culturally red is considered a “lucky” colour so
wrapping gifts in red is advisable. Anybody doing business with a
Chinese company would need to ensure they do not violate these legal
and cultural norms.
Maintaining time is another area where it is important to know
the norms of a culture. EX: being late in Japan is considered extremely
rude and is almost unthinkable, even if it is only a few minutes.
Someone from India going to work in Japan would need to be very
careful about punctuality.
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Differences in body language:-

Eye contact, handshake, gestures and facial expressions are an
important part of non-verbal Communication in business settings. EX:
meetings generally begin with a handshake. It is important to know
when and how this affects
Communication in different countries.
Most Indians may not notice anything unusual about a weak
handshake. a client from one Of these countries may think something is
wrong, looking directly in the eye is considered to be Disrespectful in
many cultures. An American student doing the same would be
considered arrogant or rude.
*Differences in language:-
In India, many of us feel that saying “please” and “thank you” to
friends for something they Have done for us is not necessary because
they are our friends and we should not be so formal with Them. In fact,
not using these words will make you sound rude in these cultures. In
addition, adding “please “to request does not make polite.
Americans are known for making direct requests. When
negotiating with them, using direct Language is considered rude and a
sign of desperation. If we want to be a good communicator, we also
need to understand, respect and adapt to these differences.
AFFECT ON COMMUNICATION PROCESS:-
Cultural diversity makes communication difficult as the mindset
of people of different cultures Are different, the language signs and
symbols are also different. Different cultures have different Meaning of
words, behaviour and gestures. The way we communicate is affected
by the culture we were brought up in.

Q. What is grapevine communication? How does it affect the

organizations?
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A lot of communication within the workplace is horizontal or vertical

and through accepted channel like email, letters, memos, briefing,
training and staff meeting. however, A lot of communication between
colleagues takes place outside The accepted channel because people
have a desire to communicative With each other even outside the
channel approved by the Management. Grapevine communication is
any informal Communication that takes place outside of what is
approved by the management
Mr. Anwar is a manager who is about to resign. Not a lot of
employees like Mr.Anwarand they have noticed something different
about his behaviour in the last one week. Before formally resigning he
is attending a meeting with a senior manager. They are in the senior
managers’ office and are talking rather loudly when raj from the sales
team who is walking by that office, over hears the word ‘resign’. He
immediately understand what Could be happening and tells everyone
he knows .soon, the whole department knows and they begin to
ignore Mr. Anwar instructions Mr. Anwar is confused about the
employees behaviour. He doesn’t know everyone has been gossiping
about his resignation two weeks later, senior management sends a
formal email announcing Mr. Anwar is resignation. Grapevine
communication took place in the form of gossip when Raju spread the
news of Mr. Anwar resignation. Although it may seem harmless,
grapevine communication can have a negative effect on the working of
an organisation. as we saw in this example. Employees knew that Mr.
Anwar was going to him. The quality and quantity of work gets affected
due to grapevine communication, even if it is in a small way.
Grapevine communication is often termed as 'gossip' Or
'spreading rumours’. It is informal but learning how it works Help the
management understand a lot about the organisation If understood
properly, it tells the management what employees Feel about them and
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their policies and what potential problems that could be in the future.
When horizontal and vertical communications are poor, a lot more
grapevine communication is likely. A good manager will understand
how grapevine communication Works in his/her organisation and take
step to ensure it is controlled by communication effectively through
accepted channels.
Grapevine is a form of informal communication operates
both in internal and external informal channels which can contribute to
and benefits the organisation. Therefore, it is found in all organisations.
It doesn’t follow any prescribed or predetermined rule and spread any
Information quickly.
The grapevine is not trustworthy always as it doesn’t follow
official Path of communication and is spread more by gossip and
unconfirmed report. The productivity of employee may be hampered as
they spend more time talking rather than working. The grapevine leads
to making Hostility against the executives.
Q. What is global English? How English is the print and electronic
media in India help to communication in masses.
Ans. The term 'global English' is being used increasingly nowadays. It is
a means of demonstrating that English is spoken in every part of the
world, both among speakers within a particular country who share a
first language, and across speakers from different countries/first
languages. English is no longer spoken only by its native speakers in the
UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and by those who learn
English in order to communicate with native speakers. It is also spoken
among non-native speakers within countries like India, the Philippines
and Singapore and internationally among non-native speakers from a
wide range of countries/first languages throughout the world. This last
use of English is often referred to as 'English as an International
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Language' or EIL, and it is this kind of English which we will focus on

