RESEARCH

MEYHODOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY: ADIBA KHAN
M.ARCH IST YEAR
Q. 1 Difference between sample and population ?

SAMPLE POPULATION

• The measurable quality • The measurable quality is

is called statistic. called a parameter.
• A sample is the specific
group that you will • The size of the sample is
collect data from . less than the total size of
• The sample is a subset population.
of population. • The population is a
• Parameters are complete set.
generally known.
• Parameters are generally
• Reports have a margin
of error and confidence known.
interval. • Reports are true
• Statistic change with representation or opinion.
the sample.
• Parameters are fixed.
Example----
1. district with EXAMPLES-----
published how much 1. City published this
student enrolled this number student
year.
enrolled.
2. The top 50 search
result for 2. Advertisement for IT
advertisement for IT jobs in the India
jobs in the India on
2022.
Q.2 PROBABILITY SAMPLING AND ITS TYPES?
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Every member of the population has a known, non-zero probability
of being selected.
1. Simple random sampling :-
• Random sampling mean, the arrangement of conditions in such a
manner that every item of the whole universe from which we are to
select the sample shall have the same chance of being selected as
any other item. Among all the probability sampling procedures
random sampling is the most basic and least complicated.
• EXAMPLES –
1. Whole Classroom is a group teacher select randomly for next
assembly speech.
2. Card also a sampling we randomly shuffle the cards.
2. Stratified sampling:-
• When the population is divided into different strata's or groups and
then samples are selected from each stratum by simple random
sampling procedure, we call it as stratified random sampling.
• EXAMPLE-
1. The population is divided into homogenous group (population
divided by age).
2. after 12th pass student admission in graduation . but government
consider 17 and above age enrolled in technical course.
3. Cluster Sampling:-
• The whole population is divided in small clusters it may be
according to location. Then clusters are selected in sample 
The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically
while retaining the characteristics of a probability sample.
EXAMPLE -
• G.Noida is a institutional hub how many countries people
studied in this city.
• We studied above 20 age of people participate in head position
of college.
4. Systematic sampling
• Prepare a list of all the elements in the universe and number
them. This list can be according to alphabetical order, as in
records etc.
• Then from the list, every third/every 8th / or any other number in
the like manner can be selected. For this method, population
needs to be homogeneous. This method is frequently used,
because it is simple, direct and inexpensive. Also known as
patterned, serial or chain sampling.
EXAMPLE-
1. We create a group of 1000 people every 5 th person listed (1 in 5
2. Create a group we select 20 to 30 age of people .
Q.3 NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING AND ITS TYPES?
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING:-
The probability of any particular member being chosen for the sample is
unknown.
There are NO statistical techniques for measuring random sampling error
in a non-probability sample.
1. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING:
• Samples in which the selection criteria are based on personal
judgment that the element is representative of the population under
study.
Example:-
• In test marketing, a judgement is made as to which cities would
constitute the best ones for testing the marketability of a new
product.
• Purchase engineers selected in industrial marketing research.
2. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING:-
• The sampling procedure of obtaining the people or units that are
most conveniently available
• Accidental sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling which
involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population
which is close to hand
• EXAMPLE-
• Tv interviewers go on street with camera to talk to few people who
are convenient to interview.
• students participating the sports in the college easily convinced to
play because sports is a joyful moment.
3. QUOTA SAMPLING:
• in quota sampling, the population is first segmented into
mutually exclusive In quota sampling the selection of the
sample is non-random sub-groups.
• In the quota sampling the interviewers are instructed to
interview a specified no of persons from each category. In
studying peoples status, living conditions, preference, opinions,
attitude s, etc.
EXAMPLE –
quota sampling is based on age based like upsc conduct exam
for below 32 age people.
Gate conduct exam they mention female pay half amount of
male comparison.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING:-
• samples in which selection of additional respondents is based
on referrals from the initial respondents
• Initial respondents are selected by probability methods
• Additional respondents are obtained from information
provided by the initial respondents.
• EXAMPLE-
• Advertisement of any product like vaccine all celebrities and
politician convinced people to vaccination.
• Can access groups of like minded people who do not wish to be
identified . Drug users.
Q. 4 Difference between probability and Non probability ?

probability non probability

• Probability Sampling can • Non probability sampling is

be more expensive and cheap sampling and less time
time- consuming consuming.
compared to Non-
• Nonprobability sampling is
Probability Sampling.
a method of sampling
• Probability sampling is a
wherein, it is not known that
sampling technique, in
which individual from the
which the subjects of the
population will be selected
population get an equal
as a sample.
opportunity to be selected
as a representative sample

• Fixed and known • Not specified and unknown

• unbiased • biased
• objective. • Subjective
• Statistical
• Analytical
• tested
• Generated
• Quantitative
• qualitative
Q. 5 Difference between probability and Non probability ?

CLUSTER SAMPLING STRATIFIED SAMPLING

• Population divided into • Population divided into

many subgroups. many subgroups

• Heterogeneity within • Homogeneity within

subgroups. subgroups.

• Divide population into • Divide population into

comparable groups: groups different from each
schools, cities. other: sexes, races, ages.

• More error compared to • Less error compared to

simple random. simple random.

• Reduces cost to sample only • More expensive to obtain

some areas or stratification information
organizations. before sampling.

Example Example

• G.Noida is a institutional after 12th pass student

hub how many countries admission in graduation . but
people studied in this government consider 17 and
city. above age enrolled in
technical course.
Q. 6 Difference between probability and Non probability ?

QUOTA SAMPLING DIMENSIONAL SAMPLING

• Quota sampling is a type of • Dimensional sampling Is a

judgement sampling . extension to quota sampling.

• Divide population into • Divide population into

comparable groups: ages, comparable groups: gender,
sexes. income, residence and
education.
• Similar to stratified
sampling, population is • Dimensional sampling thus in a
divided into mutually study of race relations.
exclusive subsets. • First, second and third
EXAMPLE- generation

• quota sampling is based • EXAMPLE-

on age based like upsc • after 12th pass student
conduct exam for below admission in graduation . but
32 age people. government consider 17 and
• Gate conduct exam they above age enrolled in technical
mention female pay half course.
amount of male
comparison.