ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

CHAPTER ONE
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
PLANNING - OVERVIEW
CHAPTER TWO
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS AND
FORECASTING
CHAPTER THREE
ECONOMICS OF ELECTRIC PROF. EMAD SEDEEK IBRAHIM
DR. MAHMOUD EL-SHAHAT
POWER GENERATION DR. RASHA
CHAPTER FOUR
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUBSTATIONS AND
SWITCHGEARS
CHAPTER SIX
TARIFF AND DEMAND SIDE
MANAGEMENT

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 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
PLANNING - OVERVIEW

PROF. EMAD SEDEEK IBRAHIM

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 INTRODUCTION
The power system planning objectives

Provide an economic expansion to meet the electric utility's

future electrical demand with an acceptable level of reliability
at reasonable cost

System planning involves determining the correct sizes,

locations, interconnections, and timing of future additions

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 electrical structure is generally broken down into several
levels that correspond to different types of electrical networks

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 Why do we need electric network ?
1- The geographical distance between production
sites and consumer centres
2- The impossibility of storing electrical energy

Planning for generation

Proposed alternatives and their impact on the rest of the
system to provide the necessary economical, reliable,
and safe electrical energy to consumers
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 Planning involves looking into the
future but it is important to
appreciate that it is difficult if not
impossible to determine where
you want to go if you do not know
where you have been.

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 POWER SYSTEM PLANNING
STRUCTURE
1- Study main characteristics of the present system

- Electrical energy demand

- Peak load demand
- Rate of growth of energy consumption in the last 20 years
- Energy production
- Type of generation plant and its size
- Transmission, interconnection and subtransmission systems

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 2- The structure of power system planning

POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

Load Forecasting

Generation Planning

Transmission Planning

Distribution Planning

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 LOAD FORECASTING
Why Load forecasting ?

1- Planning to utilize the natural energy resources of a

country needs time and capital investment
2- Decisions must be taken in advance for judicious and
profitable investment in various projects

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 - 20 years
- Study the energy-supply
problems
- different forms of primary
long
and secondary energy
term - 4®6 years for power station
construction

LOAD
Load
FORECASTING
Forecasting

Short Medium
term term
- 1 ®2 years
- Planning the operating procedures - 5 ®6 years
- select enough generating capacity - Planning the size of the stations
for meeting the forecasted demand (additional installed capacity )
and for maintaining the required - Forecasts of required demand and
spinning reserve energy
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 GENERATION PLANNING

1 load requirements have been determined

Determine the site, type and size of

2 generating stations

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 Power Station Site Selection

Cost of transmitting Avoidance of

the energy to the atmospheric
consumers pollution

Transporting fuel Availability of

to the stations cooling water

cost of land

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 Steam stations
- located near the coal pits (avoid transport cost and time of
transport )
- located at the centre of gravity of load (economical
distribution and the lowest cost of power and energy )

Hydro plants
- Sites where water is available in enough
quantity at enough head
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 Nuclear-plants Steam

Generator
Steam
produced Turbine

Heat

Average load
Load factor =
Max. demand
Nuclear-power stations are designed to operate on
base load with as high a load factor ³ 90%
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 Size of
generating
station

increase in This reduces the

the size of cost per kW and
generator improves the
units efficiency of the
stations

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 Optimum mix of generating plants during operation

STEAM

WIND HYDRO

NUCLEAR

The available national resources of energy should be studied to decide

which type of generating stations can be considered for expansion of the
system.
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 Generation planning activities

Planner
combines load
and generation
models
costs of
including
Generation generating
scheduled Production energy,
maintenance to capacity costing maintenance and
determine planning forced outages
capacity
needed

Calculating
investment and
O&M costs

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 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
PLANNING

Transmission
lines functions

Transmit electrical Provide paths for

energy from the electrical energy to
generators to the loads flow between utilities
within a single utility
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 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
PLANNING