here as it is the largest group of English speakers, numbering around
1.5 billion.
As English has got the common qualities, it has been accepted as the
global language among the speakers of thousands of different
languages. English said to be a global language as no other language is
read and spoken in so many countries as it is. Naturally it has becomes
the language of international trade commerce science and diplomacy.
Although it has acquired the distinction of being international language.
It has been conditioned to the use of local expression. The expressions
too is distinctively its own. Similarly Indian English has been
conditioned in local Indian way of life. It is called global English
PRINT MEDIA IN INDIA :-
Traditional medium of communication:
Print Media is one of the traditional medium. When it comes to the
Print Media and Public Relations in today’s market, for years the two
have been highly tied together within our society. In most towns and
cities, the local newspaper still has the biggest staff of journalists.
Newspapers are easy to use and are everywhere. They can be dropped
at our doorstep.
The most credible source of information:
Print Media as the most credible source of information. While coming
digital media and the way that news is delivered, it is important to
remember that this doesn’t necessarily mean that public relations have
to make a dramatic change as well. Although PR & Print Media mutually
dependent on one another. The two will still need to communicate and
the news or coverage that PR firms are looking for will still be delivered,
just through a different medium.
One of the biggest tools in PR:
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Print Media is one of the biggest tools in PR. Newspaper information is

the backbone of any informational programme because it reaches to
more people and more different publics. It is one of the used publicity
medium because they are read by virtually every literate person. As we
mentioned that the relationship between Public Relations and the Print
Media has always been a symbiotic one, with both parties receiving
help from the other in various ways. While traditional media like
newspapers are slowly going by the wayside, the role of media in public
relations still stays the same. PROs still have to talk to reporters and
butter them up for the Media Coverage. In many ways, print media is
the ideal marketing medium through PRO. It is available in both large
and small numbers, can be accessed easily, and is engaging, versatile
and creative. On their own, each channel fulfils a vital marketing role.
An easy medium to spread awareness:
Print media is an easy medium to spread awareness or advertise to any
particular geographical area. Like, a local newspaper is the best way to
spread news about any local event of the place Indian media was active
since the last 18th century. The print media started in India as early as
1780. Print media includes a number of forms such as newspapers,
magazines, books, newsletters, advertising, memos, business forms,
etc. It is produced by printing, a process which reproduces text and
images on paper using ink in a printing press.
It uses printing technology and methods to spread news, messages,
information among the people. The three main types of print media
include:
Newspapers: It provides correct and authentic information in the form
of news, articles and advertisement in a regular manner and presents
them in an attractive way to grab reader’s attention
Magazines: A magazine generally contains feature stories, interviews,
interpretation, research and analysis related content and generally
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gives emphasis on a particular topic such as fashion, automobiles,

health, etc.
Books: It comes in different forms such as textbooks, storybooks,
literature, etc.
As mentions above it shows how Public Relations & Print Media are
correlated with each other Through PR we can build the image of any
organization

Q. What is communication? Discuss the Significance of Effective

Communication.

Construct and Foster Sustainable and Productive Relationship

Effective communication should be the focus in businesses as it
becomes largely difficult to properly construct and foster productive
relationship without it.
Give space to Innovations
Effective communication facilitates innovations in a business
organization by allowing employees and management to come up with
innovative ideas that might further help in the overall development of
the organization.
Help Build an Effective Team
A work environment enriched with effective or open communication
helps in building a cohesive and effective team. Effective
communication always boosts the morale of employees. It brings in the
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zeal in employees to work towards achieving the common objectives of

the organization. Regular internal communication can also lead to an
improved work ethic if the staff are reminded of achievements and feel
that they are working towards a common goal.

Effective Management
When there is hassle-free and open communication between the
management and the employees, it leads to a steady rise in the pace of
progress of the organization. Effective communication, therefore, yields
effective management. Managers come to know the attitude and
grievances of the employees and the latter gets to know the managers’
attitudes towards them and also the policies of the organization.
Contributes to the Overall Growth of the Organization
Effective communication builds desired interpersonal,
interdepartmental and management-employee relationship which in
turn are essential preconditions for realizing the vision of the
organization. In other words, effective communication contributes to
the overall growth of the business.

