CARBOHYDRATE

METABOLISM
Ilanah Mae Arpon, RMT
TOPIC OUTLINE
• Glycolysis • The Cori Cycle
 Regulation
 Other Fates of Pyruvate
• Glycogenesis

• TheKrebs Cycle • Glycogenolysis

Regulation
• Pentose Phosphate
Pathway
 Regulation

• Gluconeogenesis
 Regulation
Make sure to watch and
listen attentively!
GLYCOLYSIS
• Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
• From the Greek word “glykys” – sweet or sugar; and
“lysis” – splitting
• Highly exergonic
• ANAEROBIC PROCESS
• Occurs in the CYTOPLASM of the cells
• A 10-step process where a molecule of glucose is
degraded in a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to
yield two molecules of the three-carbon compound
pyruvate
 GLUT
TRANSPORTER
• End product: 2 Pyruvates
• Generated:
-2 ATPs
-2 NADHs
REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS
• Two types of regulation:
-Allosteric: enzymes
-Hormonal: insulin and glucagon
Enzymes regulated:
-Hexokinase
-Stimulant: Glucose
-Inhibitor: G6P
-Glucokinase
-Stimulant: Glucose
-Inhbitor: F6P
-Phosphofructokinase
-Stimulant: ADP
-Inhibitor: ATP
-Pyruvate Kinase
-Stimulant: F-1,6-BP
(Feed Forward Regulation)
-Inhibitor: ATP
OTHER FATES OF PYRUVATE

1. Acetyl coenzyme A
2. Lactate
3. Ethanol
THE KREBS CYCLE
• The Citric Acid Cyle
• Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)
• Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA of the
cell
• AEROBIC PROCESS
• Generated:
-4 CO2
-6 NADH
-2 FADH2
-2 ATP
REGULATION OF KREBS CYCLE

• Enzymes Regulated
-Citrate Synthase
- Stimulant: ADP
- Inhibitor: ATP, NADH,
succinyl-CoA, citrate
-Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
- Stimulant: ADP, NAD+,
calcium
- Inhibitor: ATP, NADH
-α-ketoglutarate
Dehydrogenase
- Stimulant: calcium
- InhibitorL ATP, NADH,
succinyl-CoA
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
GLUCONEOGENESIS
• Conversionof pyruvate, and other non-
carbohydrate precursor to glucose
• Generation (genesis) of new (neo) glucose
(gluco)
• Occurs in the LIVER and KIDNEYS
• Non-carbohydrate precursors:
 Pyruvate
 Lactate
 Glycerol
 Certain Amino Acids
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
GLUCONEOGENESIS
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
 REGULATION OF
GLUCONEOGENESIS
 THE CORI
CYCLE
• Lactic Acid Cycle
• Glucose > Pyruvate >
Lactate > Pyruvate >
Glucose
• Glycolysis and
Gluconeogenesis
GLYCOGENESIS vs GLYCOGENOLYSIS
 GLYCOGENESIS
• “Glyco” – glycogen; “Genesis”
- to make/generation
• Starting substrate: glucose
• 4 steps
 Synthesis of uridine diphosphate
glucose
 Synthesis of primer to intiate
glycogen synthesis – GLYCOGENIN
 Elongation of glycogen chains
 Formation of branches
 amylo-α(1,4)→α(1,6)transglucosidase
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
•3 steps
 Shortening of chains
(“limit dextrin”)
 Removal of branches
 Conversion of glucose-
1-phosphate to
glucose-1-phosphate