Influenced by Object

select the most economics

location of future
and reliability transmission
generation capacity
network for each of the
generation expansion
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 acceptable risk
level at the
various loading risk
points level
Transmission
system
reliability
is examined using
conventional ac
load-flow adequacy
methods

Existence of sufficient Cost of

generation and Reliability transmission
transmission facilities improvements
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 Unacceptable bus voltages and line or transformer overloads

Over loaded

conventional
ac load-flow
methods V7=0.864
Low voltage

Over loaded
• 0.95 £ |Vi |£ 1.05
• All Tr & line loading within ratings
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 Addition of line between bus 2 and bus 7

V7=0.946
Low voltage

• 0.95 £ |Vi |£ 1.05

• All Tr & line loading within ratings

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 - All voltages are within tolerance
- No lines or transformers are overloaded

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 cost of
construction

right-of-
line
way capabilities
constraints

YEAR-BY-YEAR
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM PLANS

future load
and reliability
generation criteria
scenarios

existing
system

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 -152 MW 154 MW

Single network Þ sudden load change

Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1
104% 104% 1.00 pu
359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu

affects frequency and system stability 343 MW

-49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
-16 MVR 29 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu

179 MW
90 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
102 MVR AVR ON

Interconnections conditions:
1- Same frequency
2- Planning of generation capacity (higher)
3- Reserve generation capacity
4- Bulk power substations (interconnection
planning affects transmission planning by
requiring bulk power deliveries away
from or to interconnection substations)
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 Benefits of the Interconnection

1- Export/Import of electricity
2- Utilization of most favorable energy resources
3- Use of larger and more economical power plants
4- Flexibility of building new power plants at
favorable location
5- Sharing generation Þ non-coincidental load
demand
6- Cost reduction
7- Improvement of supply reliability
8- Sharing spinning reserve
9- Stimulating economic cooperation
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 Generating cost & interconnections

- At least one country in the region has

existing generating capacity that can
produce electric energy for export at
relatively low cost
- At least one country in the region can build
new generating capacity that can produce
low-cost electric energy for export
- During many hours of the year, the
countries in the region have different levels
of short-run marginal cost of electricity
generation
- A significant portion of each country’s
electricity consumption is located in urban
areas or large industrial plants

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 - INTERCONNECTION WITH
OF MAGHREB
MASHREQ
EUROPEAN
AFRICAN
ARAB
MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES

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 PHASE I: - 500 KV T.L (SUEZÞSINAI, SUBMARINE CABLE)
- 500/400 KV AUTOTRANSF (500 MVA).
- CROSS GULF AQABA, 400 KV SUBMARINE CABLE
- CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY 600 MW, MAX 950 MW
PHASE II:- 400 KV T.L JORDAN,SYRIA,TURKEY AND IRAQ
(400MW)
- CONSTRUCTION/EXPANDING 400 KV SUBST.
- J-S(FEB. 2001), S-T(2004), I (COMPLETE 2003??)

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 PHASE III:
- INCREASE MW TRANSFR CAPABILITY: 300-400 MW TO 600-800 MW
- LEBANON CONNECTION: 400 KV, 500 MW, DOUBLE T.L
BILATERAL INTERCONNECTION AGREMENTS WILL BE SIGNED
BETWEEN EACH TWO NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
(OPERATION, CONTROL, PRICING, TARIFFS)

NORTHERN & SOUTHERN GRIDS IN YEMEN

132 KV T.L BETWEEN TAIZ AND ADEN, COMPLETE 1997, ARAB
FUND

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 GCC INTERCONNECTION
- GCC SIX COUNTRIES, ONE REGIONAL CONTROL CENTER IN SAUDIA
- GOVERNMENTS 35%, PRIVATE SECTOR 65% IN BUILDING AND OPERATION
- INTERCONNECTION OF GCC AND EIJLST AT LATER STAGE :
400 KV T.L – KUWAIT/IRAQ , SAUDIA /JORDAN, SAUDIA/EGYPT
· IMPROVING STABILITY OF OVERALL SYSTEM
· DIFFERENT LOAD PATTERNS