At the professional level, it is essential to know how to deal adequately

with peers, make good decisions even in stressful situations. This is one
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of the reasons why effective communication skills are increasingly

valued. Effective Communication
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Effective communication in the organization enables the employees to

deepen their connection with others and improve teamwork, decision-
making, and problem-solving capacity.
Q. What is communication? Write the Characteristics of Effective
Communication.

Characteristics of Effective Communication

The characteristics or principles of effective communication are pivotal
for ensuring a productive communication. The major characteristics are
as follows:
Completeness of the Message
Communication must be complete so as not to baffle the recipient.
Better communication helps in better decision-making by the latter. It
develops and enhances the reputation of an organization.
Clearness and Integrity of the Message
The message to be conveyed or sent must have clarity and integrity for
better understanding. Clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the
meaning of the message. The pith and substance of the message should
be based on honesty and accuracy.
Conciseness of the Message
The intended message must be free from verbosity and should be so
written that it is intelligible at the first sight. Short and intelligible
message sent to the receiver is ever appealing and comprehensible. It
saves time and cost as it is understood at the first instance.
Consideration of Physical Setting and the Recipient
In order to make communication more effective, the overall physical
setting, i.e., the media of communication and the work environment,
must be considered. The content of the message must take into
account the attitude, knowledge, and position of the recipient.
Clarity of the Message
The message should have clarity of thoughts and ideas in order to be
understood clearly. Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and
concrete words and symbols.
 28

Courtesy to be Maintained
The sender's message should be so drafted or prepared that it should
be polite, reflective, and enthusiastic. It must show the sender's respect
for the receiver and be positive and focused at the receiver.
Correctness of the Message
The drafting of the message should be done in such a manner that the
final message doesn't have any grammatical errors and repetitions of
sentences. The message should be exact, correct and well-timed.

Q.5 what are the barriers to Communication?

Ans. Communication:-
Communication is the art of transmitting knowledge, ideas, information
and thoughts from one person to another. The transfer should be such
that the receiver understands the meaning and the intent of the
message and give proper feedback.

Barriers of communication:-
• Communication is complete and perfect when the receiver
understands the message in the same sense and spirit as the
communicator intends to convey ,here ,idea and imformation
reached to and responded by receiver remain unaltered and
undistorted.
• But practically it has been noticed that such perfect and complete
communication doesn’t take place because of certain obstacles or
other factors know as communication barriers.
• As the process of communication involves sender (encoding of
message) , medium/channels and receiver (decoding of message)
 29

, the problem of communication usually lies with either one or

more of them.
Main type of communication barriers are:
• Physical barriers:-
Physical barriers is the environmental and natural conditions
that act as a barrier in communication. They include the
barriers like noise , closed doors ,faults equipment used for
communication , closed cabins , etc.
• Psychological barriers:-
- There are various mental and physiological issues that may
be barriers to effective communication
- some people have stage fear , speech disorders , phobia ,
depression etc.
- All of these conditions are very difficult to manage
sometimes and will most certainly limit the ease of
communication.
• Emotional barriers:-
- A person who is emotional mature will be able to
communicate effectively.
- On the other hand , people who let their emotions take over
will face certain difficulties. - Emotions like anger ,
frustration , humour , can blur the decision –making capacities
of
a person and thus limit the effectiveness of their
communication.
• Semantic/Language barriers:-
 30

-A language barriers is a figurative phrase used primarily to

refer to linguistic barriers to communication.
- The difficulties in communication experienced by people or
groups speaking different languages or even dialects in cases.
• Organizational barriers:-
The organizational barriers refers to the hindrances in the
flow of imformatio among the employees and employers that
might result in a commercial failure of organization.
• Perceptual barriers:-
seeing things through the lens of our own unique like
experience or “ conditioning” may lead to assumption ,
stereotyping and misunderstandings of other whose
experiences differ from our own .
• Social/ cultural barriers:-
Different cultural have a different meaning for several basic
values of society. Dressing ,Religions or lake of them ,food ,
drinks ,pet ,and the general behavior will change drastically
from one cultural to another.
Hence it is a must that we must take these different
cultures in to account while communication. This is what we
call being culturally appropriate.
• Information over load:-
Managers are surrounded with pool of information. It is
essential to control this information flow else the information is
likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overload. As a result
communication is less effective.
• Noise:-
 31

Communication is also affected a lot by noise to distraction.

