Helianthus or sunflowe s is a

70 species in the family

 Asteraceae. Except for thr e
species in South America, all
Helianthus species are na ive to
North America. The com on
name, "sunflower," also a plies to
the popular annual species
Helianthus annuus, the c mmon
sunflower. This and other
species, notably Jerusale
artichoke H. tuberosus , are
cultivated in temperate regions
as food crops and ornamental
plants.
Sunflowers are usually tall a nuals, that grow to a
height of 50–400 centimete s (20–157 in).
The rough and hairy stem is branched in the upper
part in wild plants but is us ally unbranched in
domesticated cultivars. The petiolate leaves are
. ,
ovate or often heart-shaped.
They bear one or several to any wide, terminal
capitula (flower heads), wit bright yellow ray florets
at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a
brown/red) disc florets insi e. Several ornamental
cultivars have red-colored r  y florets; all of them stem
from a single original muta t. During growth,
sunflowers tilt during the d  y to face the sun, but stop
once they begin blooming. his tracking of the sun in
oung sunflower heads is called heliotropism. By the
time the are mature sunfl  wers enerall face east.
Helianthus species are used as food plants by the
larvae of many lepidopterans.
Scientific Classification
•Kingdom: Pla tae
• u ng om:
Tracheobionta
•Superdivisio :
Spermatophyta
•Division:
Magnoliophyta

Subclass: Ast ridae
•

Order: Asterales
•

Family: Aster ceae
•

Genus: Helia thus
•
The sunflower reproduces sex ally through the method
of pollination. On one indivi ual flower, the sunflower
contains both the female and ale sex or ans. On the
disk of the sunflower, if looke at closely, one will be
able to see a five pointed, fuse corolla. This is actually
five petals commixed together to make a whole corolla.
Found in the center of each co olla, are both the male
and female reproductive orga s. The anther which
contains the pollen, besets the style of the pistil. Then
as the style progresses to grow, the pollen is propelled
out. This is where the insects, llured by the petals,
come find pollen. Once found by the insects, the pollen
is picked up and moved to oth r sunflowers. Then when
the style is completely done gr  wing and the pollen is
all gone, the style becomes dis losed and waits for
pollen left from insects from a other flower.
The sweet pea is an annual flower
grown in cool mariti e or mountain
,
all summer. They're est in cool
seasons like winter a d early spring.
Sweet peas are vini g plants that
climb vi orousl -- six to ei ht feet
over fences and oth r supports.
The flowers are pin , white, red,
lavender, purple, and near blue
 Scientific cl ssification
Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked):  Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae

Tribe:  Vicieae
Genus: Lathyrus

Species: L. odoratus
Materials Required:

, , , ,
dissecting microscope, slid s etc.
 Sunfl wer

Experimental Procedure:-
Take sunflower and cut it into two e ual halves b a
longitudinal cut passing t rough the centre.
Observe its florets carefully with the help of hand
lens and under the microscope.
Observation:
Sunflower is an inflorescen e called capitulum or
head in which small, sessile flowers called florets
are borne on a flattened rec ptacle in centripetal
manner. The inflorescence s surrounded b one
or more whorls of bracts cal ed involucre. In
sunflower, the central florets are bisexual and
tubular called disc florets w ile the peripheral
florets are ligulate called ra florets.
1)Ray florets. These are pres nt in the periphery
and have brightly coloured strap shaped petals.
Stamens are absent and ova ies are without
ovules. Ray florets act as or ans of attraction for
insects.

2)Disc florets. These are pre ent in the central

region of the inf lorescence. heir corolla consists
of five fused petals forming tube. Stamens are
five with fused anthers and ree filaments. This
condition of stamens is call d syngenesious. The
ovary consists of two fused arpels containing
only one ovule. The style is long with two
stigmas. The nectary lies at he rase of the style.
Pollination Mechanis
Sunflower is protandrous i.e. the sta mens ripen before the stigmas.
In the young disc florets, the anthers split along their inner sides, so
that the pollen grains are shed into the tube formed by the joined
anthers.
You might have observed pollen grai ns with the help of the lens on
the non-receptive surface of the sti ma. In young disc florets, the
short st le below the ollen tube an d the rece tive surfaces of the
two stigmas are pressed together so that pollen grains of the same
lower cannot reach them.
Later, in older disc florets, the style elongates, pushing the pollen
grain out of the anther tube. And t e stigmas open out to expose
the stigmatic (receptive) surface. B the time, the central young
ones have reached the stage whe re only the pollen grains are
released, the older disc florets (out r ones) have already got their
stigmas above the stamens and their stigmatic surfaces are
exposed.
The honey-bee, which generally cau es pollination in sunflower first
settles in the centre of the head (ca pitulum). It receives pollens all
over its legs and under-surface a it walks outwards. You may
o serve po en grains on t e egs an un er-sur ace o t e ee wit
the help of hand lens. When the be reaches the older flowers, the
pollen grains (obtained from other f lower heads) from its body are
spread on the exposed stigmatic receptive surface and cross-
pollination is affected.
If cross-pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to pick up their own
pollen grains and thus secure self-pol lination.
Conclusion:
Sunflower has following adaptive features for
pollination:
-
•Ray florets have coloured to attract insects as bees.
•Nectaries are present at the base of the ovary to
attract the pollinators.
•Protandrous condition o the flower prevent self 
pollination.
•The style elongates and the stigmatic surface is
exposed only in older lower to ensure cross
pollination.
Adaptations for self Pollina ion
cross-po na on a s, e s gmas cur roun o
pick up their own pollen grains to ensure
pollination.
II. SWEET PEA FLOWER

Experimental Procedure

Take a flower of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) cut a vertical

section of the flower and study the structure and arrangement
of floral parts.
Observe flowering sweet pea p ant and find out what type of  
insect visit it.
OBSERVATION
Sweet pea f lower has 5 f sed sepals. Corolla
consists of 5 petals. The osterior petal is
large called standard, t o lateral ones are
called wings, two anteri r one unit to form a
boat shaped structure called keel.
n e ee are 10 s mens arrange n
two groups 9 + 1. Filame ts of 9 stamen fused
to form a filament tube in which nectar is
secreted from the nectar y.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary and consists of
a long style, bent upwar s rouhly at right
angle and bears the hair stigma.
Pollination
Like sunflower, sweet pe also shows
protandry i.e. anthers m ture before stigma.
The mature anthers burst when stigma is still
.
over them to suck necta from staminal tube
and get pollen grains on their legs and
abdomen in the process. But it is not able to
pollinate the immature stigma. These pollen
loaded bees when visit ature stigma of
other plant, bring about successful
pollination i.e., cross pol lination:
CONCLUSION
Coloured petals of flower attract the insect
to collect nectar from th m and promote
cross-pollination which ecomes essential
due to rotandr .
Comprehensive lab manual-Biology
•

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 Wikipedia
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