Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Operating System
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
Define operating system
Explain services provided by operating system
Describe evolution of operating system
Describe various types of operating systems and their services
Understand the structure of operating system
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Outline
Definition of an Operating System
History of Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Types of Operating Systems and Operating System
Structure
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What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
It is an extended machine
Hides the messy details which must be performed
Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use
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Computer System Components(cont’d)
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Operating System Objectives
Convenience – Top Down View – Virtual Machine
Extending the real hardware and acting as a Virtual Machine
Hiding the truth about the hardware from the user
Providing the user a convenient interface which is easier to
program
Ability to Evolve
Adaptability to new changes
Hardware upgrades/New types of hardware
Need of new services
Easy fixes of latent errors
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History of Operating Systems
First Generations (1945- 1955)
During this time computers were used for mathematical and
scientific applications.
This Computer were called Calculating Engines
The hardware used for switching were vacuum tubes.
During this time a single group of people design, built,
program, operate and maintain each machine.
There was no programming language, everything was done
in absolute machine language.
Operating systems were unheard of.
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History of Operating Systems(cont’d)
Second Generations (1955- 1965)
Transistors were introduced and they replaced vacuum tubes
as switches.
Computer started to be manufactured for use for big
companies/governments, banks etc.
There was a clear separation between designers, builders,
operators, programmers and maintenance personnel.
There were professional operators to run the computers
Steps for running a job:
A programmer would first write the program on paper
Punch the program into punched cards.
Bring the cards to the input room, hand it to the operators
Operators will run the program and would print the output and give
the result to the programmers.
Typical operating systems were:
FMS(the Fortran Monitor System)
IBSYS(IBM’s operating system for IBM 7094)
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History of Operating Systems(cont’d)
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History of Operating Systems(cont’d)
ICs and Multiprogramming system
Multiprogramming or Multitasking
Central theme of modern OS
Multiple programs in main memory at the same time
Need enough memory
When one program needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch
to the other program
When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch
to the other job
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History of Operating Systems(cont’d)
Fourth Generations (1980- present)
Personal computers were developed.
GUI invented.
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Operating System Services
Process Management
A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain
resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices,
to accomplish its task.
Process is active entity, while program is passive entity
The operating system is responsible for the following activities
in connection with process management.
Process creation and deletion.
process suspension and resumption.
Provision of mechanisms for:
process synchronization
process communication
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Operating System Services(cont’d)
Memory Management
The operating system is responsible for the following activities
in connections with memory management:
Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and
by whom.
Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes
availabile.
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
File Management
A file is a collection of related information defined by its
creator.
Responsibility of operating system includes:
File creation and deletion.
Directory creation and deletion.
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media. 17
Operating System Services(cont’d)
Protection System
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by
programs, processes, or users to both system and user
resources.
The protection mechanism must:
distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.
specify the controls to be imposed.
provide a means of enforcement.
I/O Management
Secondary-Storage Management
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Operating System Services(cont’d)
Program execution – system capability to load a program
into memory and to run it.
I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute
I/O operations directly, the operating system must
provide some means to perform I/O.
File-system manipulation – program capability to read,
write, create, and delete files.
Communications – exchange of information between
processes executing either on the same computer or on
different systems tied together by a network.
Implemented via shared memory or message passing.
Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting
errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices,
or in user programs.
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Operating System Services(cont’d)
Additional functions exist not for helping the user, but
rather for ensuring efficient system operations.
Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple users or
multiple jobs running at the same time.
Accounting – keep track of and record which users use how
much and what kinds of computer resources for account billing
or for accumulating usage statistics.
Protection – ensuring that all access to system resources is
controlled.
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Assignments
Write about:
A. Types of operating systems. It includes but no
limited to:
Mainframe operating systems
Distributed operating systems
Personal computer operating systems
Real-time operating systems
Embedded operating systems