Physical distraction are also there such as , poor lighting
,uncom fortable sitting , unhygienic room also affects
communication in a meeting . Similarly use of lood speakers
interferes with communication.
Time Pressures: Often in organization the targets have to be achieved
within a specified time period, the failure of which has adverse
consequences. In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of
communication are shortened, or messages are partially given, i.e., not
completely transferred. Thus sufficient time should be given for
effective communication.
Distraction/Noise: Communication is also affected a lot by noise to
distractions. Physical distractions are also there such as, poor lightning,
uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a
meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication.
Emotions: Emotional state at a particular point of time also affects
communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he
interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it
differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the
message is interpreted to be good and interesting).
Complexity in Organizational Structure: Greater the hierarchy in an
organization (i.e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the
chances of communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the
top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level just
have knowledge about their own area and a little knowledge about
other areas.
Poor retention: Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One
can‘t always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or
not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown
 32

Q. What is global English? How does mutual intelligibility affect the

communication?
Ans. The term 'global English' is being used increasingly nowadays. It is
a means of demonstrating that English is spoken in every part of the
world, both among speakers within a particular country who share a
first language, and across speakers from different countries/first
languages. English is no longer spoken only by its native speakers in the
UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and by those who learn
English in order to communicate with native speakers. It is also spoken
among non-native speakers within countries like India, the Philippines
and Singapore and internationally among non-native speakers from a
wide range of countries/first languages throughout the world. This last
use of English is often referred to as 'English as an International
Language' or EIL, and it is this kind of English which we will focus on
here as it is the largest group of English speakers, numbering around
1.5 billion.
As English has got the common qualities, it has been accepted as the
global language among the speakers of thousands of different
languages. English said to be a global language as no other language is
read and spoken in so many countries as it is. Naturally it has becomes
the language of international trade commerce science and diplomacy.
Although it has acquired the distinction of being international language.
It has been conditioned to the use of local expression. The expressions
too is distinctively its own. Similarly Indian English has been
conditioned in local Indian way of life. It is called global English
➢ Global English otherwisereferd to as world English or common
English or even international English at the same time the
collection of these different varieties of English that is spoken
throughout the world and also one language
 33

➢ English is becoming the “lingua Franca” of the world.

➢ The term global English does not refer to a particular variety
of English,( like British English or Australian English) ,but to the
fact that English is spoken in every part of the world,both
countries where it is a first language as well as in countries
with other first languages.
➢ Eg:- People in countries likeUK,India,Philippians also speak
English to communicate each other.
➢ The most important principal for global English is that of
mutual intelligibility. This simply means that two speakers
should be able to understand each other no matter what
variety of English they speak. In other words , communication
between the two should not be affected.
Mutual intelligibility:-
Mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or
dialects in which speakers different but related varieties can
readily understand each other without prior formality or special
effort.
McKay (2002) exemplifies this in the following way.
➢ According to her , if a listener recognises that the word
“salt” is an English word rather than a Spanish word.
English is intelligibility to him/her . If the listener knows
what the word “salt” means , then it is comprehensible to
him/ her.
➢ Mackay is trying to highlight the importance of culture and
context in cross cultural communication.
➢ Even in the listener recognisesan utterance to be in English
and understand it’s literal meaning, he or she may not
 34

grasp the intention of the speaker if he/ she is ignorant of

the speakers cultural context.
➢ Communication fails of the listenertakes the above
example merely as an enquiry and not as indirect request
for Salt. 92 Bamgbose (1988) , Smith and Nelson (1985) and
Mackay (2002) approach the issue from the listener
perspective.
➢ Jenkins (2000) has no dispute with Smith and Nelson in that
the term'intelligibility' should be standardized.
➢ She also doesn’t questions restricting the term only to the
recognition of the form.
➢ However, using a long “e” ' vowel sound for “ hit” makes
the word sound like “ heat” and thus could affect mutual
intelligibility because the listener would not be able to
understand the word .
➢ Finally using proverbs slang and Colloquial expressions that
are commonly used in one region only should be avoided
because someone from another region may not be able to
understand it.
➢ Eg: In India we use the word “ cousin brother” or sister to
reffer to a male or female cousin respectively. A native
speaker who has never heard this may find it slightly
confusing. It is better to use just cousin.
➢ Genius also doesn’t understimate the role of
comprehensibility and interpretability in communication .
➢ She observe that phonological problems have a higher rate
of occurrence as compared to high level
misunderstandings.