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 TUNISIA-ALGERIA-MOROCCO
TUNISIA-ALGERIA (1979), ALGERIA-MOROCCO (1988): ARAB FUND
EGYPT-LIBYA-TUNISIA
LIBYA-EGYPT (JUNE 1997), TUNISIA-LIBYA (2004): ARAB FUND
UPGRADE ELTAM (UNDER STUDY)
EGYPT-LIBYA (500KV), LIBYA-TUNISIA-ALGERIA-MOROCCO (400KV): ARAB FUND
MOROCCO-SPAIN (1997, ARAB FUND FOR MOROCCAN PART), SUPPLY
MOROCCO WITH 700 GWH/YEAR
TUNISIA-ITALY (UNDER STUDY)
1400 MW POWER PLANT (NAT. GAS) IN TUNISIA: 75% TO ITALY THROUGH DC
SUBMARINE CABLE 150 KM AT 300 KV

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 MAURITANIA-SENEGAL-MALI
- 200 MW HYDRO POWER PLANT IN MALI, 220 KV T.L TO MAURITANIA AND SENEGAL
- SERIES CAPACITORS TO LIMIT THE EXTENSIVE LENGTH OF THE T.L (1100 KM)
- PRIVATE COMPANY (SOGEM): OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

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 FUTURE INTERCONNECTION
‫ﺗرﻛﯾﺎ‬
‫إﯾطﺎﻟﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺳورﯾﺎ‬
‫أﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌراق‬

‫اﻷردن‬

‫اﻟﻛوﯾت‬
‫اﻟﺟزاﺋر‬ ‫ﺗوﻧس‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐرب‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣرﯾن‬

‫اﻟﺳودان‬
‫اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗطر‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟرﺑط اﻟﺳﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﯾﻣن‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟرﺑط اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺟﻲ‬ ‫إﺛﯾوﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺎرات‬
‫ﺟﯾﺑوﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟرﺑط اﻟﻣﻐﺎرﺑﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻛوﻧﻐو‬ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬
‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ‬

ZAIRE-EGYPT
- 35GW HYDRO, PASSING SUDAN, CHAD, CENTRAL AFRICA
- COST OF GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION (4000 KM), 2 CENTS/KWH
- TWO DESIGN OPTIONS
· A/C LINK 765 KV USING FACTS DEVICES
· D/C LINK 800 KV
EGYPT-SUDAN
500 KV T.L FROM 1250 MW S/S IN SUDAN TO EGYPT, ARAB FUND
SUDAN-ETHIOPIA
USING HYDRO POWER IN ETHIOPIA ON BLUE NILE, CONSTRUCTION OF T.L. TO
SUDAN
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 SUBSTATION EXPANSION

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 SUBSTATION SITE SELECTION

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 S/S possible locations

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 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PLANNING

Distribution system planning includes:

1- selection of most economical combination of
subtransmission and distribution voltage levels
2- determination of the economical sizes of
substations
3- comparison of different methods of regulating
voltage

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 1 Study load characteristics

2 Secondary distribution system

3 Primary distribution system

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 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Environmental planning = environmental regulations and responsibilities

to establish

plants' type, location, and design

requirements and available fuel types

Steam Plant

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 FINANCIAL PLANNING

• To develop • To develop • indirectly

annual and cash flow control the
monthly information generation
financial on system planning
reports expansion process by
(from limiting the
generation construction
planning), budget that
including the
tax and company
regulatory can afford
constraints

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 Egypt: Electricity data 2001
Installed capacity (MW) Electrical energy generation (GWH)
Peak load 12376 Hydro 13697
Hydro 2745 Thermal 64309
Thermal 12478 Wind 137
Wind 63
Total 15286 Total Generation 78143

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 Questions Anyone?

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