Q. Discuss different barriers and gateways to communication.

 35

No matter how good the communication system in an organization is,

unfortunately barriers can and do often occur. This may be caused by a
number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to
physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers.
Perceptual Barrier: This is one of the most common barriers to
communication because different people interpret our actions, words
and mannerisms in different ways. People want to receive those
messages which are of significance to them. Perceptions of people
differ and depend on the cultural, emotional, personal and spiritual
background of the person. People normally tend to assume things
rather than clarifying it with the other person. When this happens,
communication is blocked right away and conflict arises. That is why it
is important to clarify things before reacting.
Language Barrier: Language is another barrier to communication.
Sometimes, we don‘t realize and we use such words or phrases which
may or may not be understood by the other person, thus leading to a
barrier. This could be words from a dialect that is not common to the
people in your office or it could be jargon that others don‘t know the
meaning to. Therefore, one should only use such words which are
common and easily understood by all rather than showing off how
good a grasp you have over the language and unnecessary causing a
barrier between you and the listener.
Interpersonal Barriers to Communication: Interpersonal barriers, on
the other hand, are barriers to communication that come as a result of
the way different people relate to one another. Some people may lack
the social skills, therefore they withdraw. Others may find it hard to
make time to get to know their co-workers on a more personal level
because of their routines like work, and after office activities.
Information Overload: Managers are surrounded with a pool of
information. It is essential to control this information flow else the
information is likely to be Misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked.
As a result communication is less effective.
 36

Time Pressures: Often in organization the targets have to be achieved

within a specified time period, the failure of which has adverse
consequences. In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of
communication are shortened, or messages are partially given, i.e., not
completely transferred. Thus sufficient time should be given for
effective communication.
Distraction/Noise: Communication is also affected a lot by noise to
distractions. Physical distractions are also there such as, poor lightning,
uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a
meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication.
Emotions: Emotional state at a particular point of time also affects
communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he
interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it
differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the
message is interpreted to be good and interesting).
Complexity in Organizational Structure: Greater the hierarchy in an
organization (i.e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the
chances of communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the
top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level just
have knowledge about their own area and a little knowledge about
other areas.
Poor retention: Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One
can‘t always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or
not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown.

Q. Discuss the four skills of language learning?

Introduction:-
Another way to describe the language is in terms of the four basic
Language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Students can
 37

encounter various difficulties in these different skills. They will make

mistakes in English Pronunciation, grammar, syntax, vocabulary usages
and spelling..
Listening:-
In real life, there are many opportunities to listen to English. A class
Room lecture or discussion is some examples. People at work also listen
to their clients and colleagues a lot.
Using listening to communicate effectively:-
Communication is not just about speaking and writing. Passive Listening
does not result in effective communication, where as active listening
Does.
Passive listening:-
When listen to someone or was something without responding to it in
any verbal or non-verbal way, it is called passive listening. Passive
listening Is only one way communication.
Active listening:-
It shows that we are interested in what is being and it is an essential
Skill for an effective communication.
Speaking:-
Speaking is public requires planning and preparation. Intelligibly and
clearly are some basic speaking skills of effective communication.
Reading:-
People read with a purpose your purpose for reading something affects
the ways you read. You may spend some time reading in details only
certain parts which are relevant to you
 38

Scanning:-
When you read a test quickly to search for information it is called
Scanning. For example, looking through your chat message to find
yesterdays Chat from your best friend or looking at a menu to find a
dish you like.
Skimming:-
When you read something quickly to get an idea of the general
meaning. It is called skimming. For example, when employees read an
email very quickly To see what it is about or students read a notice on
the college notice board to see If it applies to them When skimming,
there is no need to read every word or sentence keep moving Your eyes
quickly and think about the meaning .if you’re doing research or
studying a Chapter from a textbook, skimming will help you get on
overall idea of the text so You can prepare better to read more in depth
later.
Writing:-
Writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing
skills Allow you to communicate you are message with clarity easy to
far larger audience then through face-to-face or telephone
conversation. A writing format is a not the pronoun voice that is being
used either. It Is the citation style that is being used within the
structure of the writing
Conclusion:-
Language learning is a challenging task requiring constant effort
especially for young learners. Games encourage learners to direct their
energy towards Language learning by providing them with meaningful
 39

context. Therefore ,it is Important that teaches should not see games as
time fillers or tools designed For fun only, but integrate them in to their
foreign language teaching programs. It is possible to come up with
many description proposed by various researchers about the nature of
games.

Q. What are the different aspects of effective listening?

(I) Listening is very . in order to improve English.
(II) There are some good ways to learning new words and understand
different accents. For example , Listening to English songs , watching
movies and cartoons in English is very useful.
Using listening to communicate effectively
(I) Communication is not just about speaking and writing , it’s also
about listening.
(II) In situation where you need to communicate with others ,
passive listening doesn’t result in effective communication ,
whereas active listening does.
Passive listening:-
(I) When you listen to someone or watch something without
responding to it in any verbal and non- verbal way , it is called
passive listening. For example:- Listening to the radio or songs ,
watching a movie or even listening to a lecture.
(II) In passive listening , you listen without responding. It maybe
fine to listen this way when listening to something on the radio
, but. When you are in a discussion , meeting , interview or
even a presentation , passive listening is not the best way of
communicate.
 40

(III) If you listen passively in this situation , people may think you
are bored or disinterested in what they are saying. They may
even think you are not confident
(IV) Passive listening is only one- way communication.
Active listening:-
(I) When you use verbal and non-verbal expression to show the
speaker that you are listening to what they are saying , it is
called active listening. For example:- when listening to a
classmate making a presentation , you may nod your head to
show that you agree with them.
(II) Active listening show that you are interested in what is being
said and it is an essential skill for an effective communicator

Some list of verbal active listening responses are :-

(I) Short phases or sounds like'yes' or 'mmm' , ' okay' encourage
the speaker to continue .
(II) Asking a question when the speaker pauses , or at the end , is
a good way to show you have been listening. The question
must be relevant and must not interrupt the speaker ,
especially when he/she is explaining something.
Some non-verbal active listening responses are:-
(I) Smiling:- Give a gentle smile with a nod to show that the
speaker you agree with what they are saying.
(II) Posture:- Lean towards the speaker or tilt your head to show
you are concentrating on what they say.
(III) Limiting distraction:- keeps your phone away and do not
distracted by any incoming massage or calls. Answering a
phone call without saying,'excuse me' is very rude.
 41

Q. What are the basic skills of effective speaking?

Speaking effectively is defined as speaking in such a way that
your message is clearly heard and, if possible, acted upon. There are
two main elements to speaking effectively: what you say, and how you
say it.
What you say means your choice of words. The words you
might use when chatting to a friend are likely to be quite different from
those used in a formal presentation or interview.
Whenever the speaker able to convey the required message
fully at the right time it is called effective speaking.
Whenever Speaker speak on both verbal and nonverbal also is
an effective speaking.
Effective speaking is not just speaking in which the speaker
can't only speak orally but also use the whole body language to convey
the message to the receiver.

How to be an effective speaker:

❖ Select a topic that fits you and your audience.
❖ Develop your speaking skills in order to strengthen your
confidence level.
❖ Use language specifically so that the audience can adapt it easily.
❖ Speak clearly, pleasantly, correctly and with proper emphasis on
words.
❖ Use various examples and stories to clarify ideas and thought and
make them understandable.
❖ Practice relaxation exercises to control your tension or stress.
❖ Trying to replace your negative emotions or self-defeating
statements.
❖ Visualize yourself being successful.
 42

❖ Enjoy body language to the best advantage.

❖ Avoid nervousness.
❖ Make proper eye contact with the listener.
❖ Schedule yourself as you practice, practice and only practice.
❖ Except for your audience to be helpful or attentive.
❖ Act confidently and even if you are not.
Principles of an Effective Speaking:
Principle of preciseness and clarity:
It always emphasizes on both clarities of thoughts and clarity
of expressions. The speaker should have to deliver a speech in such a
way that it should always be clearly understood by the audience and
this is the founder of preciseness and clarity whenever you come to the
effective speech.
Principle of completeness:
It always emphasized the need to cover all the details which
are related to the topic. There should not any incomplete message.
Principle of conciseness:
It always emphasizes the need to include necessary a
sufficient point to speech. The speaker should avoid unnecessary
details and lecturing. Speaker should give respect the precious time of
the audience.
Principle of adaptation:
It defines how well does the speaker adapt himself according
to the situation, circumstances and audiences so that the right message
should be passed to the listener.
Effective speaking does not only depend on good voice
production or articulation but also some other factors such as tone,
 43

volume, pace, speech, and use of pause contribute to the good

delivery.

Components of Effective Public Speaking:

The pace of voice:
Speaking to an audience requires a pace slower than normal
conversation, the pace can be varied to create different effects.
The tone of voice:
The tone is a vocal quality which Express how is the feeling
you have. Tone can reflect the sincere effort and hard work.
Pitch of voice:
A low pitch voice is pleasing to the audience and a
comfortable for the speaker to variation of pitch can also be very
effective while speaking in front of an audience.
The volume of voice:
The voice should always be loud enough for every listener to
listen comfortably that means the last person who to set at last batch
can also listen properly.
Pausing:
Pausing can focus attention on what has been said, what is
about to be said and can be used to prepare the right audience to
change the idea and clarify the thought to deliver the message. This
gives an idea and optimizes the way to deliver the speech.

Repetition:
A word that you are repeating is a phrase or an idea that is useful to
emphasize what exactly you want to convey to your audience.
 44

Word choice:
According to the situation or appropriate words must be chosen.
Choose the word which is comfortable for your listeners, he or she can
listen understand properly don't make jargon with complicated
vocabularies.
 45

Q. What do you mean by figure of speech ? Discuss different types of

figure of speech ?
Answer:-A figure of speech is a phrase or word having different
meanings than it’s literal meanings.
❖ Different types of figure of speech are :-
I. Simile:-.
A simile is a comparison between to things connected with the word
‘Like’ or ‘as’ using a simile means that you are saying that the two
things are similar.
Here are some examples of simile are :-
• as brave as a lion.
• as cold as a ice.
• Shine like the stars.
II. Metaphor:-
A metaphor is a comparison between two things , but
without the words 'like' or ‘as'.
Here are examples of metaphor and their meanings.
You have a heart of gold.
Meaning:- you are a very good person.
• My sister is my guardian angel.
Meaning:-she take care of me.
III. Hyperbole:-
When you want to exaggerate to make a description very extreme, you
use a hyperbole when you exaggerate, you make something sound
better or worse than with actually is.
Here some examples of hyperbole are:-
• Tina has thousand of friends.
Meaning:-Tina has a lot of friends.
• Raj ‘s skin is softer than silk.
Meaning:-he has soft skin.
 46

IV. Idioms:-
A group of word that have a fixed meaning are called idioms an
extraction whose meaning is different from the meaning of the
individual word in it.
Here some example of idioms are:-
• Under the weather
Meaning:-unwell
I am filling little under the weather today so I am not coming to school.
• Cost an arm and a leg.
Meaning:- expensive
My new phone cost an arm and a leg.
V. Personification:-
In personification lifeless objects and abstract ideas are through
of as living beings.
Here some examples of personification are:-
• Experience if the best teacher.
• Love is blind.
VI. Apostrophe:-
In apostrophe, we address a dead person from lifeless thing an
abstract ideas as a living being.
Examples of Apostrophe are:-
• death ! Where is thy sting ?
• grave ! Where is thy victory?
VII. Oxymoron:-
In oxymoron to opposite qualities s are added to the something some
examples of oxymoron are:-
• Life is bitter sweet.
• This is an open secret.
VIII. Onomatopoeia:-
 47

In onomatopoeia, the sound suggests the sense or meaning some

example of onomatopoeia are:-
• Bees hum.
48